
















































































































































COLLECTION OF BOOKS ON 
TEMPERANCE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS 

(PRESENTED BY MRS. DINWIDDIE) 




















/ 






PROCEEDINGS 

of the 

INTERNATIONAL 

CONGRESS 

. Unrlii. ICpitgup 
Against AlnilutUsm 

Z4 oaruji-ess, 

WINONA LAKE. IND IANA 
AUGUST 17-23 
1927 


THE AMERICAN ISSUE PRESS 

WESTERVILLE. OHIO 
U. S. A. 



\^2-l 

THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM 

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES 

PRESIDENTS 

Miss Anna A. Gordon, U. S. A. Right Hon. Leif Jones, England 

Dr. Robert Hercod, Switzerland Rev. H. H. Russell, D.D., U. S. A. 

VICE PRESIDENTS 

Argentina: Miss Hardynia K. Norville, Calle Bogota 2370, Buenos Aires 
Australia: Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, Box 390F, G. P. 0., Sydney 
Belgium: Hon. Emile Vandervelde, Brussels 
Canada: Mrs. Sara R. Wright, Restholme, London, Ontario 
Denmark: Lars Larsen-Ledet, Aarhus 

England: Right Hon. Sir Donald Maclean, 6 Southwick Place, Hyde Park, London 
Finland: Hon. Santeri Alkio, Vaasa 

France: M. Frederic Riemain, 147 Blv’d St. Germain, Paris 
Ireland; Hamilton McCleery, J.P., Oakhill, Dunmurry, Co. Antrim 
Japan: H. Nagao, 10 Omote Sarugaku Cho, Kanda, Tokyo 
Mexico: Prof. Andres Osuna, 101 Calle Nueva Mexico, Mexico City 
Netherlands: Dr. J. R. Slotemaker de Bruine, UJrecht 
New Zealand: Hon. George Fowlds, Auckland 
Norway: Avocat 0. Solnordal, Prinsensgat, 21, Oslo 
Scotland: Lord MacLay, 21 Botliwell Street, Glasgow 
Sweden: Senator Alexis Bjorkman, Tunnelgatan 19-3, Stockholm 
Switzerland: Prof. Hans Hunzieker, 176 Bruderholzalle, Basle 
South Africa: William Chappell, P. O. Box 862, Capetown 
United States: 

Uruguay: Madame Manuela H. de Salterain 

GENERAL SECRETARY 

Ernest H. Cherrington, LL.D., Litt.D., Westerville, Ohio, U. S. A. 


INTERNATIONAL ADVISORS 

Argentina: Liga Nacional de Templanza, Miss Hardynia K. Norville, Calle Bo¬ 
gota 2376, Buenos Aires 

Australia: Australian Prohibition Council, Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, Sydney 
Brazil: Uniao Braseliera pro Temperancia, Dona Jeronyma Mesquita, Rua S. 
Salvador 45, Rio de Janiero 

Bulgaria: Bulgarian Temperance Union, Rev. M. N. Popoff, Sofia 
Canada: Dominion Alliance, Rev. Ben H. Spence, Confederation Life Bldg., To¬ 
ronto; Prohibition Federation of Canada, Rev. W. W. Peck, 24 Bloor St. E., 
Toronto; Royal Templars of Temperance, John Buchanan, 1087 Queen St. W., 
Toronto; LTnited Church of Canada, Board of Evangelism and Social Ser¬ 
vice, Rev. John Coburn, 299 Queen St. W., Toronto; W. C. T. U. of Canada, 
Mrs. W. T. G. Brown, 181 William St., Kingston, Ontario 
Denmark: I. 0. G. T., Grand Lodge of Denmark, Lars Larsen-Ledet, Aarhus; Fed¬ 
erated Danish Total Abstinence Organizations, Lars Larsen-Ledet, Aarhus;. 
W. C. T. U., Miss Dagmar Prior, 25 Kastlesvej., Copenhagen 
England: United Kingdom Alliance, Rev. Henry Carter, 1 Central Bldgs., West¬ 
minster, London; Temperance and Social Welfare Dept. Wesleyan Metho¬ 
dist Church, Rev. Henry Carter, 1 Central Bldgs., Westminster, London S. 
W. 1; National Commercial Temperance League, and Strength of Britain 
Movement, S. Dowell, Manor Chambers, Manor Row, Bradford; National 
British Women’s Temperance Association, Miss Agnes Slack, 32 The Ridge¬ 
way, Golder’s Green, London; I. 0. G. T., Grand Lodge of England, J. Rew- 
castle Woods, G. S., 67 Tressillian Road, London 
Esthonia: Central .Temperance Committee, Prof. Villem Emits, Tartu 
Fiji: Fiji League Against Alcoholism, Rev. James Jackson, V.D., Suva 
Finland: National Prohibition League, Hon. Niilo Liakka, Helsingfors 
France: Ligue National Contre L’Alcoolisme, M Frederic Riemain, 147 Blv’d 

4 


Gift 

MRS. Edwin C. Dinwiddle 
Aug. 6. 1935 




St. Germain, Paris ; Blue Cross Society,. Mr. Emmanuel Chastand, 53 bis, Rue 
Saint-Lazare, Paris (9e.) 

Germany: I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge of Germany, H. Blume, Eppendorferweg 211, 
Hamburg; Deutscher Verein Gegen den Alkoholismus, Doctor I. Gonser, 
Werderstr. 16, Berlin-Dahlem; Deutscher Centralverband Gegen den Alko- 
holismus, Doctor I. Gonser, Werderstr. 16, Berlin-Dahlem 
Iceland: I. 0. G. T., Grand Lodge of Iceland, Peter Haldorsen, Reykjavik 
Ireland: Irish Temperance Alliance, Mrs. Emily Moffat Clow, Feddal House, 
Portadown; W. C. T. U. of North Ireland, Mrs. Wakefield Richardson, Moyal- 
lon House, Co. Down 

Jamaica: Jamaica League Against Alcoholism, Rev. J. J. Kilpin Fletcher, Fal¬ 
mouth 

Japan: National Temperance League of Japan, Dr. M. Yamaguchi, 100 Payson 
Ave., New York, N. Y.; Awoki Mutual Foundation, Mr. S. Awoki, 777 Nishi- 
Sugamo, Tokyo 

Latvia: Latvian Anti-Alcohol Society, Gustav Kempels, Riga 
Lithuania: Lithuanian Temperance Association, Dr. Antanas Gylys, Kaunas 
Mexico: Association Nacional de Temperancia, Rev. E. B. Vargas, Apartado 236, 
Chihuahua, Chihuahua 

Netherlands: Local Option League, Dr. D. van Krevelin, Lichtenvoorde 
New Zealand: New Zealand Alliance for the Abolition of the Liquor Traffic, 
Chas. R. Edmond, Box 1079, Wellington 

Norway: Federation of Norwegian Total Abstinence Organizations, Inspector 
Johan Hvidsten, Ullevoldsv. 97, Oslo 

Peru: National Temperance Society, Rev. Ruperto Algorta, Apartado 408, Lima 
Portugal: Liga Anti-Alcoholica Portugesa, Luciano Silva, Rua Moreis Sorares 
56-1, Lisbon 

Scotland: Scottish Temperance Alliance, Mr. Duncan Maclennan, 79 Princess 
St., Edinburgh; British Women’s Temperance Association (Scottish Chris¬ 
tian Union ), 

Serbia: I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge of Serbia, Prof. Georges K. Staitch, Belgrade 
South Africa: South African Temperance Alliance, Rev. A. J. Cook, Box 1443, 
Capetown; W. C. T. U.. Mrs. Ennals, Bompas Road, Dunkeld, Johannesburg 
Sweden: Federated Swedish Total Abstinence Organizations, Ernst Strand- 
man, Karlstad; Anti-Saloon League of Sweden, N. P. Ollen, Ed. Svenska 
Morgenbladet, Stockholm 

Switzerland: Consultative Commission of the Swiss Temperance Bureau, Dr. 
M. Oettli, Ave. Ed. Dapples 5, Lausanne 

Turkey: Green Crescent, Dr. Falireddin Kerim, Rue Sublime Porte 57. Stamboul 
United States of America: Anti-Saloon League of America, Arthur J. Davis, 
370 7th Ave., New York, N. Y.; Intercollegiate Prohibition Association, 
Rev. Ira Landritli, D.D., 17 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill.; I. O. G. T., National 
Grand Lodge, Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie, D.D., 644 Transportation Bldg., Washing¬ 
ton, D. C.; Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Commission on Social Ser¬ 
vice, Bishop James Cannon, Jr., Box 605, Richmond, Va.; Scientific Temper¬ 
ance Federation, Miss Cora F. Stoddard, 400 Boylston St., Boston, Mass.; 
Sons of Temperance, National Division of North America, Mrs. Anna R. 
Baedor, 169 N. Whitney St., Hartford, Conn. 

Uruguay: Liga Nacional Contra el Alcoholismo, Mine. Carrie van Domselaar, 
Av. Sarmiento 2641, Pocitos, Montevideo 

Wales: National Temperance Council, Leonard Page, 35 Windsor Place, Cardiff 


EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

Bishop James Cannon, Jr., Richmond, Va., Chairman; Rev. Ben H. Spence, 
Confederation Life Bldg., Toronto; Rev. D. N. McLachlan, D.D., 24 Bloor St. E., 
Toronto; Mrs. Sara R. Wright, London, Ontario; Rev. W. W. Peck, 24 Bloor St. E., 
Toronto; Lars Larsen-Ledet, Aarhus, Denmark; C. W. Saleeby, M.D., F.R.S.E., 13 
Greville Place, London N. W. 6; Geo. B. Wilson, B.A., 1 Victoria St., Westminster 
S. W., London; Rev. Henry Carter, 1 Central Bldgs., Westminster, London; Wil- 

5 



liam Bingham, 32 Moorgate St., London; Miss Agnes Slack, 32 The Ridgeway, 
Golder’s Green, London; Jean Meteil, 147 Blvd. St. Germain, Paris; Dr. F. H. 
Otto Melle, Frankfort a. M., Germany; Mrs. Emily Moffat Clow, Belfast, Ireland; 
Prof. Andres Osuna, 101 Calle Nueva Mexico, Mexico City; Lars O. Jensen, Bergen, 
Norway; W. J. Allison, 226 W. George St., Glasgow; R. A. Munro, 140 W. George 
St., Glasgow; Mrs. George Milne, 72 Hammerfield Ave., Aberdeen; Senator Alexis 
Bjorkman, Stockholm; Rev. F. S. McBride, D.D., 30 Bliss Bldg., Washington, D.C.; 
Arthur J. Davis, 370 7tli Ave., New York City; Miss Cora F. Stoddard, 400 Boy! 
ston St., Boston, Mass; Mrs. Ella A. Boole, 377 Parkside Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.; 
Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost, Driscoll Hotel, Washington, D. C.; Harry S. Warner, 35 B 
St. N. W., Washington, D. C.; Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie, D.D., 644 Transportation 
Bldg., Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Margaret C. Munns, Evanston, Ill.; Mrs. Ida B. 
Wise-Smith, Des Moines, Iowa; the Joint Presidents and General Secretary mem¬ 
bers ex officio. _ 

GENERAL COUNCIL OF THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM 

Argentina : Liga Nacional de Templanza —Mme Nice de Egosene, Mme. Marie M. 
Moreno, Calle Bogota 2376, Buenos Aires 

Australia: Australian Alliance Prohibition Council —Rev. R. B. S. Hammond, 
D.D., Box 390F, G. P. O., Sydney 

Brazil: Uniao Brasilera pro Temperancia —Miss Evelina Perrier, Rua S. Salva¬ 
dor 45, Rio de Janeiro 

Bulgaria: Bulgarian Temperance Union —Rev. M. N. Popoff, Sofia 
Canada: Dominion Alliance —Rev. T. Albert Moore, D.D., 518 Wesley Bldgs., 299 
Queen St. West, Toronto. Prohibition Federation of Canada —Rev. W. W. 
Peck, 24 Bloor St. E., Toronto; Rev. D. N. McLachlan, D.D., 24 Bloor St. E., 
Toronto. Royal Templars of Temperance —John Buchanan, 1087 Queen St. 
W., Toronto. Board of Evangelism and Social Service, United Church of 
Canada —Rev. John Coburn, 299 Queen St. W., Toronto; Rev. H. Dobson, D.D., 
Vancouver, B. C. W. C. T. U.—Mrs. Sara R. Wright, 133 Elmwood Ave., Lon¬ 
don, Ontario; Mrs. F. C. Ward, Willard Hall, Toronto. 

Denmark: 1. O. G. T., Grand Lodge of Denmark —Lars Larsen-Ledet, Aarhus; C. 
C. Heilsen, M.P., Vester Volgade 21, Copenhagen. Federated Danish Total 
Abstinence Organizations —Lars Larsen-Ledet, Aarhus. W. C. T. U.—Miss 
Dagmar Prior, 25 Kastelsvej, Copenhagen. 

England: United Kingdom Alliance —George B. Wilson, B.A., 1 Victoria St., 
Westminster, London; William Bingham, J.P., 32 Moorgate Street, London, 

• E. C. Temperance and Social Welfare Dept., Wesleyan Methodist Church 
—Rev. Henry Carter, 1 Central Buildings, Westminster, London. National 
Commercial Temperance League, and Strength of Britain Movement —C. 
W. Saleeby, M.D., F.R.S.E., 13 Greville Place, London, N. W. 6. National 
British Women’s Temperance Association —Miss Agnes Slack, 32 The Ridge¬ 
way, Golder’s Green, London. I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge of England —J. Rew- 
castle Woods, G.S., 67 Tressilian Road, London. 

Esthonia: Central Temperance Committee —Prof. Villem Emits, Tartu 
Fiji: Fiji League Against Alcoholism —Rev. W. R. Steadman, Suva 
Finland: National Prohibition League —Prof. V. Voionmaa, Helsingfors 
France: Ligue Nationale Contre L’Alcoolisme —Jean Letort, 11 rue Bridaine, 
17 e., Paris; Jean Meteil, 147 Blv’d St. Germain, Paris; Frederick Riemain, 
147 Blv’d St. Germain, Paris. Blue Cross Society —Etienne Matter, 55 rue 
de Vaurigard, 6e., Paris; Pastor Georges Gallienne, 1 rue de la Croix du Val, 
Meudon (S. et O.) 

Germany: I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge —H. Blume, Kronenstr. 8-9, Berlin W. 8. 
Deutscher Verein Gegen den Alkoholismus —Dr. I. Gonser, Werderster, 
16 Berlin-Dalilem. Deutscher Centralverband Gegen den Alkoholismus— 
Dr. Reinliard Strecker, Kronenstrasse 8-9, Berlin W. 8. 

Iceland: I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge —Einar H. Kvaran, Reykjavik 
Ireland: Irish Temperance Alliance —Rev. John Gailey, The Manse, Boyle, Co. 
Roscommon; Rev. John MacMillan, 20 Lombard Street. Belfast. W. C. T. U 

6 



oi’ North Ireland Mrs. Wakefield Richardson, Moyallon House, County Down 
Jamaica: Jamaica League Against Alcoholism— Rev. J. J. Kilpin Fletcher, Fal¬ 
mouth, Jamaica 

Japan: National Temperance League of Japan— M. Kanji Koshio, Mr. H. Nagao, 
both of 10 Omote Sarugaku Cho, Kanda, Tokyo. Awoki Mutual Foundation 
—S. Awoki, 777 Nishi-Sugamo, Tokyo 

Latvia: Latvian Anti-Alcohol Society— Gustav Kempels, Gertrudes Iela 23, Riga 
Lithuania: Lithuanian Temperance Association —D-ras Iuozas Eretas, Blaivybes 
Vicepiriminikas Laisves Aleja 29, Kaunas 
Mexico: Association Nacional df Temperancia— Dr. Alfonso Pruneda, Ave. In- 
surgentes 107, Mexico City; Prof. Andres Osuna, 101 Calle Neuva Mexico, Mex¬ 
ico City 

Netherlands: Local Option League — Dr. I). van Krevelin, Liehtenvoorde 
New Zealand: New Zealand Alliance— Chas. R. Edmond, Box 1079, Wellington; 

Mrs. T. E. Taylor, Casbmere Hills, Christchurch 
Norway: Federation of Norwegian Total Abstinence Organizations —Avocat 
O. Solnordal, Prinsensgat 21, Oslo; John Hvidsten, Oslo 
Peru: National Temperance Society —Rev. Ruperto Algorta, Apartado 408, Lima 
Portugal: Liga Anti-Alcohol Portugesa —Luciano Silva, Rua Moreis Sorares 
56-1, Lisbon 

Scotland: Scottish Temperance Alliance— W. J. Allison, James Gillies, Mrs. 
Jane Gemmell, 226 West George St., Glasgow; Peter Chalmers, (rep. I.O.G.T.), 
“Alburne,” Bearsden. B. W. T. A. (Scottish Christian Union) —Mrs. Geo. C. 
Milne, 72 Hammerfield Av., Aberdeen; Mrs. Helen Barton, Prestwick, Ayrshire 
Serbia: I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge —Prof. Georges K. Staitcli, Ul. Karadjordjeva 87, 
Belgrade 

South Africa: South African Temperance Alliance —Rev. A. J. Cook, Box 1443, 
Capetown. W. C. T. U.—Miss Emilie Solomon, Alexandra Club, Capetown 
Sweden : Federated Swedish Total Abstinence Organizations —Senator. Alexis 
Bjorkman, Tunnelgatan 19-3, Stockholm; Edward Wavrinsky (deceased). Anti- 
Saloon League of Sweden —Dr. Gustav Mossesson, Svenska Missions-forbun- 
det, Barnhusgatan, Stockholm; Rev. David Ostlund, Box 284, Stockholm 
Switzerland: Consultative Commission of the Swiss Temperance Bureau —Dr. 

R. Hercod, Lausanne; Dr. M. Oettli, Ave. Dapples 5, Lausanne 
Turkey: Green Crescent —Dr. Fahreddin Kerim, Rue Sublime Porte, Stamboul. 
United States of America: Anti-Saloon League of America —Rev. P. A. Baker, 
D.D., (deceased); Bishop James Cannon, Jr., D.D., Washington, D. C.; Prof. 
H. B. Carre, Ph.D., Nashville, Tenn.; Ernest H. Cherrington, LL.D., Wes¬ 
terville, Ohio; Arthur J. Davis, 370 7th Ave., New York City; Rev. F. Scott 
McBride, D.D., Washington, D. C.; Rev. Howard H. Russell, D.D., Wester¬ 
ville, Ohio; Hon. Wayne B. Wheeler (deceased). Intercollegiate Prohi¬ 
bition Association —Rev. Ira Landrith, D.D., Winona Lake, Ind.; Harry S. 
Warner, 35 B. St. N. W., Washington, D. C. I. O. G. T., National Grand 
Lodge —Rev. Edwin C. Dinwiddie, D.D., 644 Transportation Bldg., Washing¬ 
ton, D. C. Methodist Episcopal Church, South, Commission on Social 
Service —Bishop James Cannon, Jr., Washington, D. C. Scientific Temper¬ 
ance Federation —Miss Cora F. Stoddard, 400 Boylston St., Boston, Mass.; 
Prof. Irving Fisher, Ph.D., New Haven, Conn. Sons of Temperance, Na¬ 
tional Division of North America —Jesse M. Walton, P.M.W.P., Aurora, 
Ont.; William E. Franklin, P.G.W.A., Sutersville, Pa. Southern Baptist 
Convention, Commission on Temperance and Social Service —Rev. A. J. 
Barton, D.D., 804 Wynne-Claughton Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. W. C. T. U.—Miss 
Anna A. Gordon, Evanston, Ill.; Mrs. Ella A. Boole, 377 Parkside Ave., Brook¬ 
lyn, New York; Mrs. Margaret Munns, Evanston, Ill. 

Uruguay: Liga Nacional Contra el Alcoholismo —Mme. C. de Salterain, Maldo¬ 
nado 1368, Montevideo; Mrs. Carrie van Domselaar, Ave. Sarmiento 2641, Poci- 
tas, Montevideo 

Wales: National Temperance Council— The Right Hon. the Lord Clwyd, Lon¬ 
don; Leonard Page, 35 Windsor Place, Cardiff 

Members of the Executive Committee are members ex officio of the General Council 

7 


Constitution of the World League 
Against Alcoholism 

ARTICLE I. Name. 

The name of this league is the World League Against Alcoholism. 
ARTICLE II. Object 

The object of this League is to attain, by the means of education and 
legislation, the total suppression throughout the world of alcoholism, which 
is the poisoning of body, germ-plasm, mind, conduct and society, produced 
by the consumption of alcoholic beverages. .This League pledges itself to 
avoid affiliation with any political party as such, and to maintain an attitude 
of strict neutrality on all questions of public policy, not directly and immedi¬ 
ately concerned with the traffic in alcoholic beverages. 

ARTICLE III. Membership 

The membership of this League is open to organizations which are in 
harmony with the objects, which are national in the scope of their operation 
and which, in their international activities, shall work through' this League 
or in cooperation with this League. Such organizations whose officers or 
accredited representatives are signatories to this constitution shall be consid¬ 
ered as active members of this League when the action of their officers or ac¬ 
credited representatives in signing this document has been officially ratified by 
the proper authorities of such organizations. Other similar organizations may 
be added to the membership of the League from time to time by a three-fourths 
vote of the General Council of the League. The Council shall have power to 
extend an invitation to membership of the League, to such organizations eli¬ 
gible under the provisions of this constitution. 

The Council shall have the right to admit individuals as associate mem¬ 
bers of the League, but such associate members shall not be represented in the 
Council. 

ARTICLE IV. Officers 

The officers of this League shall be: Five Joint Presidents, a Vice- 
President for each country represented in the membership of this League, 
a Treasurer, and a General Secretary, each of whom shall be chosen for a 
term of three years and shall be elected by the General Council upon the nom¬ 
ination of the Executive. 

ARTICLE V. General Council 

There shall be a General Council composed of one or more members 
as specified by the Council, from each organization holding membership in 
the League, chosen by such method as may be determined by said organiza¬ 
tion, and additional members elected by the Council, but the number of ad¬ 
ditional members thus chosen or the members from any one organization 
shall not at any time exceed one-third of the total membership of the Council. 

8 


ARTICLE VI. Executive Committee 

There shall be an Executive Committee consisting of the Presidents, 
Treasurer, and General Secretary, and not fewer than 12 nor more than 50 
members elected by the Council. 

Authority is vested in the Executive to act on behalf of the Council in 
the interim between the meetings of the Council. 

ARTICLE VII. International Advisors 

International Advisors shall be appointed by the Council, each national 
organization in the League being empowered to nominate one. 

ARTICLE VIII. Finance 

The League shall be supported by assessments to be fixed by mutual 
agreement between the Executive and each member of the League. The 
Executive Committee shall devise ways and means for the securing of additional 
financial support to meet special demands. 

ARTICLE IX. Conventions 

Conventions of this League shall be held once in every three years, the 
time and place to be fixed at least twelve months beforehand by the Ex¬ 
ecutive Committee. By a two-thirds vote, special conventions may be called 
at such time and place as may be determined by the Executive Committee. 

ARTICLE X. By-Laws 

The Executive Committee may adopt such by-laws as it may find neces¬ 
sary and desirable for the conduct of the business of the League. 

ARTICLE XI. Amendments. 

Amendments to this Constitution may be made at any regular meeting 
of the General Council by a two-thirds vote of the members present and vot¬ 
ing, providing the amendment has been recommended by a two-thirds vote 
ot the Executive Committee; or in the absence of such recommendation, by a 
three-fourths vote of the members present and voting. The final vote upon 
any proposed amendment shall not be taken within six hours after the amend¬ 
ment shall have been presented to the Council. 


The Convention Story 

The Congress of the World League Against Alcoholism, in ses¬ 
sion at Winona Lake, Indiana, August 17-23, was the second interna- 
lional gathering of the World League since its organization at Washing¬ 
ton in June, 1919. The International Convention which the World 
League Against Alcoholism held in Toronto in November, 1922, was a 
noteworthy gathering and reached a high-water mark of interest and 
inspiration, but the Winona Congress exceeded even that gathering in 
many respects. 

It has been counted a weakness of the average human that he has 
the township mind. His interests are localized, his horizon is limited, 
his vision is shortened. To such an one life is a simple story, usually 
of the humdrum type. 

But through the ages men have been learning from experience the 
truth of St. Paul’s utterance, that “none of us liveth to himself.” Life 
is a complex organism, and neighborhoods have broadened to the ends 
of the earth. Just as in community life no family can live apart from 
its neighbors, and just as in national life every community is debtor to 
every other community, so in the whole realm of the human order, races 
and peoples are learning the lessons of inescapable national inter¬ 
dependence. 

There are no occupational or professional interests in any land that 
do not have in large measure their counterpart in every other land. Re¬ 
ligion, business, medicine, the arts, commerce, industry, morals, ethics, 
are no longer sectional or even national, but each finds its outreach in a 
cross section that cuts across seas and continents and mountains and 
every international boundary line. A thousand and one societies have 
their international organizations, which establish unmistakably the kin¬ 
ship of the race. 

The wireless, the radio, the airship, the railroad, the steamship, the 
c hurch, the school, the missionary have narrowed the world boundaries, 
until what happens in the Orient is of vital concern to America and Eu¬ 
rope, and that which afifects human welfare anywhere is of moment to 
mankind everywhere. 

Social Reformation Universal 

The problem of social reformation cannot be localized except to 
ils own hurt. Evil knows no national boundaries and righteousness 

10 


cannot afford to condemn itself to the life of the cloister. The drink evil 
is universal, no less an evil in France, or Italy, or Spain, or Germany 
than in the United States. Sobriety is both a personal and a social 
virtue in every land. 

It was inevitable that the unity of the movement against alcohol 
should be recognized, as has been done in the creation of the World 
League Against Alcoholism, with an officiary reaching into every conti¬ 
nent and into almost every nationality. Flexible in its operations, adapt¬ 
ing itself to the diversity of needs as found in all lands, and using meth¬ 
ods which have proved their value in the realm of experience, this World 
League is pushing its fight against beverage alcohol on a battle line 
flung literally around the world. 

International Cooperation and Good Will 

The spirit of international friendship and cooperation was the dom¬ 
inant spirit of the Winona Congress. It was strikingly evidenced by the 
flags of more than fifty nations which hung from the gallery and draped 
their brilliant colors above the stage and platform. It was manifest in 
the messages brought to the Congress from every section of the world, 
and the discussions of the liquor problem with all its far-reaching in¬ 
ternational implications. It rose to a magnificent climax in the closing 
days of the Congress, when representatives from Great Britain and 
Germany clasped hands, in presenting and seconding the resolutions of 
the Congress, and pledged cooperation in the world fight against the 
common foe of humanity. 

Every session brought new evidence as to the international character 
of the beverage liquor traffic and the alcohol problem. Temperance 
workers, official representatives, missionaries and interested individuals, 
from fifty-eight countries, for seven days considered the beverage liq¬ 
uor problem, heard addresses on its national and international aspects, 
and joined in discussions and conferences. One thousand one hundred 
and fifty-two delegates were registered, while thousands of other visitors 
and friends attended the sessions but did not register. 

Each day brought a deeper consciousness of the truth that this 
assemblage of representatives of many races and nations, which only a 
few years since had been divided by a great and terrible World War, 
was contending for more than world freedom from the curse of alco¬ 
holism. In this conference the nations stood on common ground, weld¬ 
ing new bonds of international understanding, friendship and love, in 
a common cause, for the betterment of humanity; and in this fact was 

11 


to be seen a bright promise of international cooperation—a hopeful in¬ 
dication and a pledge of World Peace. Here was to be seen an as¬ 
sembly of nations earnestly addressing itself to one end—the welfare 
of the race. 

The Resolutions 

It was a dramatic moment when the Rev. Henry Carter, Secretary 
of the Temperance Council of the Christian Churches of England, 
•chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, and Doctor F. H. Otto 
Melle of Germany, vice-chairman of that committee, presented their 
report to the congress. After reading the resolutions, Mr. Carter turned 
and addressed his colleague as follows: 

“Dr. Melle, there is that which resolutions cannot express. It is 
the spirit of international goodwill and friendship. I, from England, 
offer to you, from Germany, the right hand of friendship. I do so in 
token that the bad days lie behind us, and the good days are to come. 
Let us bury the memory of the war of blood, and unite in the war 
against alcoholism. In that holy war the temperance forces of England 
-and of Germany will serve in the name of Christ, the Prince of Peace, 
as comrades and as brothers.” 

Dr. Melle, with profound emotion, made this reply: 

“I am deeply moved by these kind words of brotherhood and love. 
I, from Germany, take the hand of my friend and brother from England. 
I take it not only as a sign that the battle-axe shall be buried between our 
nations, but more than that, as the symbol of the beginning of a new 
age, where people have learned to forget, to forgive, to love each other 
and to serve each other. And I see in your action an expression of the 
spirit of the World League, whose highest motives have been love 
and service of our brethren.” 

The great audience rose to their feet spontaneously and broke into 
song, “Blest be the tie that binds,” being carried away by the vision 
of a world from which war had passed at the call and challenge of 
Christ. 

Winona Lake 

The spot chosen for the Congress was the beautiful summer as¬ 
sembly grounds at Winona Lake, Indiana. Here for nearly half a cen¬ 
tury, men and women have gathered for rest and recreation, to enjoy 
the best in religious teaching, music and art. Winona is a place for 
study, but no less a beauty spot for enjoyment. It contains a religious 
assembly whose influence has spread far and wide. Its groves, its lake, 

12 


its extended hillsides sheltered by magnificent trees, its auditoriums and 
its great gatherings of people, have made it a playground, a religious 
iorum, and a Chautauqua contributing to the physical and spiritual uplift 
of its visitors. 

It was here that 1,152 delegates, from fifty-seven countries in ad¬ 
dition to the United States, came together during the week of August 
17th to 23rd, 1927, to consider carefully and earnestly the problem of 
alcoholism throughout the world. The attendance was larger than had 
been anticipated, and hotels, boarding houses and private homes were 
taxed to their utmost capacity to care for the visitors. Auto camping 
grounds and the hotels of neighboring cities were pressed into service 
to accommodate the visitors. The average daily attendance at the ses¬ 
sions ranged from 600 to 1,000, while the Sunday sessions, held in the 
Sunday tabernacle, were attended by 3,000 to 4,000. 

Other Conventions 

Preceding the World League Congress, the International Order of 
Good Templars held the session of the International Supreme Lodge at 
Philadelphia. Many of the Good Templars, who attended that con¬ 
vention, especially from abroad, travelled on to Winona Lake. Im¬ 
mediately following the Winona Congress, the Woman’s Christian Tem¬ 
perance Union of the United States held its national convention in the 
city of Minneapolis. This gave opportunity for a large number of of¬ 
ficers and workers of that body to stop over at the World League Con¬ 
gress on their way to the Minneapolis convention. 

The Anti-Saloon League of America, moreover, held a meeting 
of its Executive Committee and Board of Directors at Winona Lake, 
immediately preceding the International Congress. This, together with 
the Superintendents’ and Workers’ Conference of the Anti-Saloon 
League brought to Winona Lake an unusually large number of the 
Anti-Saloon League workers, and gave the delegates and visitors an 
opportunity to learn something of the practical methods of the Anti- 
Saloon League organization. 

Wayne B. Wheeler 

A deep shadow was cast over the opening days of the Congress be¬ 
cause of a tragic accident which had occurred on the afternoon of 
August 13th, in the Michigan summer home of Doctor Wayne B. Wheel¬ 
er, General Counsel and Legislative Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon 
League of America. On account of an explosion of gasoline, Mrs. 
Wheeler was so badly burned that she died within a few hours, and 

13 


Mrs. Wheeler’s aged father, Mr. Robert Candy, who witnessed the 
tragedy, died of shock. The sympathy of all was extended to Mr. 
Wheeler, who braved his grief with heroic and Christian fortitude, to 
take his place on the convention program at the Sunday evening session 
of the Congress. He spoke for a brief period and distributed copies of 
his address which had been printed. It may be mentioned here that this 
was destined to be the last public address of Doctor Wheeler. Twenty- 
two days thereafter, he himself passed away in the Sanitarium at Battle 
Creek, Michigan. The nation mourned his loss, and the press uni¬ 
versally paid high tribute to his striking qualities of leadership. 

Supt. E. S. Shumaker 

An interesting feature of the Congress was the reception given to 
Rev. E. S. Shumaker, D.D., State Superintendent of the Indiana Anti- 
Saloon League, when he rose to give the address of welcome. As the 
climax ‘of a long and bitter fight over the prohibition enforcement ques¬ 
tion in the state of Indiana, Doctor Shumaker had been sentenced by 
the State Supreme Court, by a vote of three to two, to sixty days’ im¬ 
prisonment at the State Penal Farm and to a fine of $250 for alleged in¬ 
direct contempt of court, based on certain statements made by Super¬ 
intendent Shumaker in a yearly report of the work of the Indiana Anti- 
Saloon League to his Board of Trustees, in regard to the conduct of 
liquor cases in the state, which were considered by the court as a criti¬ 
cism. On the day when Doctor Shumaker appeared on the Winona 
program, his attorney had won the right to prepare an appeal to the 
United States Supreme Court. When Doctor Shumaker appeared on 
the platform he was given hearty applause by the great audience, and 
when, later, he rose to speak, he was given an ovation. 

The Program 

The program was elaborate. More than one hundred addresses 
were given by speakers from more than a score of countries, represent¬ 
ing every continent. It is impossible to discuss these addresses sepa¬ 
rately in this Convention Story. Most of them appear in full on the 
succeeding pages of this report. Every available minute was crowded, 
and the sessions were lengthened till long past the closing hour. But 
the audiences were always eager, attentive, and responsive. 

Conferences and Discussions 

One of the most valuable features of the convention was the num¬ 
ber of conferences which had been arranged, and which were led by 

14 


experts in the particular subject under discussion. These proved to 
be one of the most popular and helpful features of the Congress. Some 
aroused so much interest that a number of extra meetings had to be 
arranged. Full opportunity for discussion was given, and the leaders 
and workers were eager to take part. Among the themes covered by 
these conferences were: Education, Publicity, Law Enforcement, Busi¬ 
ness, Scientific Temperance, Missions and Alcoholism, and the Youth 
Problem, as related to alcoholism. 

The Sunday Services 

An innovation in a program of this kind was the series of meet¬ 
ings which had been arranged for Sunday morning. They began with 
an early morning prayer meeting on the hillside in the open air. At 
the Sunday School hour, a number of special discussion conferences 
had been arranged, which were led by experts, discussing the general 
theme of the Sunday School in its relation to the movement against al¬ 
coholism. These groups then came together, in the auditorium and 
listened to addresses by two experts in religious work, Rev. J. B. Hawk, 
D.D., Associate Editor of Sunday School Publications, Methodist Book 
Concern, Cincinnati, and Doctor Robert W. Gammon, Associate Secre¬ 
tary of the Congregational Education Society, of Chicago. 

At eleven o’clock, the morning session of the Congress was held 
in the immense Sunday Tabernacle. This tabernacle was built to seat 
8,000, and on this occasion it was well filled. Bishop Thomas Nich¬ 
olson, President of the Anti-Saloon League of America, preached a 
rousing sermon. 

The Sunday afternoon session was addressed by Rev. A. J. Finch, 
Superintendent of the Colorado Anti-Saloon League; Mrs. Ella A. 
Boole, President of the W. C. T. U of the United States; Rev. Sylvester 
Jones, a missionary of the Friends’ Society from Cuba; Rev. F. Scott 
McBride, D.D., General Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of 
America; Rev. E. I. Hart, D.D., Secretary of the Quebec League Against 
Alcoholism; and Senator Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma. 

On Sunday evening a Young People’s Rally was held in the open 
air on the hillside, under the direction of Rev. E. PI. Dailey, of Ports¬ 
mouth, Ohio. Short talks were given by college students from Java, 
India, Albania, Persia and Chili; and by Miss Houlder of Australia. 

The speakers at the evening session of the Congress included Ma¬ 
jor F. B. Ebbert of San Francisco; Lars O. Jensen, International Chief 
Templar, I. O. G. T.; Hon. Wayne B. Wheeler, General Counsel of the 

15 


Anti-Saloon League of America; and Hon. Gifford Pinchot, former 
Governor of the state of Pennsylvania. 

Greetings and Messages 

Greetings and messages were received from all parts of the world, 
by telegrams, cablegrams, letters and resolutions. They evinced a deep 
and world-wide interest in the prohibition cause. National temperance 
organizations had been invited to send in reports of their work, and 
these reports, together with the messages of greeting, are printed else¬ 
where in this volume. 

National Flags 

One of the most attractive features of the Congress was the display 
of flags of more than fifty nationalities. These were hung from the 
gallery and from the pillars of the auditorium, as well as on the stage 
cind platform. These large banners, with their unfamiliar designs and 
their brilliant coloring, were a constant reminder of the international as¬ 
pect of the abstinence movement. On request, Mr. H. B. Sowers of 
Westerville pointed out each flag and gave the name of the country. 

Music 

Good music in abundance enlivened the sessions and added to the 
enjoyment of the Congress. Song services were led by Mr. Homer 
Rodeheaver, the well-known song leader and associate of Rev. Billy Sun¬ 
day, and by Mr. Homer Jenkins, his energetic and enthusiastic co¬ 
worker. Solos, duets, quartets and choruses, added to the pleasure of 
the meetings, and many beautiful instrumental numbers were rendered, 
including trombone solos by Mr. Rodeheaver and Mr. Jenkins. On re¬ 
quest, some of the old-time prohibition campaign songs were sung, 
and were thoroughly enjoyed by the audience. 

Declamation Contest 

On Saturday afternoon, a Diamond Medal Declamation Contest was 
held, on behalf of the Indiana State W. C. T. U., under the direction 
of Mrs. Julia Overman. Miss Adeline Mart, Miss Jeanette Buzzard, 
Mr. Murel Wilson, Mr. Carl Lyman and Mr. Ralph Lawson, the win¬ 
ners of the contest in their respective counties, competed for a diamond 
medal. The prize was awarded to Mr. Ralph Lawson. 

Youth and the Alcohol Problem 

The first three sessions of the Congress were under the auspices 
of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association and were given over largely 
to discussions of the young people’s part in the prohibition movement, 

16 


the activities of college students, and young people’s work in general. 
A special rally for young people was also held on Sunday evening, imme¬ 
diately preceding the evening session of the Congress, under the lead¬ 
ership of Rev. E. H. Dailey, pastor of the First United Brethren church 
Portsmouth, Ohio. The college students and young people attending 
the Congress were also keen to take part in the various conferences and 
contributed to the discussions, from the students’ point of view. 

International Essay Contest 

An International Essay Contest, for cash prizes offered by the In¬ 
tercollegiate Prohibition Association, just prior to the Congress, ex¬ 
cited much interest among college and university students. Several 
hundred essays were submitted. The announcement of the winning 
essays was made at the Congress, the first prize of $100 being awarded 
to J.*A. H. Donnay, attending Stanford University; subject, “A Brief 
History of the Anti-Alcoholic War in Belguim.” Home, Liege, Belgium. 

The second prize, $50, was awarded to Hsiaochung Hsiao, of Co¬ 
lumbia University; subject, “A Study of the Psychological Effects of 
Alcohol.” Home, Hyengyang, China. 

Other prize winners were: 

Jeremiah W. Moore, Fisk U., “The Movement Against Alcoholism 
in the United States,” Berbice, British Guiana, S. A. 

George E. Gooderham, Mt. Union College, “Prohibition by Local 
Option,” Ipswich, England. 

Geo. E. Zachariades, Emory U., “The Results of Prohibition as 
Seen by a Greek Youth,” Icaria, Greece. 

George P. Poopoff, Flint Jr. College, “What the Modern Social Or¬ 
der Has to Gain by Emancipation from the Drink Problem,” Dosramir- 
ca, Sevlievsco, Bulgaria. 

Lea B. Moore, San Jose State Teachers’ College, “The World Chal¬ 
lenge to the United States,” Binbrook, Ontario. 

Vasil Furnadjieff, Union Theological Seminary, “Prohibition and 
Habit,” Sofia, Bulgaria. 

Paul P. Chefranoff, Kansas State U., “What Prohibition Means 
to the Russian People,” Koorsk, Russia. 

Louise Y. Yim, U. of South Calif., “The Wine Cup in Korea,” Kim 
Sah, Korea. 

Wilmer John Hansen, U. of Minnesota, “The Challenge to Youth,” 
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 

Harry T. Tokita, Oregon Agricultural College. “Should We Con- 

17 


tinue Prohibition?” Shizokaken, Fujigum, Kashimamura, Motoichiba, 
Shinden. 

Herbert C. Lee, Northwestern U., “China Movement Against Al- 
coholism,” Shanghai, China. 

Nasim Soosa, North Texas Agricultural College, “Prohibition and 
Its Three Remedies,” Hilla, Bagdad, Mesopotamia. 

Gust Bill Vizas, Morningside College, “Hospitals as a Weapon 
Against Alcoholism,” Corinth, Greece. 

John C. B. Kwei, Columbia U., “Liquor Prohibition in U. S. AT 
Wuchang, China. 

C. C. Hahn, U. of Calif., “Prohibition Un-American,” Long Kang, 
Peying Nam, Korea. 

Wm. I. Shreiber, U. of Dubuque, “Alcohol and the Family,” Bonn 
a/Rh., Germany. 

Thomas G. Hutton, Harvard U., “Prohibition in the Province of 
Saskatchewan, Canada,” Ottawa, Ont. 

Puzant H. Jerahian, Drexel Institute, “Alcoholism and Young Men 
of the World,” Sankhoum, Russia. 

Promila Peters, Cotner College. “Observations of Alcoholism in In¬ 
dia,” Bina C. P., India. 

Victor Loosanoff, U. of Washington, “The Only Way,” Kieff, 
Russia. 

Hessameddin Shafa, Wooster College, “Shall America Look Back?” 
Teheran, Persia. 

Yoshizo Takahashi, Kalamazoo College, “The Question of Prohibi¬ 
tion in Japan,” Aikawamura, Naga-gum, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. 

Moving Pictures 

A number of moving pictures were shown at the Congress. “Alcohol 
and the Human Body” by Doctor J. TI. Kellogg, of Battle Creek, Mich¬ 
igan, was shown on Friday evening, and a statement prepared by Doc¬ 
tor Kellogg was read at the time by Superintendent Holsaple of the 
Michigan Anti-Saloon League. “Lest We Forget” by Rev. James K. 
Shields was also shown on Friday evening, and both films were greeted 
appreciatively by the audience. On Monday Japanese pictures were 
shown and explained by Mark R. Shaw, representing the National Tem¬ 
perance League of Japan. These were followed by another James K. 
Shields picture, “The Transgressor.” 

18 


Exhibits of Literature and Periodicals 

The American Issue Publishing Company, the Scientific Temper¬ 
ance Federation, and the Intercollegiate Prohibitnon Association, had 
elaborate displays of periodicals, books, charts, maps, posters and 
leaflets. A large quantity of this literature was distributed to those at¬ 
tending the congress. The Temperance Reference Library and the Stan¬ 
dard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem were attractively displayed. 
A collection of temperance periodicals of the world, containing 214 
periodicals, was sent from the World League headquarters at Wester¬ 
ville. 

A very fine exhibit from the office of R. E. Corradini, Secretary of 
the Research Department of the World League, in New York City, in¬ 
cluded charts, tabulations and statistical data, blue prints and posters, 
and not only showed the results obtained but the methods used by the 
department in arriving at these results. These exhibits were a veritable 
mine of information. 

Reception and Soiree 

On Monday evening a reception and soiree in honor of all delegates 
and visitors was held on the spacious lawns in the Circle, one of the 
beauty spots of Winona Lake. 

The grounds were decorated with flags and bunting and light re¬ 
freshments were served. Doctor Ernest H. Cherrington, and general 
officers of national organizations, were in the receiving line, which was 
marked by the flags of the countries represented. A most enjoyable 
social hour was spent before the time of the evening session. 

Roll Call of Nations 

The final session of the Congress on Tuesday evening closed with 
the Roll Call of Nations. No one who heard the long roll call and the 
earnest words uttered by the representatives of foreign nations as they 
pleaded for assistance in combatting the liquor evil, could fail to be 
impressed with the vast international outreach of the alcohol problem. 

The representatives of Scotland, seconded by all the representa¬ 
tives from Great Britain, invited the World League to hold its next con¬ 
vention in Scotland. Representatives of European, Australian and 
South American countries invited Doctor Cherrington to visit them 
and promised a warm welcome to the World League Movement. Doctor 
Cherrington, as general secretary of the World League, responded on 
behalf of the United States, and the Congress closed with the singing 
of 


19 


“Blest be the tie that binds 

Our hearts in Christian love.” 

Special Introductions 

At the session on Saturday morning Mrs. Ella A. Boole, President 
of the National W. C. T. U. who was presiding, called to the plat¬ 
form all officers of the W. C. T. U. who were in the audience, each of 
which was given a personal introduction and greeted with cheers by 
the audience. She then invited all the members of the W. C. T. U. 
present to stand, and fully half the audience responded. 

At the session on Saturday afternoon, with Dr. Howard H. Russell, 
founder of the Anti-Saloon League presiding, officials and State Super¬ 
intendents of the Anti-Saloon League who were present were called to 
the platform and each was given an introduction. The audience re¬ 
sponded with cheers as each name was announced. 

At the session on Saturday evening all citizens of the British Em¬ 
pire were asked to come to the platform. Between thirty and forty 
persons responded. 

Numerous other introductions of visitors to the Congress from 
various countries were made from time to time. 

Presiding Officers 

Each of the following persons presided at one or more sessions of 
the Congress: Dr. H. B. Carre, Mr. Harry S. Warner, Mr. Boyd P. 
Doty; Dr. Howard H. Russell; Bishop Thomas Nicholson; Dr. Robert 
Hercod; Mrs. Ella A. Boole; Mr. Tom Honeyman; Judge Charles A. 
Pollock; Dr. A. J. Barton; Mrs. Ida B. Wise Smith; Rev. E. H. Dailey; 
Rev. F. Scott McBride; Rev. George B. Safford; Judge Richard J. Hop¬ 
kins; Rev. E. S. Shumaker; Rev. Edwin C. Dinwiddie and Mr. Duncan 
MacLennan. 

Prayers and Benedictions 

Each of the following persons offered prayer at one or more ses¬ 
sions: Rev. M. H. Appleby; Rev. A. J. Irwin; Rev. John Coburn; Rev. 
Homer W. Tope; Rev. Charles O. Jones; Rev. Atticus Webb; Mrs. Mar¬ 
garet C. Munns; Mrs. Florence D. Richards; Mrs. Sara H. Hoge; Mrs. 
Ella A. George; Dr. Benjamin Cox; Rev. C. A. Upchurch; Rev. Thomas 
Gales; Rev. George B. Safford; Rev. George W. Morrow and Rev. Wil¬ 
liam E. Biederwolf. 

Each of the following persons pronounced the benediction at one 
or more sessions of the Congress: 

Rev. A. J. Barton, D.D.; Rev. E. J. Richardson; Rev. Henry Carter, 

20 


D.D.; Rev. F. Sott McBride, D.D.; Rev W. L. Wade; Rev. W. San¬ 
ders, D.D.; Rev. O. N. Pullen; Rev A. C. Miller, D.D.; Rev. J. C. 
Breckenridge, D.D.; Rev. E. F. Jones; Rev. David Ostlund and Rev. 
Howard H. Russell, D.D. 

One session was closed by the repetition of the Mizpah Benediction, 
while on Tuesday afternoon following the Memorial addresses, the 
session was closed by silent prayer. 

Business and Committee Meetings 

The Executive Committee and the General Council of the World 
League held numerous sessions, during the course of the Congress, at 
which the business of the League was transacted. It was necessary to 
hold these committee meetings at the breakfast table, at luncheon and 
sometimes at the dinner hour, or after the evening sessions of the 
Congress, extending the deliberations well into the night. 

The entire seven days’ period spent at Winona Lake left the impres¬ 
sion not only of renewed inspiration and enthusiasm, but of increas¬ 
ingly manifest determination upon the part of the temperance forces and 
workers to push the battle against alcoholism in every land and nation, 
until the victory shall be won. 

S. E. Nicholson, Secretary. 


21 


RESOLUTIONS 

(Moved by Rev. Henry Carter, England 
Seconded by Dr. Otto Melle, Germany) 

I. 

SUBJECT:—Re-affirmation of the Object and Policy of the World 
1 <eague. 

RESOLUTION:—The Council of the World League Against Al¬ 
coholism met in session at Winona Lake, Indiana, U. S. A., re-affirms 
the Object and Policy of the League as set out in the Constitution 
adopted at the First Congress held in 1919 at Washington, D. C.:— 
‘“The object of this League is to attain, by the means of 
education and legislation, the total suppression throughout 
the world of alcoholism, which is the poisoning of body, germ- 
plasm, mind, conduct and society, produced by the consumption 
of alcoholic beverages. This League pledges itself to avoid 
affiliation with any political party as such, and to maintain an 
attitude of strict neutrality on all questions of public policy not 
directly and immediately concerned with the traffic in alcoholic 
beverages.” 

II. 

SUBJECT:—The Scientific and Educational Basis of Temperance 
Work. 

RESOLUTION:—The hope for ending the world liquor prob¬ 
lem lies in education, especially of youth, in the truth about alcohol and 
the waste entailed by the liquor traffic. To this end, the Council of the 
World League Against-Alcoholism re-emphasizes the necessity that the 
work of temperance organizations in all countries be based on modern 
scientific knowledge concerning the nature and effects of alcoholic bev¬ 
erages. 

The Council calls upon educators not only to teach youth these 
ascertained facts, but to train those who will be the citizens of the 
future to recognize and to accept responsibility for world emancipation 
from alcoholic customs. Gratefully recognizing what has already been 
done, the Council asks public educational officials to increase provision 
for this definite instruction in the public schools. It earnestly requests 
the International Council of Religious Education, and other bodies, ar¬ 
ranging Sunday School courses of study, to give even more attention 
than heretofore to the provision of adequate plans and helps for sys¬ 
tematic graded Sunday School temperance lessons. 

22 


III. 


SUBJECT:—Responsibility of the Religious and Moral Forces. 

RESOLUTION:—The Council of the World League Against Al¬ 
coholism meeting during the World League Congress of the League 
held at Winona Lake, Inch, U. S. A., in August, 1927, and attended by 
delegates from over fifty nations, having received and considered reports 
regarding the movement against alcoholism in the different countries 
represented, is deeply impressed with the dangers caused by alcoholism 
to the physical, economic, moral and social welfare of the nations. 

It rejoices in the manifest advance of movements against alcoholism 
in nearly all countries, particularly within the churches and other re¬ 
ligious organizations, and among women and youth. 

Recognizing that the scientific basis for temperance reform has been 
well and truly laid, the Council calls upon all religious and moral forces, 
irrespective of creed, party and race, to unite in unremitting endeavor 
to secure the complete eradication of the drink evil in all countries of 
the world. 

IV. 

SUBJECT:—The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States. 

RESOLUTION:—The Council of the World League Against Al¬ 
coholism records its admiration of the statesmanship and courage of 
the peoples and the legislative bodies of the United States prohibiting 
the whole traffic in alcoholic beverages, and gratification at the manifest 
tokens of the advantages to human welfare, particularly to the chlid life 
of the nation, which have resulted from the extinction of the legalized 
liquor traffic. 

Recognizing that the enforcement of this constitutional provision 
is challenged within and without the United States, by organizations anc 
individuals who set at defiance the expressed will of the nation, the 
Council declares that the issue involved in the struggle to sceure ef¬ 
fective enforcement of the Prohibition Amendment is none other than 
the sanctity of law itself, which is the foundation of social freedom and 
public well-being. The Council, therefore, calls upon the citizens of 
the United States to uphold vigorously and continuously the law of 
their country, and upon the citizens of all other countries to respect ana 
sustain the Prohibition laws against the intrigues of those whose de* 
fiance tends to bring all law into disregard. 

• 23 


V. 

SUBJECT:—Misrepresentation of the American Prohibition Situ¬ 
ation. 

RESOLUTION:—This council deprecates the systematic dissem¬ 
ination, by the various news and other agencies, of misleading reports 
as to the observance and enforcement of National Prohibition in the 
United States, and the ignoring and belittling of the beneficial results 
which have followed the enactment of that salutary measure. 

Such misrepresentations, fabricated and circulated by designing and 
mercenary interests, are calculated to place the United States and its 
prohibition policy in a false position before the world. 

The Council is of the opinion that temperance people, in the discus¬ 
sion of this issue, while recognizing the remaining difficulties which are 
in process of being overcome, should accentuate the social, moral and 
economic achievements of prohibition. 

VI. 

SUBJECT:—Liquor Smuggling. 

RESOLUTION:—This Council regards the smuggling of intoxi¬ 
cating liquors as not only violation of law, but also an inexcusable 
breach of international courtesy. 

This problem affects not only Prohibition nations, but is acute in 
all countries attempting to regulate the liquor traffic. The Council 
commends the efforts of the Baltic, Scandinavian, and other Govern¬ 
ments to eliminate this evil by treaties, and also the action of the twelve 
nations which have signed treaties with the United States to prevent this 
illegal traffic. The Council urges the temperance forces in countries 
which have not signed such treaties to use their influence to forward this 
action by their Governments. 

The Council also requests delegates at this Congress to urge the 
strengthening, where necessary, and the enforcement, of the laws and 
regulations of their respective countries against outlaws and enemies of 
international good will. 

VII. 

SUBJECT:—National Self-Determination. 

RESOLUTION:—The Council, having regard to recent specific 
instances of the inability of nations, which by action of their legislatures 
have prohibited, in part or in whole, the traffic in intoxicating liquors, 
to maintain their policy of prohibition against hostile pressure exerted 
by or on behalf of the liquor interests in other countries, records its in- 


dignation at all such attempts to interfere with the inherent right of 
national self-determination. 

VIII. 

SUBJECT:—The Protection of Native Peoples. 

RESOLUTION:—The Council, having considered reports from 
\arious countries under the administration of Great Powers, indicating 
that the importation of alcoholic liquors has led to a wide-spread de¬ 
basement of native races, calls upon the Governments concerned to 
regard themselves as trustees for the well-being of the peoples under 
their administration, and, accordingly, to prohibit effectively the intro¬ 
duction into these territories of all forms of alcoholic beverages. The 
Council, with these objects in view, would impress upon the Govern¬ 
ments the urgency and importance of full effect being given to the 
provisions of the Agreement reached at the Brussels conference and also 
to the provisions in the Covenant of the League of Nations permitting 
the prohibition of the liquor traffic in mandated territories. 

IX. 

SUBJECT:—The League of Nations and the Alcohol Question. 

RESOLUTION:—The Council of the World League Against Al¬ 
coholism, assembled during the third Congress of the League held at 
Winona Lake, Indiana, U. S. A., and attended by nationals from more 
than fifty countries, notes with pleasure the proposal shortly to be con¬ 
sidered at the Assembly of the League of Nations for the setting up of 
a Commission of Inquiry into the alcohol question, and expresses the 
earnest hope that the Assembly will determine forthwith to appoint 
such a Commission. 

Further, the Council, having regard to the especial interest of the 
United States in this social question, respectfully requests the Govern¬ 
ment of the United States to assure the Assembly of the League of Na¬ 
tions of willingness to cooperate in the work of such a Commission. 


25 


Group Discussion Conferences 

SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE INSTRUCTION 

At the Winona Lake Congress of the World League Against Alcoholism 
four conferences attended by over 200 persons, discussed the Scientific facts 
of the alcohol question and scientific temperance instruction in the public 
schools. Among the topics discussed were: Scientific facts of present day im¬ 
portant application; the historical and logical place of the Scientific facts about 
alcohol in the movement against alcoholism (e.g. youth’s right to knowl¬ 
edge of them as an aid in intelligent habit formation; an electorate informed 
as to these facts necessary to legislation against the liquor traffic; personal ab¬ 
stinence an aid to observance and enforcement of anti-liquor legislation); the 
present legal and actual status of temperance instruction in the public schools; 
its needs, such as graded courses of study, adequate modern text-books; 
recent gains in these points; illustrative helps as slides, films, posters and 
experiments; the place and necessary qualifications of the outside temperance 
lecturer in schools; essay, poster and oratorical contests, literature to aid 
pupils, teachers, and for school libraries. 

The Conference on Sunday School work among younger pupils held 
Sunday morning, August 21, was attended by about 75 delegate’s. Topics 
discussed were the temperance facts suitable to children, points of contact 
through stories, nature work, interests, and activities of childhood, hero 
admiration for positive qualities of body, mind, and character; the spiritual¬ 
izing in Sunday school temperance instruction; of subject matter of day school 
temperance instruction; use of the worship element; special Sunday school 
programs and contributions by classes to such programs; uses of posters and 
temperance literature. 

Summary of Scientific Temperance Instruction Conferences 

All temperance work should be based on the modern ascertained scien¬ 
tific facts concerning the nature and effects of alcoholic beverages. Especial 
attention should be given to instructing youth in these facts in public and 
private schools. The instruction should be graded both as to facts and 
methods of approach. Modern pedagogical methods should be employed. 
Training in health, thrift, character building, history, social studies and civics 
—all afford avenues for giving youth an all-round understanding of the issues 
in the world problem of alcoholism, 

Teachers should be trained in their professional training schools to deal 
with this subject competently. The courses of study and text books provided 
should be adequate and up-to-date in facts and suggestions for treating the 
subject. 

The citizen who shares responsibility fof the schools which train the 
children of the nation should see to it that the management of schools is 
placed in the hands of school boards and superintendents who are not only 
competent as to education in general, but interested in having youth trained 
to intelligent sobriety. Thus the teacher who must do the actual work of in¬ 
struction will be stimulated and guided to effective results. Parent-Teachers’ 
Associations can do helpful work at this point. 

26 


The regular school instruction may sometimes be helpfully supplemented 
by talks by outside lecturers who are competent to deal intelligently with mod¬ 
ern facts about alcohol in its relation to the present and future interests of 
youth. Only really well-informed persons knowing how to approach youth 
should attempt this work. Well-chosen up-to-date temperance literature, 
books and periodicals can be furnished to supplement the teachers’ informa¬ 
tion resources. Suitable films and stereopticon slides are useful. Prize es¬ 
say and work book contests afford practical means of self-expression and of 
deepening interest on the alcohol question on the part of parents as well as 
of children. 

The general impression expressed by members of the conference was 
that less attention had been given in the past decade to temperance in¬ 
struction in the schools of the United States than formerly, that the respon¬ 
sibility of schools in this matter should be pressed. On the contrary, atten¬ 
tion was called to action of some states and other educational officials in 
making out new and better outlines of study on this subject in which great as¬ 
sistance had been derived from the outline included in the report on health 
program of the Joint Committee of the National Education Association and 
American Medical Association. Most of the present “health” text books 
contain accurate and up-to-date material on the subject of alcohol and other 
narcotics, and this information thus reaches pupils without much special 
publicity being given the matter. 

The two largest national educational organizations of the United States: 
the National Educational Association and the Department of Superintendence, 
have adopted resolutions calling upon the teaching profession to give especial 
attention to instruction of youth in modern facts as to the effects of alcohol. 

Cora Frances Stoddard, Conference Leader. 


MISSIONS AND ALCOHOLISM 

The Conference on Missions and Alcoholism held four sessions, during 
which more than twenty missionaries and Nationals representing fully a score 
of countries on four continents, gave their viewpoints and made suggestions. 

It was brought out that in every country represented, the native peoples 
had known and practiced the art of making intoxicating liquors from grain, 
fruits, the sap of the palm tree, etc., before the advent of European govern¬ 
ments and large trade. 

It seems that everywhere in every land, man had learned to take the 
good gifts of God in the shape of fruits, grains and other things that are 
nutritious and refreshing and turn them into beverages which produce intox¬ 
ication, varying in the amount of alcohol and the effects produced. No one 
was able to mention an instance of alcohol produced by nature unaided by 
man except in cases of rotten fruit. 

One African triibe, in describing the process of beer making, states that 
at a certain stage of fermentation, the mashawe, or evil spirits enter into the 
liquid. Is it not possible that this same idea has been handed down from 
antiquity whereby we also refer to alcoholic liquors as “spirits”? Since the 
effect of alcoholism is identical with the conduct of one possessed by evil 
spirits, it is a natural explanation of the term so commonly in use. 

27 



But there was an unanimous agreement that the liquors so made by the 
native peoples were used far more moderately and with less harmful effects 
than those of imported liquors which had been introduced by Europeans. 

The results of using alcoholic liquor among the native peoples in every 
land has been decreased physical health, inability to resist disease, inefficiency 
as workers, neglect of homes and children, quarreling, fighting, murder and 
immoral life. 

Three non-Christian religions were cited as prohibiting the use of alco¬ 
holic liquors—Buddism, Hinduism and Mohammedanism—and the percentage 
who observed the restriction was very creditable before the incoming of the 
toreign trade and liquors. 

Total abstinence principles have been slow in developing in the Occident 
and it is to be regretted that even yet there are some good Christian pople, 
especially in Europe, including even the church leaders, who indulge in the use 
and sometimes the manufacture of strong drink. 

The effect of non-sobriety among certain orders which bear the name of 
Christian upon the native orders of other lands has been very harmful. It 
was stated that in violation of their own long established alcoholism, a drunken 
man is chosen as leader of some of the Buddhist religious processions in 
Burmah to add to the hilarity of the occasion. 

Wherever the white man goes throughout the world, he is always classi¬ 
fied as “Christian,” and the European governments likewise. This misnomer 
is one of the greatest handicaps to real Christian missionary work. The 
example of men of our own race who are in positions of high responsibility 
in foreign lands, men who frequently lived dissolute private lives, has had a 
very baneful effect. Worse yet is the influence of so-called Christian countries 
who have forced alcohol and opium upon the unfortunate natives of other lands 
who were helplessly bound by iniquitous treaties. 

A National of India made the statement that the funds for education in his 
country under the governing influence of Great Britain were designated to 
come from the revenue derived from the importation of liquor. As he put it, 
“In order to have sufficient public funds for the education of my children, 
I must learn to drink.” And this in a country where three of the largest re¬ 
ligious orders, had total abstinence as one of their firmest tenets. 

Not only are colonial governments interested in the customs revenue from 
imported alcoholic liquors into Asia and Africa, but European and American 
traders in these countries engage in the retail sale in immense quantities to the 
natives. While it was once the ambition in England to be “drunk as a lord,” 
in many other countries the desire is to be “drunk as a white man.” 

So far as Africa is concerned, there was an agreement among European 
nations having colonies there, to protect the natives from imported liquors. 
In some colonies that has been fairly well observed, but for fifty or more years, 
there has been a steady off-loading of immense quantities of the worst kind 
of strong drink that the natives can buy easily. Moreover, it was stated that 
there had been cases of white men initiating natives into the process of dis¬ 
tilling liquors and there is said to be some process at Johannesburg and else¬ 
where in South Africa whereby very intoxicating stuff can be prepared in so 

28 


short a time as two hours, so much so that the government is regulating and 
curtailing greatly the sale of yeast. 

Thus over and again there was given point and instance to the statements 
frequently made in the general sessions of the Conference, of the baleful in¬ 
fluence and extension of the liquor traffic of Europe to the ends of the earth. 

The importance of educating the home countries to produce a conscience 
that will enact legislation to stop the iniquitous flow of our death-dealing liq¬ 
uors to the continents of Asia and Africa, was brought out again and again. 
Most of the colonies are totally unable to act for themselves and are com¬ 
pletely under the domination of their ruling powers. 

It was also reiterated that men who were chosen to be consuls and the 
representatives of this United States of America should, while residing in 
foreign countries, obey the laws of our country, especially adhering to the 
keeping of the Eighteenth Amendment and not become a discredit to the very 
country they represent. 

It was also noted that there is a very determined and general propaganda 
in all foreign countries by all manner of publicity with deliberate lies to dis¬ 
credit the effect of prohibition in the U. S. A. and to spread the opinion that 
there is more drunkenness in America now than before prohibition. 

But it was a satisfaction to learn that there is a growing sentiment in 
every land in favor of total abstinence for the individual, particularly church 
members, and a growing desire for a dry, law-abiding country. 

“The fundamental reform is the reformation of the individual; the ulti¬ 
mate prohibition is the prohibition of desire.” 

From South America, there was reported one way in which advance had 
been made among those in whose homes wine is more common than water 
as a beverage. Children and young people are asked to pledge themselves 
not to drink for a month. Then the pledge is made for six months and so in 
this way many of the pupils of schools are learning that they can do without 
alcoholic liquors and are being convinced of the benefits of abstinence. 

In Uruguay, government officials became so convinced of the beneficial 
teachings of temperance and hygiene that there is now an appropriation of 
$3,000 a year to provide a lecturer and to promote scientific instruction on 
this subject in the public schools. It was thought that if other government 
officials in other countries were properly approached, similar action and edu¬ 
cation could be secured also. 

The Rev. W. C. Taylor, of Brazil, reported that of the 32 millions in that 
country, fully half a million are now total abstainers from principle. These 
include practically all evangelical Christians as well as many Roman Catholics 
and others. The medical profession there is almost a unit for abstinence. 
But this sentiment is unorganized and to become effective as a national move¬ 
ment needs to 'be crystallized and organized. One missionary especially 
was cited as having been particularly prominent in promoting temperance 
sentiment. 

In conclusion, the principal ways in which the World League Against Al¬ 
coholism might promote the prohibition movement in various countries are: 

I. Securing and dispensing scientific instruction in the schools as to the 

29 


effects of alcohol on the body, mind and morals of individuals and the effect 
on a country at large. 

II. Organization of forces everywhere,— 

(a) among leaders of religious orders, government officials, medical 

men and all leading citizens. 

(b) among the women. 

(c) Among the youth, especially in the colleges. 

III. Extension of the Active Service Order as advocated by the Rev. 
Henry Carter, of England. 

IV. Where representatives of governments, especially of the U. S. A., live 
discreditable lives, the placing of the facts before their governments with peti¬ 
tions that they be replaced by worth}' - men. 

Also the requesting and urging of commercial and industrial concerns to 
select and send men who are sober and temperate in all their habits. 

For the Findings Committee, 
John M. Springer 
Other members, 

Rev. W. C. Taylor, of Brazil, 
Mrs. M. L. Hutchins, of Los 
Angeles 


LIST OF MISSIONARIES PARTAKING IN DISCUSSIONS OF THE 
CONFERENCE OF MISSIONS AND ALCOHOLISM 
Africa—Miss Reed, of Portuguese East Africa; Miss Ewing of Abyssinia; 
Mrs. Libiberd of the Cameroons; Dr. and Mrs. J. M. Springer of Belgian Congo 
of Rhodesia. 

Latin America—Robert Cox of South Mexico; Miss Hewitt of Monte¬ 
video; Reverend A. W. Greenmail of Peru, and of several other countries; 
Reverend W. C. Taylor, of Brazil. 

Europe—Rev. Menschig of Germany, who has also been in India. 

Asia—Dr. J. J. Cornelius, a National from India; Reverend Julius Smith 
of Burma; Miss Barber, of Siam; Miss Lyman, of China; B. S. Moore, of 
Japan; Mr. Masters, a National, and Mrs. Widoes, of Philippines. 

America—Dr. Hutchins of Los Angeles; Airs. McGregor of Lexington, 
Ky.; Mrs. David, of Oklahoma City. 


CONFERENCE ON “THE PROBLEM AMONG STUDENTS AND 

OTHER YOUTH” 

The Group expressed its opinion in these ways: . 

First: By an unanimous token of consent it was agreed that the situation 
in Preparatory Schools and Colleges is better than it was a few' years ago. * 

Second: It was unanimously agreed that there is a distinct need for more 
education in our schools that w r e now have. Dr. Ernest H. Cherrington 
very well expressed the opinion of the group on the importance of Student 
Work when, in a conversation with one of the Intercollegiate Prohibition As¬ 
sociation secretaries, he made the statement that he was almost at the point 

30 




where he was willing to make Student Work the major emphasis of the program 
of the World League Against Alcoholism. 

In regard to the technique of Student Work the consensus of opinion was: 

First: That the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is in a position to 
do an important piece of work among college students at a very strategic 
time. 

Second: That the work on every local campus must be done largely 
through existing organizations such as the Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Churches, 
Teachers’ Organizations, Literary Societies etc. 

Third: That the educational program should be carried on in younger 
groups of students as far as possible. 

Fourth: That work among students should be strictly educational, with the 
purpose of creating a distinct open-mindedness on the whole problem. 

Fifth: That an attempt should be made to introduce the subject into the 
curriculum of colleges as a regular course. This project was brought before 
the Conference by Lofton S. Wesley and was very enthusiastically received. 

It was quite noticeable throughout the whole group of conferences that 
the attitude of the students was distinctly different from that of those who 
had been engaged a long time in the prohibition fight. It was noted that the 
“Old Timers” were pointing to what had been done while the students were 
placing the emphasis on what is yet to be done. It may be said that the 
students portrayed greater vision and a more certain critical optimism which 
pointed to further difficulties. If the youth of today can be interested vitally in 
the movement, then there is no cause to fear for the future. 

The secretaries of the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association received 
many practical suggestions, and the outlook for student work is brighter than 
it has been since the adoption of the program. It was the opinion of the 
group that the I. P. A. has methods and organization for greater work and 
should be supported by all temperance workers in every way possible. 

Respectfully submitted, 

R..Wilbur Simmons, 
Chairman of Finding Committee. 


Messages of Greeting to the Congress 

WORLD’S WOMAN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION 

“Please extend to the delegates and visitors attending the great gathering 
of the World League Against Alcoholism, my heartiest greeting. It is a sore 
trial that I cannot enjoy the fellowship and inspiration of this epoch-making 
conference. It grieves me not to meet our valiant leaders from many lands 
and personally congratulate them on their magnificent activities for sobriety 
and for the outlawing of the liquor traffic. 

“Each year the imperative need for the united activities of dry forces is 
being more widely recognized. We rejoice that so large a number of national 
temperance organizations are cooperating with the far-reaching program of 
the World League. As an organization, there is much to cheer us on the way 
to our gleaming goal. 

“A world redeemed from the drink habit and the legalized liquor traffic 
demands the devotion of every lover of the home and of those who would bring 
true liberty and the blessings of prosperity and happiness to all peoples. More 
than that, our ultimate victory can come only when all dry organizations co¬ 
operate in friendly fashion, and present a solid fighting front to the strongly 
united wet forces. The World League Against Alcoholism affords an ideal 
meeting place for those blessed with a world vision—a place where the indi¬ 
vidual national groups can be drawn together and, with dynamic power can 
strike to its death the dread destroyer of home, happiness, health and pros¬ 
perity. 

“In the beautiful, historic city of Lausanne, Switzerland, in the closing 
days of July, 1928, will be held the thirteenth convention of the World’s Wom¬ 
an’s Christian Temperance Union. To this notable meeting we shall hope to 
welcome many friends from kindred organizations and from many lands. Sci¬ 
entific temperance education is to be one of the outstanding topics for discus¬ 
sion and teachers are especially urged to make ths convention an objective 
point in the summer of next year. 

“It is our privilege—sacred and sublime—to speak and sing, to preach 
and pray in highways, byways and skyways. Some glad day they will all be 
dry ways. The yearning heart of humanity will be satisfied only when in¬ 
ternational goodwill prevails the world around. We can hasten the coming 
of the day of universal brotherhood if, true to our glorious challenge, we edu¬ 
cate the world to the standard of sobriety and speed prohibition in every cor¬ 
ner of the globe. 

(Signed) “Anna A. Gordon.” 


, (Translation from the Polish) 

METROPOLITAN OF THE AUTOCEPHALOUS ORTHODOX CHURCH 

OF POLAND 

“Warsaw, 13 Zygmuntowska St. 

“Mr. Secretary: 

“I am grateful to you for the kind invitation to participate in the Congress 
of Winona Lake to take place in the month of August next. 

“I take a lively interest in the aim and problems of the League, but, to my 
great regret, I am debarred from the possibility of taking part in this Con¬ 
gress, inasmuch as at the same time there will be held at Lausanne the In¬ 
ternational Congress of Order and Faith (or Fidelity), of which I am a member 
and to the work of which I attach great importance. Owing to this fact I find 
it impossible to refuse to participate therein (that is, the Lausanne Congress). 
I must, therefore, confine myself to expressing hereby to the International 
League for the Conflict with Alcoholism my sincere wishes for complete suc¬ 
cess in its useful activity for the good of suffering humanity. 

“I beg you to accept, Mr. Secretary, and to convey to the members of the 
Congress, my wishes and sincere desires together with my benediction for the 
success of the labors of this Congress acceptable to God. 

(Signed) “Denys.” 

On back of letter: “Metropolitan of Warsaw and of all Poland” 

“A true translation 

“Seal of the Chancellory of (Sgned) “G. Roszcrylki, 

the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox “Secretary of the Holy Synod 
Church Metropolitan in Poland.” 


32 



EXCERPTS FROM LETTERS, TELEGRAMS, AND CABLEGRAMS OF 
GREETING TO THE CONGRESS 

“The liquor traffic in Australia at present has a strangle hold on politics. 
. . .America is an unfailing inspiration to us. It is not possible for you to 
realize how utterly dependent we. are on you and your effective administra¬ 
tion of the Prohibition law. 

“W e had 58,971 convictions for drunkenness last year, and we are com¬ 
placently tolerant to drunks. Your city of New York had less than 9,000 
such convictions. New York has an average of 170 drunks a week, and this 
week, the drunks in one court in Sydney only, with only one-sixth the popu¬ 
lation of New York, numbered 197. I wonder if you know how well off you are. 

“R. B. S. Hammond, 
“Australian Prohibition Council, 

s “Sydney, New South Wales’’ 

Cable: “Australian congratulations, greetings. Deeply thankful your mag¬ 
nificent example. You are our greatest inspiration. 

“Hammond.” 

“The Australian Woman’s Christian Temperance Union is with you in 
heart and spirit at this great Congress... .Anything the W. C. T. U. in Aus¬ 
tralia can do to further the work of the World League Against Alcoholism 
will be done. 

“(Mrs.) Annie Carvosso, 
“Corresponding Secretary, Australian W. C. T. U.” 

“Greetings—Argentina coworkers pledge allegiance. 

“Marie Oldham, Emma Pietranera, Araoz Alfaro, Ernesto Nelson, Har- 
dynia Norville.” 


“Cordial greetings from Egyptian Temperance Association, with best 
wishes for entire success. 


“Ahmed Galwash, Alexandria.” 


“God bless convention. 

“Awoki Mutual Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.” 

“Occasion International Congress World League send my hearty greet¬ 
ings, best wishes for success League splendid work against alcoholism in 
world. 

“Oskar Kallas, Esthonian Minister at London.” 

“North Calcutta Temperance Union sends greetings, regrets inability to 
attend. Wishes success and God's blessings. 

“North Calcutta Temperance Union.” 

“LTruguay League Against Alcoholism sends greetings and unites with you 
in work for world prohibition. 

“Uruguay League Against Alcoholism.” 

“Cordial greetings and good wishes. 

“Australian Band of Hope and Young People’s Temperance Union 

“W. H. Rose, National Secretary” 

“Greetings to all the temperance movement brethren in United States of 
America, which is the great laboratory of the world for the cause of prohibi¬ 
tion. . . . The young people of this country are wide awake to the problem of al¬ 
cohol, and are endeavoring to make the future Japan the land of ‘no alcohol.’ 
It is the earnest prayer of us here, to unite our hands with the friends in all 
the world in this great fight with alcohol. 

“(Mme.) A. Noriya, W. C. T. U. of Japan.” 

“Greetings and best wishes to the members and delegates to the Congress 
of the World League Against Alcoholism. 

“Dona Maria Guimaraes, Executive Secretary 

“Uniao Brasiliera Pro Temperancia” 

“Cordial greetings and good wishes. 

“Bulgarian Grand Lodge I. O. G. T. N. 

“Dr. Kh. Neytcheff, G. C. T.” 

“Ohio Annual Conference Methodist Protestant Church sends greetings 
and pledges its loyal support to the cause of world-wide sobriety. May the 
blessing of God be upon your great Congress. 

“Frank Lawrence Brown, President” 

“Law enforcement and the permanence of prohibition are of such profound 
social and economic value and such a tremendous contribution to decency and 

33 


morality that we who learn this from daily experience are heartened by your 
efforts. God bless them and cause them to prosper. 

“Mina C. VanWinkle, President, 
“International Association of Policewomen.” 

“I sincerely hope and trust that the deliberations of the Congress will 
lead in a great step towards the attainment of our final goal which America 
has so nobly set forth before the world. 

“Rai Bahadur Chuni Lai Bose, Calcutta.” 


“I should like to take this opportunity of conveying to the Conference 
how very much the future of the world depends on the success of the prohi¬ 
bition law in the U. S. A. Any setback there will mean the retrogression of 
moral and material progress throughout the world for perhaps a generation. 

“K. Natarajan, Indian Social Reformer, Fort Bombay.” 

“My heart is with you and with this great work. I remember with a thrill 
the old days of active service in the field. I have abiding faith that our forces 
will win a complete victory. 

“(Bishop) Horace M. DuBose, 
“Methodist Episcoal Church, South, Nashville, Tenn.” 

“When men high in literary and official life openly declare their opposition 
to the restriction of alcoholic beverages, they carry an influence by their ex¬ 
ample more potent than the principle of opposition itself. This is particu¬ 
larly true in those engaged in higher instruction, and particularly in college 
and unversity fields of activity. Young men and young women are peculiarly 
impressionable_There is for this reason a peculiar obligation resting on col¬ 

lege and university presidents and professors to be careful of the influences 
they exert. It is not a wholesome example of publicly to profess opposition 
to existing law and to any portion of the constitution of our country....! 
would not go to the extent of violating academic freedom by preventing such 
teachers from their customary activities. I would urge them to look within 
their own consciences and as a result of this introspection, decide no longer 
to be regarded as advocates of law-breaking. 

“Harvey W. Wiley, M.D. 

“Director Good Housekeeping.” 


“Wet propaganda to the contrary notwithstanding, the facts bear out the 
statement that the army and navy of the United States of America show such 
a remarkable improvement under Prohibition that their leading generals and 
others highest in command comment upon it with gratitude, appreciation, and 
absolute confirmation. 

“Rebecca N. Rhoads, National Director U. S., 

“W. C. T. U. Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Department.” 

“His Highness The Thakore Saheb has commanded me to thank you cor¬ 
dially for your kind invitation to attend the forthcoming Congress of the World 
League Against Alcoholism.. . .Nothing would please him better than to signify 
by the presence of himself or of one of his sons the great interest and sym¬ 
pathy he cherishes for your movement. 

“Private Secretary to H. H. The Thakore Saheb of Limbdi.” 

“Your kind greetings to the Fifty-sixth Annual Conevntion of the Cath¬ 
olic Total Abstinence Union of America were conveyed to the delegates and 
greatly appreciated by them. In their name as well as in my own, I recipro¬ 
cate your kind wishes and hope that the Congress of the World League 
Against Alcoholism at Winona Lake will be an impressive demonstration of 
the world-wide condemnation of alcoholism. I hope that it also will be an 
inspiration for the further development of the World League Against Alco¬ 
holism.” 


Peter J. O’Callaghan. 

“The Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America.” 

“We heartily thank God for the great example of America and also very 
heartily pray that Prohibition may continue to win battles all along the way 
"We in our land are not yet ready for prohibition, but your American ex¬ 
ample helps us in our constant effort for Local Option as an education prelim¬ 
inary to Prohibition. Wales is steadily working for local option It is also 
working for its own Welsh Temperance Bill which includes local' option and 
the better regulation of Clubs. Lord Clwyd moved its second reading in the 
House of Lords on May 11. but bis many efforts and those of members in the 

34 


House of Commons have been frustrated and we are still longing, working 
and praying for our Bill. 

“A. C. Prichard, North Wales Women’s Temperance Union.” 

“It was my pleasure to welcome the International Temperance Congress 
when it met in Washington, D. C., some years ago. The age old fight against 
alcohol has not yet been won, though many of the outposts have been taken. 
Instead of discouragement because there are yet many hurdles in the way, 
those who have enlisted for the war have much cause for encouragement. No 
reform ever goes backward and, even if there are recessions in the tide, there 
will be no return to the licensed saloon and the still in America. 

“A short time before his death, America’s First Citizen, the late President 
Eliot, writing to me in a personal letter, speaking of the after-war debacle and 
discouragement, said: 

“ ‘You and I seem to be up against a stone wall of indifference and inde¬ 
cision. Nevertheless, we can console ourselves that one public policy in which 
we are interested, namely, prohibition, is rapidly coming to prevail in the 
United States and is making fair progress in Europe.’ 

“Sharing his faith, my message to the foes of alcohol is that they should 
make as their motto what Moses said to the Children of Israel ’That they go 
forward’. 

“Josephus Daniels.” 

“There is perhaps no country in the world where popular sentiment is 
so united in opposition to the liquor traffic as India. Every non-Christian re¬ 
ligion of the land condemns it, and the representatives of these religions have 
joned heartily with Christians and missionaries in a union movement looking 
to national prohibition. The Government itself, owing to the large amount of 
revenue from liquor licenses, is the chief objector to passing a national pro¬ 
hibition law. The success of the effort for national prohibition in America is 
essential to the success of the cause in India. 

“H. C. Chambers, Board of Foreign Missions, 
“United Presbyterian Church of North America.” 

“The President, General Secretary, and officers of the Alberta Prohibition 
Association send fraternal greetings to all delegates from the different states 
of the Union and from other countries, and pray that your deliberations at 
this World’s Congress will again result in a renewed determination to continue 
the battle against the use of alcohol for beverage purposes. 

“We also pray that the Congress will find some way of more definitely 
attacking the commercializing of all intoxicating liquors. National and In¬ 
ternational laws should be aimed at that would positively control if not al¬ 
together stop the exportation of intoxicating liquors into any prohibited ter¬ 
ritory. 

“A. L. Marks, President, 

“A. H. Hull, Gen. Sec. 

“Alberta Prohibition Association.” 

Kindly convey to the Congress the heartiest greetings and prayerful wishes 
of our thirty-seven preachers, 119 local preachers, and five deaconnesses in the 
Methodist Episcopal Church in the Baltic States. We are cooperating with 
the Temperance Forces in these young Republics and are happy to have as 
a loyal friend and ally Professor Villem Emits, of Dorpat University, who is 
frequently speaking in our Methodist pulpits. 

“Geo. A. Simons, Supt. & Treas. 

“The Methodist Episcopal Church in Latvia, Esthonia and Lithuania.” 

“I deeply regret the impossibility of my attending the International Con¬ 
gress, but I desire to send greetings from the Pioneer prohibition state of 
Kansas and to express my warmest sympathy with the purpose of the Congress 
to rid the world of the curse of Alcoholism. If Alcoholism is the menace to 
mankind that we believe it to be it is a world-wide problem. Individual states 
and the highest tribunal of the United States government have established the 
principle of Prohibition as sound both economically and and politically. While 
we have no right to attempt to force our views upon other nations, we can 
and must cooperate with sober minded people the world over, first to educate 
and second to secure legal prohibition throughout the world. The open defi¬ 
ance of the law in certain quarters was only to be expected. Instead of dis¬ 
couraging the advocates of sobriety, it should move us to renewed and more 
efficient efforts at enforcement. My best wishes for. success of Congress. 

“Arthur Capper.” 


35 


“Am deeply interested in maintaining our advanced ground in the Unite 
States and assisting in every way possible to aid other countries to cure t le 
oitter rot that blights and destroys. I believe that the people ot our counti > 
and throughout the world will soon realize that the adoption of the r ederai 
and State Prohibition Amendments and Enforcement Statutes in the Lnited 
States of America was the most important governmental action for the moral, 
physical and economic welfare of the nation that has been undertaken 01 
accomplished since the Declaration of Independence. Ours is a political gov - 
ernment operated and maintained through political parties. The moral and 
religious forces of the country through education did their work well and 
achieved their goal by placing prohibition in the Federal Constitution and 
they should not permit it to be destroyed or nullified by sharp political prac¬ 
tices. From now on Prohibition is a political proposition and an official v ho 
fails to enforce and execute the law violates his oath of office, nullifies the 
constitution, betrays the people and destroys his own standing as an official 
and as a citizen. 

“We have shown that we could establish prohibition in the United States. 
We have demonstrated not only to our own citizens, but to the people of the 
world that Prohibition in the United States has proven of incalculable value 
morally, economically and socially. It is now up to us to prove that we are in¬ 
telligent enough, nonpartisan enough and morally courageous enough to pre¬ 
vent Prohibition from being taken away from us or hamstrung so' as to nul¬ 
lify it. Charles W. Bryan.” 

Other telegrams of greeting and good wishes were received from Hon. 
Frank O. Lowden, Colonel L. B. Musgrove, Charles G. Dawes, Governor Dan 
Moody, and Senator Carter Glass. 

“I regret exceedingly that home calls prevent me from being with the pro¬ 
hibition forces during the rally now under way at Winona. I trust that your 
Convention shall be of so outstanding a character that it shall make the 
charming summer resort of Indiana a name which generations yet unborn 
shall bless as marking one of the decisive stages of their deliverance from 
the worst of the world’s tyrants—Alcohol. To those who think that this tyrant 
can be cajoled or civilized or controlled, that any other treatment than the 
guillotine will be effective, I commend the following items, one of which ap¬ 
peared, one on the editorial and the other on the first page of the Toronto 
Daily Star of today. The former records that three young men in Toronto were 
fined for taking liquor to a dance hall, and adds: ‘More of that kind of con¬ 
duct is being seen now than during the days of Prohibition.’ The other item 
tells how ‘roomers in the Central Y. M. C. A., to the number of about a score, 
have been notified to leave their rooms there, because they are alleged to 
have brought liquor into the building.’ 

“During a continuous residence of over thirty years in Toronto I have 
never heard or read of such a thing in connection with the Y. M. C. A. Nor 
have I, during those years, come across a record of the flask and the dance 
hall appearing arm in arm in the Police Court. And now 7 when we have the 
‘finest’ Government Control measure in the world-legislation which, we were 
assured, embodies all the good points of similar enactments elsewhere, and 
at the same time guarded against loopholes—legislation enforced by a ‘strong 
man’ Commission wholeheartedly backed up by the Government which did all 
it safely could to discredit such Provincial Prohibition as we had—we are 
treated to such exhibitions as those staring us from today’s issue of Toronto’s 
most widely-read daily paper. When the Government went into the liquor¬ 
dispensing business we were assured that Booze in braid and buttons and the 
insignia of Government responsibility would become a model of decorum. 
He will, when dead and cremated, but not till then, as our latest experiment is 
demonstrating to those who are not impervious to all the lessons of the past 
and present. 

“May the day be not far distant when the world shall see its children hail¬ 
ing Prohibition as their great Emancipator of soul and body and wondering at 
the blindness which kept them so long under tre thrall of their deadliest foe. 

“D. Minehan, 

“St. Vincent de Paul Church, Toronto.” 

“As a fully persuaded and active prohibitionist, I would like to join with 
you and aid in every way possible in support of the enforcement of the Pro- 
hbition law—by writing and public speaking and doing all I can to sustain it, 
and the Diocese of Harrisburg has twice in past years voted unanimously 

36 


both clergy and laity, for the strict enforcement of the Prohibition Law. You 
may use my name, if it is desired, on any appeal you may issue for law en¬ 
forcement, and urging all United States and state officers to do their full duty 
in carrying out the provisions of the law. 

“James H. Darlington, 
“(Bishop of the Diocese of Harrisburg)” 

”1 wonder if we have stressed enough what always has been and is still 
the actual public policy with regard to traffics and practices which have come 
to be regarded as intolerable. While society would, of course, be glad to ex¬ 
tirpate or entirely suppress these evils, it has had to rest content, in all cases, 
with merely going as far as it can to minimize them; and, so far as I can see, 
society cannot hope to do more than that. So long as individuals wish to 
steal, it is probably not within the power of government, such is the incon¬ 
spicuous nature of the act of stealing, to suppress larceny entirely. Pew, if 
any, of the offenses and vices that have ever been practiced have even yet 
been wholly eliminated despite the most sincere and strenuous opposition of or¬ 
ganized society. One obvious preliminary, however, in the effort for utterly 
minimizing such evils, is to deny them legal sanction. 

“Prohibition, in the case of the liquor business, or traffic say in cocaine, 
is to be view T ed and judged as but such a preliminary in the work of minimiza¬ 
tion, as an indispensable step towards complete extirpation, to be backed up 
by such enforcement steps as the case may require, by no means omitting ed¬ 
ucation as to the danger to society in alcohol and cocaine, to abstainers as well 
as to partakers of such drugs. 

“But we obviously cannot expect complete minimization of traffic in such 
things, so long as such traffics can invoke the law for their protection. 

“The point behind this suggestion is the gross unreasonableness in any¬ 
one’s decrying the one step known as prohibition, just because it is not 
automatically followed, despite the wets’ own lawless obstruction, by the 
prompt and complete extirpation of the evil at which it is aimed,—a result 
which has never been demanded or even expected from the prohibition of any 
other act or practice which society has ever outlawed. . . . 

“When a thing has been forbidden, subsequent events determine the de¬ 
gree of its extirpation. Even if extirpation does not at once follow the pro¬ 
hibition, the fault is not in the forbidding, in the case of the liquor business, 
any more than in the case of the many other interferences with individual 
conduct which w r e impose in the interest of general safety and welfare. 

“Fault may, and undoubtedly does, lie in unskillful enforcement legisla¬ 
tion, in inadequate support for enforcement officers and in insufficient educa¬ 
tion as to the delusion under which the acquirement of the appetite for alcohol 
is risked. We are, I think, particularly at fault in not upholding the right of 
the non-drinking individual—father, mother, wife, child, neighbor, fellow-em¬ 
ploye, employer, taxpayer or citizen—to be free from the costs and dangers 
imposed on him by the drinking of others; and the no less obvious right and 
duty of the state to use as much of its power as necessary to free itself from 
the corruption of politics and turmoil imposed by the historically and chron¬ 
ically insubordinate and unruly liquor interest. 

“These faults undoubtedly call for correction, but let critics be clear 
enough thinkers not to condemn prohibition, a mere preliminary, for not of and 
by itself alone constituting the annihilation of the evil which it outlaws. 

“And let us never let it be forgotten that the only ‘rights’ and ‘liberties’ 
are not those of persons with a frivolous, casual or even pathological desire 
for alcohol. Lewis Jerome Johnson, 

“Harvard Engineering School.” 

Cordial greetings and good wishes were also received from the New Zea¬ 
land Alliance; the Alberta Prohibition Association; J. R. Dougall, editor of 
The Witness, Montreal; Kreuzbund Reichsverband Abstinenter Katoliken E. 
V., Heidhausen-Ruhr; Arbeiter Abstinentenbund in Osterreich, Vienna; The 
North of Scotland Branches of the W. C. T. U., through Mrs. Georgina D. Sin¬ 
clair, Wick; Societe Antialcoolique des Agents des Chemins de Fer Francais, 
Paris; Magnus Karlson, Stavanger, Norway; Deutscher Abstinenz Orden E. V., 
German v; H. Stephens Richardson, Moyallon, Portadown, North Ireland; 
\kademsco Apstinentsko Drustvo ‘Istina,’ of Belgrade, by Ljubomir Mirzo- 
vich Stud. Jur., Secretary; Emil Zimmerli, M.D., Montana, Switzerland; 
Queensland Prohibition League, by Arthur Toombes, State Superintendent; 
Danish Men’s Medical Temperance Association, Copenhagen, by K. A. Heiberg. 
President- Jugoslavia Gaves Tresvenosti, by L. Radosavljeirteh; The Church 


Army, London, by Mary Burr, Editor the Church Army Gazette; D. Diamond, 
Editor of The Catholic Herald, London; T. N. Carver, Dept, of Economics, Har¬ 
vard University; M. S. Rice, Metropolitan M. E. Church, Detroit; J. E. White, 
Attorney, San Francisco; Rev. Hugh D. Bell, M.D., San Francisco; Rev. George 
E. Heath, D.D., College Ave. M. E. Church, West Somerville Mass.; W. C. T. U. 
of Newfoundland, by Mrs. J. S. Johnston, St. John's; Edmond Boucli, Saint 
Quentin, Aisne, France; C. V. Bowman, President Swedish Evangelical Mis¬ 
sion Covenant of America, Chicago; Mrs. Kate Trenholm Abraham,Washing¬ 
ton Representative Non-Partisan League of Nations Associaton. \ ice Chair¬ 
man Legislative Committee, General Federation of Women’s Clubs; Finnish 
National Brothers Temperance Association, Duluth. Minn.; Rev. John G. 
Scott, D.D., Rchmond, Va.; William H. DeLacy, Washington, D. C.; Rev. Ed¬ 
ward L. Watson, Waverly M. E. Church, Baltimore, Md.; Dr. Papanek, Com¬ 
mercial Attache, Czechoslovak Legation, Washington, D. C.; Rev. Charles W. 
Gordon, D.D., LL.D., Winnipeg, Canada; Abbe Simons, Editor “Sobrietas,” Bel¬ 
gium; A. de Meuron, Vice President de la Croix-Bleue Suisse, Spiez (Berne), 
Switzerland; Rev. E. A. Davidson, Edinburgh, Scotland; I. O. G. T. Grand 
Lodge of Western Australia, by William Acreadie, G. Sec.; W. C. T. U. of 
Tasmania, by Jessie Breaden, State Cor. Sec.; Rev. T. F. Dornblaser, Nowawes 
bei Potsdam, Germany; Doctor C. W. Saleeby, London; Robert A. Munro, Scot¬ 
tish Temperance Alliance; A. J. Cook, South African Temperance Alliance; 
Geo. H. Lees, Hamilton, Ontario; Chas. R. Edmond, New Zealand Alliance; 
Alberta Prohibition Association; Willis J. Abbot, Christian Science Monitor, 
Boston; Popular League Against Alcoholism, France; Ligue Nationale contre 
l’Alcoolisme, France; Bishop Herbert Welch, Seoul. Korea; Geo. B. Wilson, 
United Kingdom Alliance; Charles Stelzle, New York City; Prince Mohamed 
Ali of Egypt; William H. Prass, Attorney, Pittsburgh; Louis J. Taber, National 
Master the National Grange, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. August Ley, Brussels; E. 
B. Vargas, Chihuahua, Mexico; Verein des Blauen Kreuzes, Switzerland; Dr. 
Jur. Robert Joos, Grand Secretary, I. O. G. T., Grand Lodge of Switzerland; 
Dr. T. N. Kelynack, Society for the Study of Inebriety, England; Fru Inga 
Zapfke, Norwegian W. C. T. U.; Mrs. L. A. Macauley, Cor. Sec. Sydney W. C. 
T. U., Nova Scota; Rev. F. R Felt, M.D., M. E. Church in Southern Asia,. 
Jubbulpore, India; Dr. Otto Bauer, Munich; Mrs. Emily Moffat Clow, W. C. 
T. U., Belfast, Ireland. 

The following ladies acted as Patronesses of the Winona Congress: 

Mrs. Kate Trenholm Abrams, Washington Representative Nonpartisan. 
League of Nations Association; Florence Allen, Judge of the Supreme Court 
of Ohio; Mrs. Mary Anderson, Chief Women’s Bureau United States Depart¬ 
ment of Labor; Mrs. Henry Fenniinore Baker, President Service Star Legion; 
Miss S. P. Breckenridge, Dean The Graduate School of Social Service Admin¬ 
istration, Chicago University; Mrs. Louis C. Cramton; Mrs. Richmond P. Hob¬ 
son; Louise Taylor-Jones, M.D., President American Women’s Medical Asso¬ 
ciation; Mrs. Henry W. Peabody, Chairman Women’s National Committee for 
Law Enforcement; Mary Ross Potter, Counsellor for Women Northwestern 
University; Mrs. Raymond Robins; Mrs. Mary Sherman, President General 
Federation Women's Clubs; Harriet Taylor Upton, Former Vice Chairman 
National Republican Committee; Lt. Mina C. VanWinkle, Chief Women’s 
Police Bureau, Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Edward Franklin White, Clerk, Su¬ 
preme Court of Indiana; Miss Chari Williams, National Educational Associ¬ 
ation; Mrs. Fielding H. Yost. 


38 


ADDRESSES 

WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSION 

YOUNG PEOPLE’S RALLY, UNDER THE AUSPICES OF INTER¬ 
COLLEGIATE PROHIBITION ASSOCIATION 

ADDRESS 

Rev. Ira Landrith, D.D., LL.D. 

President Intercollegiate Prohibition Association 
Citizenship Supt., International Society of Christian Endeavor 

The thirty-three-year-old Master of all said that He came- not to bring 
peace but a sword,_ and the same book that records his mission to the world 
said: “They shall know the truth and the truth shall make them free.” We 
are here tonight to plan the completion of a triumphant war. The liquor traf¬ 
fic in America is as dead as Julius Caesar and is going to stay dead as long. 
There has been reached in the fighting, a stage where we have to stop and 
consider a few things in view of the enemy that is just now before us, the 
same old bunch but this time arrayed in an air of staid respectability; but 
when you divide it up and analyze it, it is the same alliance of thirst, stu¬ 
pidity and cupidity, with cupidity leading and stupidity following, and thirst 
in the middle because of its ingrowing character. We have to face the fact that 
we can do something with thirst, and we can do something with stupidity, but 
cupidity, like the poor, will be with us always. 

We have fought the liquor traffic in this country to its present legal, and 
to a degree, political, defeat. It presents itself now in a pleasing guise as 
an anarchist that has had a shave and a hair cut, but nevertheless an an¬ 
archist, and vastly more dangerous because it doesn’t have hair and whiskers 
enough to start a mattress factory. There is no question but that the growing 
tendency to anarchy in America is the direct result of the attitude of our 
present enemj r . I do not mean to say that we who are on this platform to¬ 
night are in sympathy with everything that has been done for the legislative 
destruction of the liquor traffic, but we understand that if the enforcement 
cf law in America and the extension of prohibition to all parts of the world are 
to be accomplished, it will have to be done now after a prolonged and too 
long process of popular education. We educated America by fighting the 
liquor traffic, in every community in this country from the smallest to the 
largest, in local option, county option and state-wide prohibition, and ulti¬ 
mately when we got tired of taking so many bites at a cherry, we swallowed 
the cherry tree and made America dry, because we had had these fights in every 
crossroads in America. I said to. the president of the W. C. T. U. of Ohio 
tonight that Ohio is, in matters of temperance and prohibition, the best edu¬ 
cated state in the United States; and that is true, not because they are any 
brighter than the rest of us, but because they went to school so long. Year 
afer year a state-wide prohibition fight was started in Ohio until every 
schoolchild in Ohio knew everything about the liquor traffic. But that was 
ten years ago, an-d a new generation has arisen, and we are today facing the 

39 


fact that America is about to fall into the hands of a generation of young peo¬ 
ple who never saw their father come home drunk and kick their mother in 
the face. They don’t know anything about it. 

These young people in our day don’t understand our fight because they 
weren’t in it. We have a new generation to train, and that is what the Inter- 
Collegiate Prohibition Association is trying to do; train a generation of young 
people to think right and speak right and do right. That is the next abso¬ 
lutely necessary step if we are not to fail in this entire enterprise. We are 
not going to fail. 1 represent tonight two organizations. One of them has 
four million members, three millions of them in America—and three million 
young people will hold the balance of power in any campaign for political 
preferment in this country. They must think right on this question and w r e 
must spend a little time in the process of giving them the right attitude 
on this question. We propose so far as we can to train the young college men 
and college women of America—I think our hope is there. 

Three of the greatest events in human history are less than ten years old. 
We got rid of the liquor traffic; we are done with it. That was the biggest 
enterprise of all time. The last drop of liquor made in America according 
to law, has been made. The next great achievement was the ending of 
the world war. The third great achievement was giving the women the 
right to the ballot. The other day a woman said to me, “I didn’t want the 
ballot; I’m not going to use it.” You women must use it. When a bad woman 
can use the ballot you good women must use it. America needs these three 
things put into practice—world peace, the end of the liquor traffic, the right 
of the women to vote. The young people of the land are going to run 
America, and they’ll admit it. I told some high school students the other 
day: “You know more than we learned in college.” They applauded. Then 
I said: “You know more than any other generation in the world.” They ap¬ 
plauded that more loudly. I added: “You know more and think less than 
any generation in the world ever has.” We must go at this thing again just 
as if it had never been done; do it all again. You have been hearing that pro¬ 
hibition is a great failure in America. The churches in America stand for 
prohibition, and the wets are doing their best to propagandize you into believ¬ 
ing that prohibition is a failure. Will you believe the churches of America 
or will you believe these men of cupidity who are trying to make you think 
Prohibition is a failure? Any kind of prohibition is better than any kind of 
license, and everybody in America knows that, who is old enough to think, but 
a lot of college students are not thinking. They have taken the second¬ 
hand statement that prohibition is a failure. 

Train a generation to think right and speak right and be right on this sub¬ 
ject and it is all over. And we have just four years in which to save the 
world. There are just about four years before these youngsters will be out 
in the world, repeating the errors that have been taught them by men whose 
interest it was to misrepresent conditions, and we aren’t doing much about it. 
Don’t get the idea the American people are not right on this question. We are 
not yet getting enough of these youngsters into the leadership of this move¬ 
ment. I believe in the wisdom of experience and years, but I don’t think that 
you can count on the warfare that needs to be carried on in this country at 

40 


this time, even if you put on the whole armor of God, if you put it on over 
dressing gown and slippers. Men are dropping out of this fight. You have 
to get leaders from somewhere. Where can you get them? Amongst the 
youth in their preparation for life. I represent the Christian Endeavor move¬ 
ment and I think the Epworth League and the Baptist Young People’s 
Union and others are just as worthy and just as important. The other 
day in Cleveland the young people declared for the absolute overthrow of 
the liquor traffic and the end of violation of the laws of America. We Chris¬ 
tian Endeavorers didn’t have any more sense than to say a bootlegger ought 
to be sent to the penitentiary, and because his patron is his father he ought 
to go with him; and if you are going to send both, don’t send the officer of 
law who won’t enforce the law, because you ought not to let him contaminate 
the morals of a bootlegger. You must train a generation to think that way. 
What is prohibition? I am not a prohibitionist; I am a constitutionalist. 
Aou haven’t any more right to be a wet than you have to be a horse thief, 
with apologies to both criminals. I see young people in our colleges, the 
young men and women in America, facing this fight, that will give us 
the victory if we can train them to be fit to live, and fit to live with. How 

will we do it? Where are we to do it? If we are to train a generation that is 

fit to live, and to live with, we must train them in college primarily. I still 
believe that a college education gives an individual a chance that nothing 
else does. I think if you have a boy you ought to send him to college and 

keep him there—and every girl ought to go to college too. The twentieth 

century is going to make such a demand upon them that they cannot afford 
to miss a college education. I want an unanimous college graduating class to 
come down from the hilltop and lead us in fine and high directions to a 
better generation. 

I spent a summer in Europe. Away up on the hill one day, I left the 
crowd and went into the midst of what used to be Belleau Woods. They 
aren’t woods any longer. Every tree has been torn to shreds by shot and 
shell. I went out with a guide in the midst of the unexploded shells, until 
he stopped and uncovered his head reverently at a hole in the ground. He 
said—he was a young soldier of France—“We took an American soldier out 
of there yesterday.” He had been lying there for eight years, unburied, un¬ 
coffined. He died like a dog on the battlefield and had been lying there for 
eight years. I complained that they hadn’t found him sooner. “We are doing 
our best, sir. It is dangerous digging in this ground. There are sixty more 
we haven’t found yet. We are getting them at the rate of twelve a month.” 
I looked out over that war-torn field, and saw the dead men, America’s contri¬ 
bution to the world war, dead over there and dead here—dead there because of 
the shell that shot them to shreds; dead over here because of the gas 
that gave them rotten lungs. That is so, ladies and gentlemen. There 
ii> no occasion for trying to defend it. I am just telling you about it. If you 
are standing for it, stand for what it stands for. Send your boys over there 
to die like dogs and be covered up over there. For eight years we have 
been fiddling with cheap politics about whether we’ll have an association of 
nations or a league of nations. If the Republicans had suggested the league of 
nations we would have been against it—you know that is politics. I am 

41 


not proposing that you go into politics and demand that the Democrats 
stand for prohibition and the Republicans stand for it, but I am insisting that 
we quit fiddling with law enforcement in America, and quit fiddling with any 
candidate for office who won’t stand for the Constitution and for law en¬ 
forcement in America. The political party in America that dares to be 
silent about the enforcement of law and to nominate a candidate for office -in 
America not pledged to enforcement is as doomed to die as it is certain 
that Julius Caesar is dead. The only difference between the parties, most of 
the years lately, is slight enough. I am tired of seeing prohibition made a 
political handball for the promotion of weaklings. I want a generation 
of young people ready to stand by the law because it is the law—somebody 
says because it is a good law; but I want them to stand for it because it is 
the law, whether they think it is a good law or not. Roosevelt may not have 
been as dry as he might have been, but he said: “The worst evil in any com¬ 
munity is an unenforced law. Let reverence for law become the political re¬ 
ligion of the nation.” The powers that be are ordained of God. Then you 
talk about settling this question of law enforcement sometime. Of course 
we didn’t expect to see prohibition enforced immediately. There are three 
classes of people opposed to it. One of them is the person who has an in¬ 
growing thirst. He drinks wood alcohol and is disappearing. Another class 
of Americans we have to fight is the stupidity class. I believe that the 
Church of Christ ought to be not only good but it ought to be militantly 
good. Whenever the churches unite and say there will be no more war, there 
will be no more war. I am calling upon the young people of the churches of 
tomorrow to study this question until their minds are fully made up as to what 
is the truth, and the truth will make them free. This is not merely a Prohi¬ 
bition Party, a World League, nor the Anti-Saloon League and the W. C. T. U. 
and all the rest. We are here to do missionary service. I am a foreign 
missionary. I believe we ought to go abroad and help give the nations 
peace. My Master said, “Go ye into all the world.” He never said “Don’t 
go unless they send for you.” Let me put it this way. God is back of this 
movement, and no man need fear for ultimate triumph. We got prohi¬ 
bition under conditions more terrible than those under which world peace 
was secured. The world peace came on the 11th of November, 1918. On 
the 21st of November \ye enacted the war prohibition measure, ten days 
after the armistice was signed. On the 16th of January, 1919, we wrote pro¬ 
hibition into the Constitution. On the 17th of January Woodrow Wilson’s 
peace conference met for the first time in Europe to seek the path of peace 
and pursue it. In June, 1919, Germany signed the peace agreement, and 
June was the month when the liquor traffic went out of America forever. 
On the 16th day of January, 1920, prohibition went into force in this land 
and became effective under the Volstead law. And that day the- League of 
Nations held its first meeting for world peace. This is God’s doing. And God, 
if we will do our duty, will give us enforcement of the prohibition law as 
completely as there is enforcement in any other direction. The splendid 
fellows on this platform can take up the subject after I am through. I’m not 
going into details on the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association. It is the 
only organization on the ground that is doing that job. If we don’t do it, 

42 


it won’t be done. We can’t do it unless you furnish the sinews of war. You 
will discover that the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is God’s own 
foreordained agency that will give us a generation of leaders to carry on the 
fight for the enforcement of the prohibition law and the right of the Amer¬ 
ican people to carry prohibition to the ends of the earth. We can’t take 
prohibition to Europe until we have prohibition in America, and we have 
to convince the people in Europe that prohibition at its worst is better than 
liquor at its best in Europe. The best way to Europe is by way of Washing¬ 
ton, D. jC., of Indianapolis, Ind., and the other state capitals of this country. 
Failure of prohibition in America would be the greatest failure in the his¬ 
tory of democratic government. That it will fail I do not believe, for I 
believe in the omnipotence of the right. I believe that the Church of God is 
God’s organized omnipotence on earth, and the Church could do what it would 
if it would do what it could. I believe that the liquor traffic is dead at the 
altar place of the American Church. I believe that the United Church of 
Jesus Christ is bigger than all organized devils in hell or out of it. The 
unterrified American pulpit is responsible for the triumph of this cause up to 
this time. I have more creed than I know what to do with; I am a Presby¬ 
terian preacher. But if you leave this consecrated place before you have 
subscribed adequately for the support of the Intercollegiate Prohibition As¬ 
sociation 3 'ou will have committed the blunder of the ages. If you do not 
go out under the auspices of this movement, and train a generation to be fit 
to live and fit to live with in America, you are going to have to fight again 
the entire battle for the legislation that is necessary for the prohibition of 
the liquor traffic in America. Give us one trained generation and all the 
rest shall be added unto you. 


THE CHALLENGE OF THE WORLD ALCOHOL PROBLEM TO 

UNIVERSITY MEN 
The Japanese Student Movement 

Mark Revell Shaw 

Associate* Secret ary Social Welfare Committee, The Japanese Student Movement 

Tokyo, Japan 

Last summer, about the middle of June, I took the train in Tokyo to go 
up into the hills in central Japan. For about sixty miles we traversed a nearly 
level plain, one of the widest plains in the empire. On either side of us was 
the intensive cultivation of the Island Kingdom, rice paddy fields and truck 
gardens, coming very close to the tracks. We passed thru several towns, some 
industrial and some agricultural. At Kawaguchimachi, standing close to the 
railroad, is the gigantic new reinforced concrete building of the Dai Nippon 
Brewing Company, for the manufacture of Union Beer. There were many 
villages, clusters of drab thatched roof houses, usually in a grove of trees. 
Then as we approached the foothills the valley narrowed, we crossed and re¬ 
crossed the mountain stream, and the paddy fields, each terraced and banked 
up to hold the standing water needed for the rice, became smaller as the slope 
became greater. 

At the head of the valley the railroad enters a narrow gorge, and after 

43 



changing from the steam engine to electric motor, our train wound its way 
up thru twenty-six tunnels to the plateau near Mt. Asama, the most active vol¬ 
cano in the country. Passing by Asama, we soon came to a small town where 
I. alighted from the train. I was met by Mr. Yoshio Suge, a student of the 
Tokyo Imperial University. We climbed into a Ford bus and were taken out 
to a smaller town about four miles distant. From there we walked, winding 
along a narrow country road between the fields for about seven miles more, 
gradually getting up into the hills. As we came over the crest of a divide 
and started down into a beautiful valley I saw a sight quite unusual in Japan, 
but so familiar to an American, about a hundred or more cattle grazing on 
the hillside, and a number of horses. We followed a little stream, and I soon 
caught sight of the thatched roofs of a mountain village gathered around one 
of the many hot springs so numerous in Japan. Then on the opposite slope 
I saw what appeared to be several American Army khaki tents. Indeed, that 
is what they were! Sent over for relief work at the time of the great earth¬ 
quake and fire, and having served their purpose, they were now being used to 
shelter a number of university students in a summer camp! 

The students gave us a welcoming cheer as we approached, and then, after 
cordial greetings. Mr. Suge and I, very hot and dusty from our tramp during 
mid-day, went over to the hot spring. The secret of a Japanese hot spring is 
to enjoy getting into water just a little hotter than you can possibly stand. 
I confess that-1 have not fully learned to appreciate this pleasure, but I did en¬ 
joy it that time. 

Upon our return, scalded, cleaned and refreshed, the students gathered 
in a group on the ground for the class lecture and discussion hour. Then after 
a Japanese supper, which they prepared themselves, we all gathered around 
inside one of the big tents on a straw matting floor. Japanese lanterns were 
used, not for artistic purposes only, but for utilitarian. The evening was spent 
in serious, earnest discussion by these men from the different universities, 
facing frankly some of the great problems of their coutnry. Then, amidst the 
solitude of the hills, we retired for the night, I, as special honored guest, hav¬ 
ing the luxury of an American army cot in an adjoining tent. Before closing 
my eyes in sleep, I could not but reflect upon the significance of this occasion, 
this group of splendid university men, facing courageously the gigantic liquor 
problem in their country—for this was the second summer camp of the Nip- 
hon Gakusei Haishu Remmei, the Japan Intercollegiate Prohibition League, 
with which it has been my joy and privilege to serve as friend and advisor 
during the past four years. The next morning for two hours I discussed with 
them the methods and results of the prohibition movement in America, and 
answered their questions regarding the present situation here during our 
critical transition period. 

The Liquor Problem in Japan 

The problem these students are facing is really tremendous. Perhaps no 
one word expresses Japan’s need today better than the word Conservation— 
conservation of her material, human and moral resources. Yet in each of these 
aspects of the individual and social and national life the liquor traffic is trag¬ 
ically sapping the nation’s vitality, and doing so at an increasing rate, for the 

44 


liquor traffic is growing much faster than the population. The drinking cus¬ 
tom is deep-rooted, and generally speaking, nearly universal. 

Though facing a food shortage for her sixty millions of people, the liquor 
traffic in Japan is allowed to take enough rice for the manufacture of sake 
to feed five million people for the whole year! Though facing serious financial 
difficulties and being compelled to borrow money abroad, doubling her national 
deibt during the last five years, in times of peace, Japan continues to spend 
over 1,500,000,000 yen or $750,000,000 annually for drink, almost as much as the 
total annual budget of the Imperial Government! In spite of a critical short¬ 
age of schools, necessitating turning away nearly three out of every four that 
apply for admission to the schools above the primary grades, the people of 
Japan spend annulally for drink, over four times as much as for all public 
and private schools combined! 

Likewise, the liquor traffic must accept a large share of the guilt for a 
high death rate of 22 per 1,000 population, or twice as high as our rate in 
America since prohibition; for an infant mortality of 156 per 1,000 births, and 
for a death rate from tuberculosis of over 200 per 100,000 population. 

And in Japan, as in every other country where it exists, the liquor traffic 
is closely bound up with the social evil, debauching the manhood, degrading 
the womanhood and cursing the childhood of the nation. This cancer in society 
enslaves—including the three groups of licensed prostitutes, geisha, and un¬ 
licensed prostitutes—more than 180,000 girls, or more than all the girls in 
schools above the six primary grades. 

As America could not afford, as Europe cannot afford, so Japan can not 
afford this tremendous drain upon the economic, physical and spiritual life of 
the nation, if the nation is to endure. It is the vision of their beautiful coun¬ 
try, freed from this deadly curse that inspires the students of the Japan Inter¬ 
collegiate Prohibition League to noble endeavor in the dry cause. The League 
now in its fourth year, has branches in forty-one different colleges and uni¬ 
versities and is already becoming a force to be reckoned with in the building 
of a new and awakened public sentiment on this vital problem. 

Liquor a Social Problem 

Some people, still asleep, are talking and writing of drink as a personal 
question only. Much is being said, in some otherwise educated circles, about 
the right of “personal liberty” in this matter. 

This is in a peculiar way a social age. More than ever before, perhaps, 
we are placing the emphasis today upon social welfare, the welfare of society, 
of the people as a whole, in contrast to the extreme emphasis which has some¬ 
times been placed upon individual welfare or the strength or welfare of the 
government, or the state, as such. We are coming to realize, indeed, that 
the highest welfare of the individual and of the state is not only in harmony 
with but dependent upon the highest welfare of the social group. 

This is also a scientific age. During the span of your life and mine, 
science has revealed to the world thousands of facts unknown heretofore 
thruout all the ages of history. It is deeply affecting every phase of or.r daily 
life; it is altering to a marked degree our whole outlook upon life. 

This combination of the social emphasis and the scientific approach to 
every problem is causing the modern world t© scrutinize as never before many 

45 


of our time-honored customs. We are looking at them thru the lens of the 
microscope and weighing them in terms of their social value. Do they, or 
do they not, contribute to human welfare, individual, social and national? 
Literally, as well as figuratively, the lens of the microscope is causing the 
modern world to turn many of its historical notions on customs like the drink 
habit, upside down.. In the earnest search for truth we are throwing overboard 
many of the traditions of a former, unscientific age. To be unmindful of this is 
to be asleep in this epoch-making twentieth century. 

' Alcohol a Vital Problem 

Some, indeed, admitting the social nature of the drink question, still are 
prone to regard it as a minor, very secondary issue. Considering its wide 
ramifications into every aspect of our individual and social life, can anyone 
name a more important problem? Whether in the realms of physical health, 
or economic progress or mental, moral and spiritual welfare, it is in many ways 
the supreme question before mankind today. 

I have suggested a little of the heavy burden which Japan staggers under 
because of drink. I think that some of us here might better appreciate the 
real significance of American prohibition if we could look at it from the other 
side of the Pacific, if we could see it in sharp contrast to those countries 
where drink still has almost full sway. Some of us here are too close, we lose 
a true perspective. The other day I stood close to a picture in the art gal¬ 
lary. It was all daubs! I could not tell rocks from water, it was really a mess! 
Then I stood across the room; it was a magnificent painting of a rugged shore, 
one of those beautiful spots on our New England coast! Some of us keep our 
nose so close to law violations, the rum running, the bootlegging, the hip 
pocket flask, that we see only daubs. But look at American prohibition from a 
perspective of five thousand miles. See it in the light of conditions still ex¬ 
isting in other countries and in the light of conditions as they were here 
even a decade ago. 

Take only the material side.What has happened since we stopped spend¬ 
ing about $2,500,000,000 annually for drink and began spending it for food, 
clothes, autos, radios, insurance and homes? Professor Irving Fisher and Roger 
Babson estimate that it has meant an annual saving of about $7,000,000,000 
to the American people, counting the indirect saving thru increased efficiency 
and productivity. What does this mean? It means that in only eight dry 
years, since July 1, 1919, we in America have gained thru prohibition alone, 
more than the total wealth of the Japanese Empire! Is it any wonder that 
Professor Carver of Harvard says: “They who refuse to take this step forward 
in the ecenomy of human resources, whether they understand it or not, are 
definitely choosing to occupy a secondary position in the civilized world.” 

But America’s greater relative wealth creates some critical problems. It 
is not for the best interest of the world at large for one nation to be so much 
richer than her neighbors. It does not help to increase international friend¬ 
ship and sympathetic understanding. What can be done? Shall America 
return to her vomit and spend again that $2,500,000,000 for drink, or shall the 
other nations come as quickly as possible into a similar conservation? To 
ask the question is to answer it. Of course prohibition is not the only reason 
for America’s wealth, and lack of it is not the only reason for others’ relative 

46 


poverty. But while oil and coal can not be put where they do not exist, liquor 
is within the realm of social control. It is within 'the power of all nations, by 
the education of public sentiment, to stop this gigantic waste. And when 
the waste for drink and for war is stopped, the nations of the world will enter 
into a period of prosperity of which they have never dreamed. 

But there are other values more important far than the economic, though 
some mental and moral values are greatly dependent upon the economic. 
The spirit of wine not only robs a man’s pocketbook, but it “steals away his 
brains. It has been well said that “alcohol is out of date in the age of machin¬ 
ery. ’ It is tragically true that while an auto may 'have horse-power, it does 
not have horse-sense! Most men will admit today that sobriety is essential 
in the mill, in the factory, at the throttle and at the steering wheel. But other 
things besides autos have gone into the ditch because of drink-beclouded 
brains. Clear minds are needed in the laboratory as well as at the lathe, in the 
executive chair as well as in the engine cab, in the cabinet of state as well as in 
the car. It may be easier to trace the wreck of a car to a drinking driver than 
the wreck of a corporation to a drinking director; easier to detect the errors of 
a drinking plumber than the crucial mistakes of a drinking president, but they 
are no less real because not quite so vivid and immediate. The tragedy is 
that far too often the drinker sends not only his car but his character into 
the ditch. A tippling pilot may run his ship on the reef; a tippling president 
may run the state on the rocks. When we refuse to let a drinking chauffeur 
steer our coupe, shall we be stupid enough still to let a drinking counsellor 
steer our courts; shall we protest while a drinking mover mars our parlor 
mantle, and then sit supinely quiet while a drinking movie magnate mars our 
parlor morals? 

The liquor problem, indeed, tends to demoralize every aspect of our life. 
As we discovered in America, so these students in Japan have discovered, 
that if we are interested in the financial and economic life of the nation we 
can not afford to ignore the tremendous waste of drink. Are we interested in 
the vital social problems of poverty, and crime, disease? We are confronted, 
whether we will or no, by the devastation of drink. Are we especially con¬ 
cerned about the moral and spiritual life of our fellow men? We dare not over¬ 
look the poisonous blight of alcohol that weakens the will power and puts to 
sleep the pilot of our spiritual life, the “still, small voice.” 

Significance of the Student Movement 

One of the greatest contributions, I believe, which the student movement 
in America has made towards the solution of this problem, and one which the 
students thruout the world must continue to make, is to help promote the 
scientific attitude towards the whole question, emphasizing the necessity of 
studying it in the test tube of the modern scientific laboratory rather than in 
the traditions of a former unscientific age. Another contribution which we 
have made, and must constantly continue to make, is to shift the emphasis 
from temporary personal pleasure, of a-kind, to the greatest, permanent wel¬ 
fare of society. With the wider vision, the larger perspective, victory is as¬ 
sured. 

Thruout the world today, every nation is face to face with this problem. 
Here in America, our task is to complete the victory already so nobly carried 

47 


forward. We have, by years of struggle, placed the principle of prohibition 
in the Constitution of the United States; we must not rest content until we 
have placed the principle in the constitution of the American citizen. In many 
countries of Europe partial prohibition has been attained; the cause must 
carry on. In Japan the pioneer work has been done; one step—the Juvenile 
law—has been- taken in the field of legislation; but the great task of education 
and the building of public sentiment lies still ahead. To this great work the 
students of the Japan Intercollegiate Prohibition League, with their branches 
m forty-one universities and colleges, have earnestly dedicated themselves. 

As one looks out over this world-wide conflict, this struggle for the 
liberation of humanity, nothing gives more encouragement than the fact that 
the young men and women, the students of today, the leaders of tomorrow, 
are coming more and more to face this problem frankly and seriously and 
with a rugged determination. Already the influence of the students is being 
felt. It gives promise of a new day. 

In England, in France, in Germany, in Denmark, in Sweden, in Holland, 
in the other countries of Europe, in Japan and China, as well as here in Amer¬ 
ica, the students are organizing for aggressive service in this movement to con¬ 
serve the material, physical and moral resources of the nations, the spiritual 
values of mankind. These student anti-alcohol organizations in twenty-one 
different countries, working unitedly with the World Student Federation 
Against Alcohol, will be an ever increasing force not only hastening the day 
of world prohibition, but helping much to insure that when it comes it shall 
rest upon permanent and secure foundations. 

And there will be, I believe, an indirect result of this cooperation be¬ 
tween the students of the different countries for a world free from the devas¬ 
tation of alcohol perhaps equally as great as the direct result. . One need of the 
world today is for more sympathetic cooperation between nations, a closer un¬ 
derstanding and appreciation between religions, more mutual trust and respect 
between classes, more brotherhood and fellowship between races, more friend¬ 
ship and confidence between governments. Tremendous as are the material 
needs of the world today, these spiritual needs are even more urgent. 

But sympathy and understanding, confidence and respect, fellowship and 
brotherhood are intangible, subjective factors. They can not be had for the 
asking. They can not be purchased nor manufactured to order. Especially 
they can not be demanded under compulsion. They are to a large degree, in¬ 
deed, a by-product. They come as a result of certain influences and cir¬ 
cumstances and attitudes. And I believe that there are few circumstances 
which bind people together, .few influences which produce mutual respect and 
confidence, few attitudes which encourage mutual appreciation, like working 
together, struggling together, side by side, towards a common goal, striving 
for a common cause, sacrificing together for a common ideal! 

The students of the Japan Intercollegiate Prohibition League, the stu¬ 
dents of the various organizations in .Europe, the students of our own Inter¬ 
collegiate Prohibition Association, working shoulder to shoulder, in the 
World Student Federation Against Alcoholism, will be not only a powerful 
factor in the world-wide struggle to free mankind from the age-long blight of 
alcoholic poisons and to conserve the material, physical and spiritual resources 

48 


of the nations, but they—but we—shall also have the high privilege of helping 
to unite men of all colors and creeds and conditions and countries and binding 
them binding us—in closer bonds of cooperation, friendship and good will. 


“YOUTH AND TRUTH” 

By Lofton S. Wesley 

Young people never enjoyed so conspicuous a position in any age as in 
the present one. Everyone is talking of youth, trying to talk like youth, and 
to look like youth. Old men wear knickers and grandmothers paint and 
powder and wear short skirts and broad-brim hats and go on excursions with 
their granddaughters hoping that someone will take them for sisters. Someone 
has written a book called “This Plastic Age;’’ another “The Revolt of Youth,” 
and “What Ails Our Youth?” and so on almost without end. 

This to me is not only a hopeful thing, but a necessary thing in this age 
when a pedestrian applies for travelers’ insurance before he ventures across 
the street, and city governments talk of stationing traffic cops in the clouds. 
Youth suggests this possibility of growth and adjustment necessary to live 
in this present world with any satisfaction and safety. When the quality 
of youth goes out, life looks toward darkness. Youth is forever living; old 
age is forever dying. Youth is forever forward-looking; age is reminiscent. 
Youth is cartilaginous, plastic, and age is fossiliferous. Ninety years does 
not keep a man from being young, nor does twenty-one years mean that a 
boy cannot be old. All those who live like youth are young; others are dying 
or dead. Youth is forever seeking truth; a flying goal, by whatever name we 
may call it; age is stultifying truth, rendering it useless. 

Based on contacts with tens of thousands of college men and women this 
year, I believe they are as young as any former generation. They promise 
to assimilate truth discovered and revealed by their fathers and to add some¬ 
thing from their own experience. This present generation has entered into a 
new world of experience. This entree has confused and dazed us—the women, 
T think, more than the men., although the women have probably profited more. 
Along with the values acquired in this new world—they are legion and pre¬ 
dominant—abuses have come. Many suggest the woman has become at times 
licentious in her dash for freedom, that in instances she has lost in poise and 
dignity. An authority on sociology, a resident of New York City for the past 
year, one who has been working with young people for many years, made 
the statement to me a few days ago that from his personal observation he is 
convinced that there is much more drinking among young women today than 
ten years ago, but also that there is much less among young men. I believe 
there is truth in this. While this may seem to suggest that woman is having 
her day off now, I believe rather that she is just coming into her own—a bit 
perplexed, probably, but honest and courageous, and as ready as ever to re¬ 
spond to life’s urges for necessary sacrifice and suffering, and as capable of en¬ 
tering into life’s highest joys. I do not claim to be an absolute optimist about 
the response of our youth to the demands of our age. But I do have a hope 
that they will respond. I have more cause for hope than for despair. 

Of this, however, I am confident. If our young people do not keep the 
youfhful qualities of venture and love of truth, the pillars of our civilization 

49 



will rot and the superstructure will crush even the semblance of life from so¬ 
ciety by the weight of its fall. We have a cumbersome superstructure now. 
Old supports of authority in morals and in religion will not suffice. The power 
and appeal of a new world must be added to the old and in some cases re¬ 
place the old. Either our civilization remains young and plastic, or it will die 
of dry-rot. 

Both the individual and the nation that is unwilling to face truth in any 
realm and unable to assimilate that truth will deteriorate and ruin. This is 
why I believe that not only will individual men and individual nations be¬ 
come free from the use of alcohol as a beverage, but that posterity shall ul¬ 
timately live in a world as intolerant of intoxicating beverages as.of the white 
slave traffic. Men will cease to call what is inherently evil and injurious a le¬ 
galized traffic anywdiere on earth because it is impossible to justify its per¬ 
manent continuance. I am as confident that this traffic will go in its entirety 
as that our civilization will stand, even more so, because if the liquor traffic does 
not pass from existence at the behest of our own civilizaiton, wdien another and 
a higher civilization shall arise that civilization shall execute its death warrant. 

If society refuses to face and assimilate the truth that alcoholic beverages 
are poisonous and ruinous, then society will be blind to other truths. If when 
the blind lead the blind they both fall into the ditch, -then if the blind guide 
themselves will not destruction come as surely? The liquor traffic must go 
because discovery and demonstration in recent centuries has been contin¬ 
uous^ in the direction of the truth that alcohol is a protoplasmic and a germ 
poison, ruinous to the individual and to the race, a contradiction to mental 
and moral development and freedom, and anethema to our modern motorized 
and industrialized urban society. 

In the words of Huxley, “Time wdiose teeth gnarls and gnaws away every¬ 
thing else is powerless against truth.” Just as beliefs contradictory to truth 
become only a part of the recorded history of past ages, so will customs based 
on error and human degradation become a thing relegated to the past. I be¬ 
lieve tremendously not only in the ideal of the abolition of the liquor bev¬ 
erage traffic, but that its destruction is a practical necessity. Because we live 
in a young world, that abolition will come and with it the abolition of many 
slaves, the freedom of spiritual personality from a destructive material chem¬ 
ical. In this daring and chivalrous world, the truth shall and must prevail, 
and w T ith it, freedom. 

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION 

UNDER AUSPICES OF INTERCOLLEGIATE PROHIBITION 

ASSOCIATION 

“THE OBLIGATION OF THE STUDENT TO KNOW” 

George A. Douglas 

College Student Secretary, Intercollegiate Prohibition Association 

A certain Arabian proverb quite discreetly classifies all men into four 
groups. The first class consists of men who know and know that they know. 
These men, the proverb tells us, are wise and should be followed. Second are 
men who know and know not that they know. These men are asleep and need 

50 



awakening. Third are the men who know not and know not that they know 
n °t* These men are fools and are to be shunned. Fourth are the men who 
know not and know that they know not. These are children and should be 
taught. 

With this classification as a basis, I submit the obligation of the student 
to know, is to graduate from the last class into the first. The student should 
grow from childhood, not into foolishness and be shunned, nor into lethargy 
and need awakening, but into the class of the wise. It becomes a question of 
how best to develop oneself, and I submit the way to wisdom is in the footsteps 
of the child. The student, therefore, to become wise, must become as a little 
child. We remember an admonition similar to this was given some two 
thousand years ago by the virile, loving Nazarene, “Ye must become as a child.” 

Let us think of some of the suggestions this may imply. The first thing 
that comes to our mind concerning the characteristics of a child, is that he is 
growing. Probably there is not another time in the development of a human 
being when a person has as nearly a completely rounded growth, as in child¬ 
hood. Physically, he is most noticeably growing. Mentally, he is learning 
the way of numberless things. Serviceably, he is learning to help father and 
mother by doing numerous errands, and this is the period when his greatest 
spiritual development can take root. 

Therefore, let us take heed of our bodies, minds, spirits and intellects. 
Physically we have any number of ways to take care of ourselves if we but 
will. Mentally, how about getting a little intellectual curiosity on a few sub¬ 
jects other than our one important vocation? 

Last winter, in Chicago, I heard Dr. Lynn Harold Hough of Detroit, 
speak in chapel to the sophomores of the University of Chicago. He said 
cne of the requirements of an educated person is to be so well versed that he 
might take a flight on the Little Lame Prince’s magic carpet and in two min¬ 
utes from the time he landed, find something in common with the person he 
tound there. Until then, a person is not completely educated. How rigidly 
dare we let this test be applied to us? 

Serviceably. Our development has a bad dent in it until we get at the 
application of the Golden Rule in our continuous human dealings. No matter 
what our vocation or profession may be, I feel every one should have some 
avocation, some side interest which has as its purpose, the lifting of mankind 
to a higher plane. For instance, the person who was nearest to a college 
chum in my life was a fellow who had seen service during the war and is 
now in the ministry. His chosen vocation was one of complete service in it¬ 
self. But he felt he had a duty to mankind, to have a particular side interest or 
hobby which would benefit our society. Consequently he is striving to do his 
bit to emancipate our civilization from the claws of the power-gloating, mili¬ 
tary war lords who have had their trial and found to be wanting in that their 
only achievement has been the fostering of an abominable national feeling 
which propagates destruction through war. 

I met a young senior last spring who plans to take up law. He told me 
at that time that he was hoping to center his services in the advancement of 
the cause of prohibition. He would make this his hobby while practicing law. 

51 


These, I say, have a true spirit of service and are developing that side of 
their lives more as it should be. 

Yet one of the greatest dangers to be encountered today, frequently no¬ 
ticed in the person who is trying to be of service, is that of intolerance. Rev. 
Howard Thurman of the Colored Baptist Church of Oberlin, Ohio, has put it 
very pertly saying, “Some of these open minds need to be closed for repairs.” 

Spiritually. One of the most awkward sights we can imagine is a fine, 
robust, handsomely developed, six foot, broad shouldered man walking with 
a puny, sawed-off, hammered down, underslung little runt. Our eyes gleam 
with admiration for the former, but pity for the latter. So our life is apt to 
be awkward if this important part, our spiritual side, is not developed. It 
will surely be stunted unless we take time to look after its needs. We would 
think pretty poorly of an athlete who did not exercise and practice regularly. 
A business man could not last long if he went to his office only once or twice 
a week. Likewise our spiritual side demands regular attention and unless we 
give it such, we shall not be developing as a child develops. There is little 
beauty in an object that is irregular and unsymmetrical. Personalities also 
suffer from the lack of beauty if they are developed lopsidedly. Let us become 
as a little child and grow in stature, in knowledge and in favor with God. 

Closely connected with the child’s growth is his imagination and his 
willingness to try something new. A friend of mine once told me of a child 
who was playing with his kiddie car. The child was pretending he was driving 
a machine. For some reason he could not get the motor started. He finally 
concluded there was no gasoline in the tank. Thereupon he went into the 
kitchen, obtained a glass of water and returned, seated himself upon his car 
and drank the water. Then the motor went readily. 

In the rear of our house is the body of an old Saxon automobile without 
engine, wheels or any other equipment. I have a small brother who gets the 
greatest delight out of sitting in the driver’s seat, and purring as though the 
engine were running at top speed and he was dodging down through the 
crowded street. In his imagination he is carried out of his real surroundings 
into some pleasant realm far away. His imagination pictures for him a so¬ 
ciety of the finest type. His happiness abounds while in the unreal more than 
in the real. 

I have no doubt the idea of emancipation from the liquor traffic came to 
someone who had learned that the way of the wise was to let his imagination 
run in childlike fashion. While doing so, he saw society bettered in number¬ 
less ways and imagining it prospering in a manner that he could not even 
dream of. 

Thus child-like imagination used by the wise men, works to the uplift¬ 
ing of all civilization. But in the use of imagination and the desire and wil¬ 
lingness to try something new, are also cloaked possibilities which need 
guarding, and right here occurs what seems to me to be one of the big criti¬ 
cisms of the students of today. Students use their imagination in an ad¬ 
mirable fashion when it is used. But they often overlook the most im¬ 
portant things on which to let their imagination run. 

There are very few student bodies today who have not shown how they 
can display their imagination by picturing a more perfect political world than 

52 


the present, and in a most holy fashion, they indict present political methods 
while at the same time they neglect scrutinizing their own doorsteps. 

My under-graduate days were spent in a denominational college and a large 
state university. This last year, I have visited more than eighty campuses. 
Through personal observance, before graduating and the hearing of confes¬ 
sions since then, I am wholly convinced that student bodies need to purge 
themselves of the political sins which they charge and indict their elders with. 
The way politics are carried on in many of our campuses, is not to be praised. 

The trouble with this method of using the imagination is that it deals 
with institutions and organizations over which students can have very little 
or no influence. 

Students are very apt to condemn prohibition because the officials in Fed¬ 
eral, State and local governments are not doing their duty; while at the same 
time they are associating with friends who are thwarting the law and the 
spirit of the law. Yet they will not lift a finger to try to change the attitude of 
these friends. 

Again, with very little effort, a group of .students can be found who will 
discuss with great fervor, just what is wrong with our present marriage and 
divorce laws. But just try to shift the discussion to what the attitude of 
each one should be towards the other sex on their campus, and the superfici¬ 
ality displayed will be appalling. Their creative, imaginative dealings are 
in the realm which is difficult for them to affect, while within their own realm 
they are conservative without a doubt. 

Imagination is fine and worth while if it takes into account the person’s 
own personal needs. Young’people criticize the older generation for their 
faults, and similarly the older generation criticise the youths. Each imagines 
a more perfect standard for the other, while refusing to apply those principles 
of conduct to their own lives. 

The obligation of the student to know, includes the obligation to know 
how to criticize the conduct of himself as well as of others. The child-like im¬ 
agination has a definite place for the first person, singular. 

Finally, we find the child imbued with a characteristic which often di¬ 
minishes with age, that of Trust in man and God. A mercenary business man 
recognized this when he set his little son on a high stool and told him to 
jump into his arms. As the child jumped, the father moved back, allowing his 
son to take a bad bump. The father then drew the moral by saying “Son, let 
this teach you never to trust anyone, even your own father.” 

The trust a child has for one he loves is implicit and complete. My tfncle 
has a little dog. A while ago it was run over and one leg crushed. A dog 
doctor was called, but the dog would not allow him to do anything to fix the 
maimed limb. Then my uncle laid his hand gently upon the dog’s head and 
the dog looked into his master’s eyes with complete understanding and con¬ 
fidence and allowed the doctor to fix up his leg. What a lesson in confidence! 
The simple touch of the master’s hand ruled out all fear, and confidence took 
its place. 

Last March I was in Chattanooga, Tenn., and had the pleasure of going up 
Lookout Mountain. I went up in a bus with a number of other people. The 
road was winding and steep, as most mountain roads are. One lady in the 

S3 


machine was unable to enjoy any of the trip for lack of confidence in the 
driver. This absence of trust cast a shadow over the trip for the rest of us, 
to say nothing of the pleasure she was missing. Without such a trust, en¬ 
joyment was not present. 

The character who is always suspicious is not pleasant to deal with nor 
to associate with, but the person who has confidence and trust, inspires more 
trust. The trust of a child is refreshingly unique and worthy of imitation. 

During the first part of the summer, I was driving west to the Rocky 
Mountains. One evening we noticed a peculiar formation in the western sky 
as the sun was setting. Clouds seemed to be floating along very close to the 
horizon. Then there was a break, and then more clouds. Within this space 
the fading rays of the sun cast their last departing glance. 

We thought little of it, thinking it was probably a western phenomenon. 
But in the morning we knew. We had been looking at the tops of the moun¬ 
tains and we thought they were the lower clouds. In the evening we were 
unable to recognize this. When the light dawned, all was clear. 

With the light of child-likeness darkened, we often mistake our goal to be 
an elusive and everchanging cloud, but by allowing the light of a child to pene¬ 
trate our minds and actions, we may be called people who know and know 
that we know. 

I commend the light of the child as the formula by which the student may 
fulfill his obligation to know. 


THE PART OF YOUNG WOMEN IN PROMOTING PROHIBITION 

Mrs. Margaret Shutz 

Special Secretary Intercollegiate Prohibition Association 

I believe a little incident that happened on Chauncey DePew’s last birth¬ 
day illustrates the point I would make as to the part women have in pro¬ 
moting prohibition. A newspaper reporter approached Mr. Depfew and 
asked him what he thought of prohibition. Mr. Depew answered that he 
was in America, and that prohibition was the choice of the American people, 
tnerefore prohibition was all right with him. The reporter asked if he thought 
it was here to stay. Mr. Depew answered that he thought it was. Then he 
was asked to give his reason, and in reply used only one word, “Women.” 

Let us think of some' of the famous women of history, women who stand 
out for their loyalty to one cause or another. The Bible gives us three beau¬ 
tiful characters in Ruth, Judith and Queen Esther. Ruth exemplifies the home 
loyalty, Judith the national, and Queen Esther saved her race. 

Later days bring Joan of Arc, Barbara Fritchie, Evangeline Booth, Jane 
Addams, Frances Willard, and many others—leaders each in their own par¬ 
ticular field. 

Today we look around us and have only to reach out and grasp the hand 
of leaders no less great than those named. Today in our national life we have 
Mrs. Mabel Willebrandt, the only woman who has ever been appointed to 
the position of Assistant United States Attorney. We have great women in 
the temperance work—Dr. Ella Boole, National President of the W. C. T. U.; 
Dr. Anna Gordon, President of the World League Against Alcoholism; Mrs. 
Lenna L. Yost, Legislative Representative of the National W. C. T. U.; and 

54 



Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, Executive Secretary of the Scientific Temperance 
Federation. 

These women are all an inspiration to those of us who are new in the field 
and are desirous of gaining wisdom and experience. We know these women 
have obtained their high ideals from the teachings of their crusade mothers 
and fathers. 

With these leaders as examples the Youth of today must realize the 
heritage that is being given them. 

Never in the history of the world have the young women had the edu¬ 
cational advantages that they have today. In our own and foreign lands 
women are given the same educational advantages as men. Seventy-five 
per cent or more of the public school teachers are women; a very high per¬ 
centage of the Christian teachers are women. 

It is up to these women as leaders to teach the moral, economic, scien¬ 
tific and social benefits of prohibition. Even today a great many of the young 
women who are still in our colleges do not know the effects of the old saloon. 
These must be taught their responsibility . 

A few years ago the very thing that we had last night and are having 
today, a special program for the young people, would not have been possible, 
but today youth is taking its place in the civic life. 

Girls as leaders in their colleges have a very fine opportunity to exert 
their influence on the campus, in the classroom, the sorority house and at 
parties. If the girls as leaders will demand the same high ideals of the casual 
escort that they are looking for in the man they want for a husband, a great 
part of this battle will be won. 

We have been given equality in school, a place in athletics and our citi¬ 
zenship. Now, are we prepared to accept the obligations which must come 
with every privilege? 

The young woman of today must realize she is one of the actors on this 
stage of Life. No one can play her part, socially, worldly, or politically. 

Once there was a certain rich man who called two young builders to him 
and told them that he would give each man a certain large sum of money with 
which to build a house. They were to draw up their own plans and, the 
work being completed, the rich man was to be notified. The first young man 
put in the finest foundation, the finest frame and roof money could buy, and 
spent the whole sum. The second young man immediately began to con¬ 
trive some way of saving a part of the money. He put in a cheap basement, 
frame and roof; to all appearances is was perfect, but he knew he had cheap¬ 
ened it so it could not last. The day came when the rich man was to in¬ 
spect the work of the builders. He said to the young men: “I’m going to give 
these houses to you.” To the first he said, “Which do you want?” He wanted 
his own. He asked the second and received this reply, “I want his.” So it 
is when we build our character; we must build a character we will be proud 
to live with; a character which will stand for years; one which can be handed 
on to our children; one which has been enriched by the memory of martyrs, the 
teachings and companionship of our leaders and friends, the use of the educa¬ 
tional institutions we have access to, and the knowledge of our obligations 
and privileges. 


55 


It seems to me that the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association with its 
twenty-five years of experience in reaching the college young people, is best 
suited to carry the real truth of Prohibition to these young men and women, 
the potential voters and citizens of tomorrow. 

The Intercollegiate Prohibition Association has for years sent young men 
secretaries out among the colleges, but never has a young woman secretary 
spent a full year working among the young women. 

We need trained women workers, women who understand the college 
mind, women who are sympathetic with this present day desire to learn and 
know the truth, even though it may be different from the old established 
thought. 

In order for this work to be done among the colleges, the Intercollegiate 
Prohibition Association must have the financial, moral and spiritual support 
of all its friends, organized and individually. 

If the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association can see its way clear to send 
trained workers, we will have better young women in our colleges, better young 
women citizens, more women in the offices of importance, and best of all, 
better wives and mothers shaping the lives and destinies that are to come. 

THE YOUTH MOVEMENT IN GERMANY 

Dr. F. H. Otto Melle 

German Central Federation Against Alcoholism 

It is a great pleasure to me to meet this conference of Young Americans 
and to bring them a message from Germany. I feel only a little embar¬ 
rassed this morning for two reasons—the first one is that I have to speak in 
a language which I learned only out of books and have had very little oppor¬ 
tunity to practice. It is all made in Germany and not in America and, there¬ 
fore I have to ask your patience, but I hope you will understand it. And the 
second reason for my embarrassment is that I no sooner or later knew that 
I was expected to speak about the youth movement in Germany than when 
I got the program of this convention into my hand yesterday. 

I have seen something of the youth movement in your country. When 
I arrived in America, a friend of mine met me with the words—“Well, you 
look a little older than you used to be,’’ and I answered him, “And you seem to 
be younger than you used to be.” And that seems to me the difference be¬ 
tween Europe and America—Europe is getting older and America is getting 
younger. Europe had a great past and it seems to me America has a great 
future. A few days ago I had a very interesting experience. I visited a san¬ 
itarium in the state of New York and I was invited to give a lecture in the 
evening about the religious situation in Europe, and after that lecture two 
ladies were introduced to me, and I was asked to tell how old I would think 
these two ladies were. Think what a strange proposition for a German com¬ 
ing over to America—asking him to tell how old these ladies were. I did not 
answer that question. I estimated one to be about 55 and the other about 
60, but did not tell them; and they told me one of these ladies is 93 and the 
other is 94. Think of it! They were both interested in what I had to tell 
about Europe, especially about the temperance reform. One told me she 

56 


was 



a member of the first committee of the W. C. T. U. that was organized in 
this country, and the other was a daughter of one of the crusaders in the 
state of Ohio, and both seemed to be young and both interested in what was 
going on in the world. 1 asked one of my friends to bring me a picture of 
these two ladies, and I shall publish these pictures when I come home to 
Germany and shall tell the German people that you in the United States have 
not only the youth movement as seen in this country but have a movement to 
keep people young, and that this movement to keep people young is called 
Prohibition. I hope that you boys and girls and students who are here will 
help so that this statement will prove to be true. 

Now, dealing with the youth movement, it seems to me difficult to state 
in which years the old age begins and the days of youth are past. There are 
old aged people among boys and girls, and there are youthful hearts and hands 
of youthful strength among the people of the seventy’s and over, but there is 
no doubt that the greatest possibilities lie waiting for boys and girls; and I won¬ 
der if there is any great achievement in civilization, in culture, in religion, in 
the work for the welfare of our fellowmen, in all life and all nations that when 
thoroughly investigated will not show its roots in some youthful heart. There¬ 
fore, movements among young people are significant. Let us observe our 
boys and girls. Let us look into their eyes, let us look into their hearts to 
find out what they love, what they hope, what thoughts they foster in their 
dreams and we shall know what the future shall be, the future of America, 
of Germany, the future of Europe, the future of the vote. This trend of think¬ 
ing makes me hope for my own country, for the youth movement of Germany 
indicates to me a new future—and there is a youth movement in Germany. 
This movement is not exclusively the result of the war—it started already be¬ 
fore the war, and it was the reaction against a spirit of materialism. Then 
the war came, the most horrible war that ever was seen in history. If it is 
true, what your great Benjamin Franklin said, “there never was a good war,” 
then it is also true that some wars may be worse, and this last war was worse 
than others, especially for our young people. Be not afraid, my dear friends, 
that I shall go into politics. I shall not speak about politics this morning 
because my friends tell me that I do not understand much about politics. I 
have some strong views—for example, I don’t see any necessity of keeping so 
large armies now since the war is over. And then I do not see the necessity of 
having so many boundary and tax officials and so many currencies in Europe 
when I travel about. I even think it possible that we could have a United 
States of Europe. Therefore, they tell me I don’t understand anything about 
politics, so I shall not deal with politics and the war question. I only may 
state I expect to see the time when there will be no more war. 

I would like to call your attention to the fact that the youth of Germany 
had to face one of the greatest catastrophes of history. It was a bfeakdown 
of everything they had lived and they had worked for—a breakdown of the old 
monarchies, a breakdown of the armies. It seemed as if all the foundations 
of life, morally, spiritually, had been shaken; there was political revolution 
and revolution of the minds and ideals as well, and the young people in Ger¬ 
many had to think it over, had to find a new attitude toward all these ques¬ 
tions. They found that a victory in the battle may sometimes be a misfortune 

57 


to a nation; and that a defeat on a battlefield sometimes may become a blessing, 
and in the movement of youth in Germany, that moved very rapidly after the 
war, there I see at least some signs of a blessing that may come out of the 
last war. It is not easy to speak about the movement as a whole for there 
are really as many youth movements in Germany as we have political parties, 
creeds and denominations. There is a movement among the members of the 
Reichstag, among the nationalistic-feeling young people, among the Roman 
Catholic church, as well as the Evangelical, National and Free Churches, but 
though it is difficult, it is perhaps not impossible to find a ruling idea in all these 
movements—the movement partly was the reaction against some excrescences 
of our civilization, a return to nature, and then it grew out of a deep feeling of 
responsibility for building a new future. The youth in Germany realized that 
the future depends on the young people. In civilization and politics the older 
generation has made a mess of it. “Well,” say the youth, “let us try now 
as young people to make it better, but in order to do it better, we must be 
better men and women. Not material goods are the most valuable. We have 
become very poor, but there are goods more valuable than wealth, power, and 
honor, and that is character with high ideals and inner strength to live for 
them.” 

More than a thousand young men and women have gathered upon a well 
known mountain in Germany one night and, after wandering through the 
v/oods and singing the old folklore songs beside the fire, vowed they would live 
their life in cleanliness, truth and love for humanity. And it was only a natural 
consequence of this vow that the movement got a new attitude toward intox¬ 
icating drinks. The beer glass and cigarette are considered symbols of a past 
age, They are considered not any more suitable for youth, which wants 
body and soul clean and strong. Those who could drink most were not any 
longer consideerd as heroes and examples and the old drink songs had to 
disappear in the social gatherings of the youth. I do not want to be mis* 
understood. It is by far not all the German youths who are now found in 
the ranks of total abstainers, but I wish it were the case. A reaction came as 
in some other respects, among the students with their deep-rooted drink cus¬ 
toms, and I wish my dear friends in America could help us win the students 
of Germany for the cause of Prohibition. It is one of the most important 
works we have to do and a most necessary one, but, and that is the point I 
wish to bring out, the youth of Germany is receptive for the needs and tasks 
of the day. 

In the contest for local option, the young people are always enthusiastic. 
We were able to present to the president of the Reichstag, in Berlin, a petition 
signed by 2,565,000 signatures of German voters, for local option in Germany, 
and this result has largely to be credited to the work of our youth move¬ 
ment in Germany. What wonderful meetings we had with the youth! What 
a splendid work was done by the young Good Templars, our Y. M. C. A.’s and 
the Christian Endeavorers, our Epworth Leaguers, the unions of the Baptist 
and Evangelical Associations and societies of the National Churches in Ger¬ 
many, and as some especially to be named, I must name the “Quickborn” of 
the Roman Catholic Church, and I am sure I should mention the 40 young 
total abstainers of Berlin who unloaded the 230 volumes from the car and 

58 


carried to the Reichstag, these volumes, each containing 10,000 names—the 
boys and girls whom I then had the honor to thank in the name of the Na¬ 
tional Committee for local option. They will never forget that day, and I 
think they are representatives of the youth of Germany who can be awak¬ 
ened and mobilized into the battle against the question of Alcoholism until the 
victory will be won. 

One word more and I shall conclude. Standing before you this morning, 
I feel as if I would speak to the whole youth of America. I remember the 
occasion of my first visit to New York. I had an opportunity to hear the 
old, self-made, American Carnegie. There were to be twenty speakers that 
day, but I have forgotten them all, and what they said, but I never shall 
forget what Carnegie said. These were his words: “I have just arrived from 
Europe. With solemn eye I could say I have stood before kings and queens, 
but I tell you they are all men and women like us, and today I stand before 
3,000 Kings and Queens of America.” You should have heard the applause. 
Well, my young American friends, I believe Carnegie is right. You are the 
kings and queens of America. Yours is the task, yours is the honor, yours is the 
responsibility, and yours is the future and perhaps not only the future of Amer¬ 
ica. May you give to the world that leadership humanity is longing for. Wehn 
the war was over, a friend of mine in Italy wrote me a letter in which the fol¬ 
lowing words appeared: “It is my conviction that the future will not belong to 
those who hate and to those who doubt, but to those who believe and to those 
who love.” And in the great fight we are engaged in, we need faith and we 
need love—the love of Christ and the love of our neighbors to constrain us. Let 
vs vow today that we all shall belong to those who believe and who love and 
who serve in spite of our difficulties, and let us say, we shall belong to those 
who overcome the world. 

YOUNG PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS AND SOBRIETY 

Rev. E. H. Dailey 

Pastor First United Brethren Church, Portsmouth , Ohio. 

Sometime ago upon returning to my home after making some pastoral calls 
on a hot afternoon, I remarked to Mrs. Dailey, in the presence of my son, a 
lad of seven summers, that Mrs. P. an old German mother in my parish, had 
served me a most refreshing glass of root beer. Upon hearing the last word 
my son said, “Daddy, what did you say?” “A glass of root beer, son,” I 
said. “Ah, Daddy,” replied the boy, “that isn’t a good word.” 

Amid the noise and din of a crooked and perverse generation clamoring for 
the return of the beer saloon, it is indeed refreshing to know that we are bring¬ 
ing forth a generation of boys and girls here in America who say that “beer 
isn’t a good word.” These boys and girls are the budding flower of the Prohi¬ 
bition movement in America; they are the hope and chief inspiration of the 
movement against alcoholism. 

Their name is legion. They are numbered by the millions in our homes, 
in our schools and in our churches, where they are being trained in the way 
they should go, so that when they are old they will not depart therefrom. 
Educating the boys and girls against the use of alcoholics, teaching them that 
beer is not a good word, is the only means of completely exterminating the 

59 



liquor traffic. In educating the masses against Alcoholism, “which is the 
poisoning of body, germ plasm, mind, conduct and society, produced by the 
drinking of intoxicating beverages,” the World League will find a powerful 
ally, and a most vigorous cooperating agency in the Young People’s organi¬ 
zations of our Christian churches. 

On next Sunday morning in the group conferences from 9 until 11, we 
shall consider together in detail the Educational Program of the World League 
as it relates itself to the Church School and to our modern church program 
cf religious education. The groups have been planned so as to correspond 
to the three main divisions of the Sunday School to consider methods of in¬ 
struction for children, young people and adults. While the Sunday school 
through the Quarterly Temperance Lesson has been a strong factor in creat¬ 
ing and crystalizing temperance and prohibition sentiment, the children’s 
and young people’s divisions of the Sunday School comprise a field that is prac¬ 
tically untouched and offers a splendid opportunity for graded scientific tem¬ 
perance instruction that will produce a most telling effect on the oncoming 
generations. 

In addition to a thorough program of temperance instruction the organ¬ 
ized departments and classes of these divisions can be used as practical 
working units for the distribution of temperance tracts, literature and posters, 
and in many local churches oratorical contests and debates can be made 
pleasing features of the departmental programs for the fellows and girls of 
the high school age. 

The Christan Endeavor Society and the Epworth League have always 
been positive factors in educating the youth who have added a steady, ir> 
esistible pressure of moral voltage so ample and dynamic that its push never 
fails. The Christian Endeavor slogan, “A Saloonless Nation by 1920” gave a 
mighty impetus to the National Prohibition movement in America, and already 
these youthful enthusiasts for “Christ and the Church” under their peerless 
leader, Dr. Daniel A. Poling, are marshalling their forces four million strong 
for the new world war against alcoholism. 


EFFICIENCY OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN CONDUCT OF AFFAIRS 

J. W. Hopkins 

Of the Band of Hope Union, Lancaster, England 

I listened with the greatest interest to the account which Dr. Melle from 
Germany gave of the work among the young people in that great country. I 
have visited Germany very many, many times during the last twenty-five years, 
especially in connection with temperance work among the young. For the 
last nineteen years I have occupied the position of International Superin¬ 
tendent of the Juveline Work of the Good Templar order. Therefore, I have 
come into touch with the temperance movement among the young all around 
the world. In some countries which I have not been able to visit, my con¬ 
nection has been by correspondence. But in very many countries I have had 
the opportunity of coming into contact with the young people; not simply 
with the adolescents and the young men and women to whom special refer¬ 
ence has been made this morning, but the boys and girls of much younger 

60 



age, and I can corroborate, if corroboration is necessary, what Doctor Melle 
has said with regard to the progress of the movement among these young peo¬ 
ple in Germany, especially in connection with the Good Templar Order. They 
are divided into two departments. The boys and girls are organized in their 
various localities, in local branches which we call Juvenile Lodges or Juvenile 
Temples, with superintendents of districts and then a grand superintendent for 
the whole country. In the same way the young men and the young women, 
are organized and they carry on the work among themselves, preside over 
their own meetings, manage their own affairs in the local and district lodge, and 
m the National or Grand lodge, I have been delighted to see the official 
manner in which they conduct their meetings, and also manage the affairs 
of the organization whether in the local, district or Grand lodge. 

I had on one occasion two or three years ago, the opportunity to accept 
the invitation of the National Vir Templars Grand Lodge to attend its annual 
session for several days in the city of Danzig. At the meeting I attended 
when I arrived at Danzig there were about 3,000 present—young men and 
women from all parts of Germany. I sat with these young people, addressed 
them on two or three occasions, and from the platform watched the manner 
in which they conducted their meetings. You would have been intensely 
interested had you been there and seen the splendid way in which they 
came upon the platform to speak, and the efficient manner in which they car¬ 
ried on their business. They conduct a monthly magazine which I had re¬ 
ceived many years before the war began and which, by special permission I 
was permitted to receive even during the years of the war. This magazine is 
edited, and written articles are prepared by these Vir Templars, young men and 
women. It is a treat every month to get that magazine and to see the inter¬ 
est which they manifest in the temperance cause and its various phases. 
I was in Germany at the time that the great petition in favor of local option 
was being signed. I addressed meetings in many of the big cities in Ger¬ 
many during that time, and came into contact with the young people that were 
going from house to house and from street to street collecting signatures to that 
petition for local option. One of the canvassers in the city of Hamburg told 
me he had canvassed a whole street—a very long one—and he said every voter 
in that street signed the petition. That will indicate, I think, how our Ger¬ 
man friends are pressing forward for Prohibition. 

So far I have only spoken with regard to Germany, prompted to do so 
by the excellent speech to which we have listened with such interest a little 
while ago. May I say in a few words now with regard to work in England 
among young people? I could tell about the work in many, many other coun¬ 
tries, but being English and being in the thick of it nearly all my life, I may 
be able to tell you one or two things of interest with regard to the old country, 
as you call it over here. I was born just about three weeks after the forma¬ 
tion of the first society for boys and girls to be called the Band of Hope. That 
society was formed in the city of Leeds, November, 1847. Born within a month 
of that time, at seven years of age I became a member of the Band of Hope, 
and I have been given reason to thank God for being brought into the Tem¬ 
perance movement at that early age. The Band of Hope can’t get hold of 
children at too early an age. We have an infant roll similar to the Cradle 

61 


Roll of the British Women’s Temperance Association and we are willing to 
place the names of children on that roll at the earliest possible age, as soon 
as the parents, whether they are Good Templars or not, whether they are ab¬ 
stainers or not, will promise that those boys and girls shall be brought up as to¬ 
tal abstainers. I have known many liquor sellers who were glad to send their 
children to the Band of Hope or Juvenile Temple. My wife and I had a Juvenile 
Temple many years and in that were children of many liquor sellers who were 
glad to send their children to a Juvenile Temple. We had these children in¬ 
scribed on a Cradle Roll before they have been an hour old. We are glad to 
tke them when they are an hour old, and keep them until they are 99, and then 
I think they can be trusted to go alone. 

We attach very great importance indeed, in England, to definite syste¬ 
matic Temperance teaching, and the same is true of Sweden, Norway and 
many other countries. We believe, of course, in the utility, and the advisability 
of making our meetings attractive by providing suitable entertainment, of a 
Temperance character as much as possible—songs and recitations, of a moral 
or spiritual nature. We believe in cultivating the bodily powers. We have 
our athletic sports and cricket and football, golf for the boys and tennis and 
other amusements for the girls. We believe in taking the boys and girls out 
for rambles in the country and encouraging them in the study of natural his¬ 
tory and many other things, but above all we feel the necessity of giving 
them some. instruction in the principles underlying the great Temperance 
movement and methods for carrying on Temperance work as they grow older 
so as they come into our adult Lodges and become members of other adult 
Temperance societies, they may know how to carry on the business. I have 
heard many members of Parliament declare they never should have been in 
public life but for the training they had in our Juvenile Temple, and we have 
had one Cabinet Minister, Arthur Henderson, who was a member of the La¬ 
bor Government a few years ago, declare from the public platform that he be¬ 
lieved he never should have been in public life but for the training in the Juve¬ 
nile Temple, then in the District Lodge. He was elected Mayor of the city, 
became a member of the Town Council, and then member of the Cabinet, and 
he said he owed it all to the training he had as a boy. I may also give this 
personal fact with regard to Arthur Henderson as typical of others who have 
spoken on the subject. Talking with him one day across the table, he said: 
“I owe the power to get through what I consider to be the greatest crisis of my 
life to the pledge I took in Juvenile Temple.” The. pledge is four fold, al¬ 
though this is not necessarily so in all parts of the world. It fights strong 
drink, tobacco, gambling, bad and profane language. Arthur Henderson told 
me he was saved from falling away as a lad by remembering that he had taken 
that pledge. When he went to work at the end of the first week being called 
up with others to receive his week’s wages, he found that everyone in the 
workshop, when they got their wages began betting, and he was tempted to 
do the same. He was the youngest among them, having been in the place only 
a week, and he was tempted to do as they did. He said it was hard to say 
“No” but he remembered his Good Templar pledge and he said he was a Good 
Templar, had taken the pledge, and that he could not break that pledge. But 

62 


for that, he said, he might have begun to gamble and then drink, and God 
only knows where he may have drifted but for that pledge. 

We have a definite systematic scheme of Temperance education. We be¬ 
lieve in concentrating for a whole year on one aspect of the question—not 
simply giving suggestive addresses on different subjects but a systematic 
system of study. For a year we concentrate upon the physiological side of the 
question over all England. Every Juvenile branch is studying the physiolog¬ 
ical side of this question at the same time. At the end of the year, in Decem- 
.•er, we have a written examination all over the country and several thousand 
of our members enter for that examination—not less than 2,000 a year who 
pass the strict test of a written examination. The next year we treat in the 
same way, the economic side of the question, the waste of money on strong 
drink, the cost to the country, poverty, crime, lunacy, etc. Then we have an¬ 
other examination on that phase of the question. The third year we confine 
ourselves to the scriptural side of the question and the Bible properly inter- 
peted is the finest book on Temperance I know. It is a total abstinence book 
if you study it right. We study the moral aspect of the drink question, to¬ 
bacco, profanity, etc. In the last year we give a history of modern Temper¬ 
ance movements in England and other countries and various Temperance or¬ 
ganizations that have sprung up during the last thirty years or so, and when 
the young people have gone through those four periods of education, we think 
they are better prepared to go out and face temptations which unfortunately, 
in England, they still have to face, but which you have wiped out in this 
country. 


THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION 

UNDER AUSPICES OF INTERCOLLEGIATE PROHIBITION ASSO¬ 
CIATION 

ADDRESS OF WELCOME 

Mary Ross Potter, 

Counsellor of Women, Northwestern University 

It is a very great pleasure to me to extend my word of welcome, which 
really precedes the more official ones, to our guests from far and near. My 
best wish for you is that the sessions of this Congress may mean as much to 
you as they do at this hour to me. It means much to us that you have chosen 
our country for your meeting. It is a source of great gratification to us that 
you have chosen this particular spot. 

My hope is that the students of every land may be aroused to enthusi¬ 
asm which will make them see the supreme importance of such an issue as this. 
I wish that they might get the habit of deciding and devoting their thought 
to the live issues of the day, and if they will do so I believe that they will see 
the real insignificance of many of their own campus problems in the light of 
such a problem as this. This is a struggle to realize human nature and human 
life as a higher and better character. I heard Doctor Caroline Hedges of 
Chicago say something on this point once in a discussion which I had with 
her. I had carelessly said, “You can’t change human nature.’’ She brought 
her strong fist down on the tabel with an emphatic thump and said: “It isn’t hu 

63 



man nature! We shall never know what human nature 'is until we have had 
three generations without alcohol.” 

I am reminded of a small boy, eleven years of age, who, during the war 
was much interested in looking at the pictures of the various officers and mili¬ 
tary men, and he said: “The French have decorations, haven’t they?” “Yes.” 
“And the British have decorations, haven’t they?” “Yes.” Then he said, “But 
the Americans haven’t any decorations except the Decoration of Indepen¬ 
dence.” This is our second war of Independence. I believe that we will win it. 
I believe that it is a question largely of independence, and I believe that we 
will stand united until this war is won. 


INTERNATIONALISM OF THE STUDENT MIND 

By Harry S. Warner 

International Educational Secretary, Intercollegiate Prohibition Association , 
Student Department , World League Against Alcoholism 

Just a year ago in the old university city of Tartu, Esthonia, one of the new 
republics carved out of old Russia by the world war, there was held a confer¬ 
ence of students that may well suggest a new form of friendly cooperation 
among the youth of the world. 

It was an international conference of university students and representa¬ 
tives of national student societies. Its delegates came from thirteen different 
countries; they spoke thirteen different languages. But they were drawn 
together by one common purpose to help reduce the age-old ravages of alco¬ 
holism among the people of their countries and the world. Also, by the re¬ 
ports that came from a great nation, far in the Western continent, free, self¬ 
acting, prosperous that, in the interest of yet greater freedom for its people, 
had undertaken to banish alcoholic drink from every-day life. 

Coming from all over Northern, Central and Southern Europe, these 
student leaders were in determined revolt against the social customs in every¬ 
day home life which for ages had been compelling each new generation to 
grow up in an atmosphere of intoxicating drink. They had caught the vision 
of a new ideal—of a day when their native lands would undertake to free them¬ 
selves from these old burdens of centuries. 

The conference was promoted and led by students, shared by students, 
and professors, and held in the student buildings of the old-new Tartu univer¬ 
sity. Here, in sharp contrast with other universities of Europe, the student 
body, 5,000 in number, is “dry;” and that by decision of its own student rep¬ 
resentatives, not by faculty or other authority. For by action taken three years 
ago, “the Student Body of Tartu acknowledges temperance and does not 
permit the use of alcohol at its public festivals, receptions, banquets or simi¬ 
lar functions.” 

During that same month the Japanese Student Federation Against Al¬ 
coholism, active now in 29 universities, colleges, technical and other schools of 
high rank, was holding its summer conference, devising educational methods 
tor combatting drink, native and foreign. These future leaders of new Japan 
were drawn together, too, by the ideal of a native land free from the human 
and economic waste caused by alcohol. 

These instances of what is actually going on among the educated youth 

64 



of the Baltic states and Japan, countries far-scattered, different in race and 
language, unlike in origin, history and culture, are cross-sections of what has 
been going on, with increasing effectiveness, among “the studying youth,” the 
university students and other young people in many countries of the world. 
For the revolt against drink and drink customs is more extended than is 
usually known. 

Among the Scandinavian countries of Northern Euope there are well- 
established student societies that conduct study and activity against drink; they 
seek to reduce the influence of alcohol in student life; they go out over the 
country taking scientific information to the general public; they popularize 
old folk dances and new social enjoyments to undermine traditional dependence 
on alcoholic pleasure. Similar activities are vigorous in Holland, Switzer¬ 
land, Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Jugo-Slavia, and all the new Baltic 
states. In Finland, the student temperance societies, in addition to these ac¬ 
tivities, gave effective support in bringing about and in maintaining the pro¬ 
hibition law of that country. In German speaking countries there is a wide re¬ 
action among many classes of young people in the high schools against the 
well-known national drink customs; there are organized and unorganized 
groups including temperance that number hundreds of thousands. In Great 
Britain, there is keen questioning of the value and place of drink among the 
students of the country; steady reduction in the use of drink is taking place; 
and much discussion about methods of control or removal is going on. In ad¬ 
dition, the amount of well-balanced lecturing being conducted in the colleges 
of Great Britain,- is greater, perhaps, in proportion to student enrollment, than 
in any other country; and younger groups of youth are organizing for yet 
more positive action. In Canada the interest is suggested by a great mass 
meeting of 3,000 students in the city of Toronto, a few months ago, in protest 
against the modification of Ontario’s temperance act. In Australia a university 
students’ contest system has just been established to encourage study of the 
question. The English speaking world is being brought into friendly rivalry 
on the whole subject by the debating teams from England, the United States, 
Canada and Australia that, exchanged among these countries, have included 
liquor prohibition among the subjects of these international debates. In many 
of the republics of South America they discussion and study of the alcohol 
question in colleges and universities is especially scientific, with interest and 
activity increasing. In India, and among the students of other eastern lands 
there is a wide and permanent opposition to the drink traffic, coming largely 
as it does, as an international and interracial problem. 

In the United States college students debate the meaning of prohibition 
to an extent perhaps not equalled in past years. Notwithstanding reports to 
the contrary, their approval of national prohibition is steadily increasing, not 
decreasing. Repeated tests of student opinion, by surveys, questionnaires, 
votes and student editorial opinion, to say nothing of president and faculty 
statements, have shown this to be true. The most scientific estimate yet 
made, that of Prof. Cortright of New York University, shows that, even with 
a wide range of difference in different colleges and sections, 82% of the college 
students of the country favor the continuance of prohibition; the figure a 
year ago was 75%. 


65 


So much is heard about drink customs among the students of Europe, and 
about the adventurous youth of this country toting pocket flasks in defiance of 
law, as to give a very distorted view of the situation without a corresponding 
statement about the quiet, educational activity of students themselves as 
well as regular instructors that is also going on the world around. 

There seems to be a sense of human values about this whole struggle for 
and against intoxicating drink that appeals to thoughtful young people in 
many countries. Many regard it as one of the coming world movements in 
which they will be expected to share in their own day of active service—one 
in which they should be equipped to think clearly and to act decisively. 

Certain characteristics of student life generally, may well be taken into 
account in connection with the whole movement against alcoholic drink, na¬ 
tional and international. They are: , 

(1) The readiness to question existing social attitudes, customs, traditions 
and conventional thinking. 

This may be the spirit of youth challenging the past to fit into the condi¬ 
tions of today, but in any event it is being applied ruthlessly in every field of 
human association—in education and religion, economic organization, gov¬ 
ernment, marriage, the family relationship. This tendency is so well-known 
as to make it almost superfluous to mention it. Yet is has not been taken into 
account as it should in efforts to encourage study of this subject. It is but 
natural that both the alcohol tradition in society and proposed methods for 
solving it should come under this same critical scrutiny. 

In the past in the United States, temperance people questioned seriously 
the place and value of the saloon and the drink it sold; college youth wanted to 
know what other advantages, if any, came to the workingman, or anyone else, 
who made the saloon his social club. Today, under prohibition, they continue 
to question, sharply at times: is this drastic method really solving the prob¬ 
lem? Do favorable results equal the unfavorable? Is the restriction of one 
form of liberty equalled or justified by that gained in another form? What 
are the results in health, financial prosperity, and moral welfare of the nation? 
How long must enforcement in great cities be unsatisfactory? 

In other countries the traditional thinking that is questioned is that about 
drink customs. Why should we continue these old drink ways? Why make it 
so easy for millions now near to the poverty line to spend their meager 
earnings for beer and go short on bread? As the German youth society sticker 
expressed it: “Weg mit Beer, Brot brauschen Wir.” 

It is a mark of the inquiring mind everywhere—this fearless questioning 
of the present and the past; without it advanced education would be impos¬ 
sible. Whether the delights of intoxication that have come down in an un¬ 
broken stream from the dim savage days of the race, are to continue, promoted 
to greater and greater excess, by modern commerce and advertising, or are 
to be restrained and removed is a question so complicated as to call for the 
leadership of men and women who have thought through every possible angle 
of this world question. 

(2) This Distrust of Unexamined Ideas and Assumptions may have a sort, 
of defensive result, useful today. The spirit of critical youth is not always 
one of mere fault-finding, though it often degenerates into this. It is usu- 

66 


ally an expression of a desire to know more, to be sure of what truth is—to see 
more clearly before making a commitment to a position or a course of action. 

In the past ten years there has been unusual occasion for such caution. 
Many people today, especially students, are more canny than formerly about 
hasty action. Too often idealism and a great desire to serve have been mis¬ 
led by what is called “propaganda;” national emotionalism, love of country, 
self-devotion, even religious impulses have been misused for selfish, or chau¬ 
vinistic purposes; the huge profits of munition makers behind some of our re¬ 
cent war “patriotism” have made thoughtful youth of today in this respect 
more sophisticated, more disillusioned, than their elders—and it is not a bad 
characteristic at that. 

This means that among the great nations that struggled through the 
world war the “American prohibition experiment” is being subjected to a 
far more exacting scrutiny by “the rising generation” than would have hap¬ 
pened a few years ago. This puts on the friends of prohibition a heavy new 
responsibility for an adequate program of real education that will place the 
truth, favorable and unfavorable, before thinking young people of the whole 
world and let them judge it frankly on its merits in actual operation. 

(3) A Tendency to Question Authority is marked in many ways; impa¬ 
tience with parental, church, school, social community and even government 
restraint. Yet not all this is rebellion for the purpose of securing opportunity 
for self-indulgence in doubtful pleasures. Much is from a desire to know 
THE WHY of the authority. 

Much of the confusion about the attitude of young people in the United 
States toward the Eighteenth Amendment after 1920, comes from the position 
taken by friends of prohibition who, going on to the next step, began to think 
chiefly of law enforcement. This was satisfactory so far as the youth of 1918- 
1920 were concerned; they, with older people, had seen the saloon and 
its normal out-put in the community; their scientific instruction in the schools 
had been verified by their own first-hand experiences, their emotional reaction 
was naturally against “the drink.” Their WHY had been answered. 

Not so the youth of 1927. They were very young, when their counties 
er states removed the saloon and its “horrible examplethey were but chil¬ 
dren when the nation “went dry.” They had seen little of the repeated cam¬ 
paigns that selected the Congressmen who submitted the Amendment; their 
knowledge is from history, theoretical only. The “new generation” has in¬ 
deed come on, but not quite as anticipated. They lack the background of ob¬ 
servation to verify what they are told by their elders; also many of them lack 
scientific instruction—the source of reliable information—about the conse¬ 
quences of alcoholic indulgence by which to justify in their own thinking so 
drastic a change as was brought by the national law. 

So in the United States today education on this subject is intensely needed; 
it should go back to fundamentals, to the basic reasons for personal absti¬ 
nence and public banishment—to the claims of health, efficiency, community 
safety, economic welfare and moral standards. These new generations of 
youth will observe the law, as gladly as any other, provided they have what 
we older men and women have had, a basis in reason sufficiently broad to 
justify national drink banishment. To charge the youth of today, as is some- 

67 


times done, with being a law-breaking generation, is not so much unfair, as it 
is stupid—or the deliberate propaganda of those who want to bring the law into 
discredit. 

Questioning of authority is not abnormal; we all did it at one time or 
another. To desire something more than anybody’s say-so is a mark of ability 
to think things through, of leadership ability. Non-thinking acceptance of 
tradition—drink tradition or non-drink tradition—is a mark of “follow-ship,” 
not of leadership. 

(4) The Appeal of Free Discussion. Do you not recall when you were 
young? When you wanted to talk over everything with those of your own age? 
Every philosophy and ideal of life, as well as more frivolous subjects? Stu¬ 
dents of today, here and in other countries, are not greatly different. It is 
one mark of the student of all-time—and of the best teachers with him. 

It is, also, a fundamental method of Democracy. Liquor prohibition in 
the States is now going through this stage, widely; discussion, exchange of 
views and information—of first hand information about violation, of “where 
to get it,” of the difficulties, in the way of successes and failures of the policy; 
across the back fence, at the country store, on the tail end of the cross-country 
sleeping-car, in hotels—wherever men get together; in this way hasty impres¬ 
sions are being corrected and the permanent trend of thought determined; on 
the abundance of this discussion this permanency of liquor-banishment de¬ 
pends. And it is an educational process; there is no other road to permanency. 

The Free discussion among young people and students is to be encouraged 
and sources of reliable material made available. This is the most useful service 
that can be rendered thinking young people today. 

(5) The Call of Social Obligation and Service to humanity has its own 
strong appeal. Once faced during the college days it takes large place in the 
thinking and aspiring, the deciding of conduct and life purposes, of most of 
us. Whatever selfish individualism may develop later, the sense of responsi¬ 
bility for larger service than self is never completely lost. 

That which stirred students of the United States during the first twenty 
years of the I. P. A. to study the liquor question, to aid in local dry cam¬ 
paigns, to enter fields of life-work, to make solution of this problem a life 
purpose, was the thoughts of the service that might be rendered to the country; 
that which inspires the youth of Northern and mid-Europe today to give up 
beer, is the ideal of a better day for the fatherland. 

A student, in his healthful young confidence, often feels safe in risking 
drink intoxication so far as he himself is concerned; but he takes a far differ¬ 
ent attitude when his obligation to society, to his future family, as a citizen, is 
taken into account. It is the appeal of this larger self, the welfare of many 
others, that means most. 

The desire to know, to be sure of facts, is often accompanied or followed 
by an equal desire to serve—to do something practical, something worth while. 

(6) Appeal of the Ideal. It is in the pull of an ideal, of what ought to 
be but is not yet, of a state of society yet far from realization, strongest in our 
youth, strong among the youth of today, that the greatest hope of advance¬ 
ment lies. It was the vision of a home-community free from the saloon, of a 
county, a state, that created practical action in the earlier days. The possi- 

68 


bility of a nation free from drink and its product, fifty years ago, went steadily 
forward and is not yet completed—but it has never lost its hold. The very dif¬ 
ficulty of that ideal makes greater, more practical efforts, possible. And the 
great leaders of the cause today felt the pull of such an ideal during their stu¬ 
dent days. 

Such an ideal can go forward more than in any other way, by and among 
the “studying youth” and students of this and all lands. Shall we not,— 
through the World League Against Alcoholism, and its Student department— 
strengthen the bonds of friendship? 

May not the educated youth of the world catch a vision of their people 
free from alcoholism, study together, exchange ideas, work in sympathy con¬ 
scious of friendly cooperation in other countries; discuss freely all differences, 
and then let the heart impulses run out toward what may be—what their ser¬ 
vice and leadership will help bring to reality—a world movement against al¬ 
coholism? 


ADDRESS 

Sigfrid Borgstrom 

Editor Reformatorn, Stockholm, Sweden 

A gentleman yesterday and a lady today asked me, whether we Swedes 
do resemble the Germans. I answered emphatically no. We do not resemble 
the Germans or the Englishmen or other people. We are proud of being one 
of the most unmixed races, having occupied our home country during ten, 
twelve, fifteen thousands of years, and years of freedom from oppression by 
other races and folks. We have received a great deal of our culture from 
Germany, from France, from Great Britain, and from America. And we are 
sensible for influences from abroad. But we have our own age-old culture, old 
customs, old traditions and so on. We have pointed it out so often, that peo¬ 
ple in other countries have got the impression that our country is an un- 
rnodern kingdom, lying among the ice-masses near the north pole, where half 
of the year is a dark night and the other a bright day with an eternal mid¬ 
night sun, a land in the capital of which the ice-bears are strolling and men 
and women are equipped like the Eskimos in Greenland. 

I can assure you that the contrary is the real truth. Our modern Sweden 
has been built and has developed its resources to be fully up-to-date and it 
has at least one thing, which is the biggest in the world—a saw-mill in middle 
Sweden. 

We have warm summers with flowers, and many winters with less snow 
in some parts of the country than in northern Italy. Only the most northern 
part of the country may rejoice at the midnight sun. Sweden is not a big 
country, but it is long. If we should move it to the United States it would 
reach from Maine to Florida. As to the ice-bears, there are only two or 
three of them in Sweden, in a zoological garden in Stockholm. 

It seems to me that except the cultural influences from European coun¬ 
tries we have knitted ties with America, older and stronger ties than is gen¬ 
erally known. Now-a-days it is proved that the first explorers of America and 
the first settlers here were Scandinavians, more than nine hundred years ago. 
Most of them were Norwegians or of Norwegian origin, but some of them 

69 



came, too, from what now is the kingdom of Sweden. So we Scandinavians 
may be entitled to greet you as friends heartily welcome to our former colony. 

America has ever been popular among the young people in my home coun¬ 
try. I remember in my own boyhood, how I sat sometimes from morning to 
night with burning eyes and blushing cheeks over a book on Indians, how I 
took part in the struggles between the reds and whites, how I myself often 
played Sitting Bull or other chiefs of Indian tribes. Many Swedish generations 
have grown up under such influence. The young Sweden of today has been 
greatly Americanized and has to a great extent American ideals, good and 
bad ones. 

The modern temperance question, and the modern temperance and prohi¬ 
bition organizations all over the world are children of America. Ex oriente lux, 
said the Romans, the light comes from the east. But now it is on the con¬ 
trary: Ex occidente lux, the light comes to old Europe from the west, from 
the new world. So it is for us Swedes, too. 

We Swedish delegates to this world Congress have just come from the 
international Good Templar meeting at Philadelphia. It has been to us a 
pilgrimage of great inspiration. We have stood on the rocks in Wilmington, 
where the first Swedish settlers, equipped by the Swedish government, landed 
two hundred and ninety years ago. We have in Philadelphia entered the 
grounds which were first bought by the Swedes from the Indians and were 
first cultivated by the Swedes. We have bent our heads in two of the oldest 
churches in this country, the “Old Swedes” in Philadelphia and Wilmington. 
We have seen the yet unfinished John Morton Memorial Building which is be¬ 
ing erected in memory of the man of Swedish origin, whose vote made Penn¬ 
sylvania the Keystone state and decided the separation of this young republic 
from Father John Bull. We have rejoiced at the earnest and wise face (in 
a picture in Independence Hall) of John Hanson, the Swede, who was the 
first president of the United States, in Congress assembled. And in the same 
sacred hall we saw the intelligent features of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the real 
grandfather of our international temperance movement. We imagined we saw 
him sitting there, a young physician about thirty years old, presiding over 
one of the historical meetings leading to separation, to independence, into 
Ireedom and liberty. Liberty meant to him freedom from ties and fetters,, 
material or spiritual. After he had made this country politically free, he pub¬ 
lished his epoch-making book on temperance and then began a work in order 
to give the slaves their freedom. This deed makes us understand that our 
work is a work for the cause of liberty. 

And from Philadelphia came 90 years ago to Sweden an “ambassador” of 
temperance, Rev. Robert Baird. He was sent out to old Europe by the Amer¬ 
ican Temperance association to tell the European peoples of the enormous pro¬ 
gress that society had made within ten short years. He inspired the Swedish 
French-born king, Charles John, and his book was translated and published at 
the king’s own expense. And Dr. Baird and the American Society inspired in¬ 
fluential men in Sweden to create the first Swedish Temperance society, the 
spirit and real leader of which soon was our beloved dean, Peter Wieselgren. 

In the State of New York arose three quarters of a century ago an or¬ 
ganization for temperance and prohibition, known all over the world as the 

70 


International Order of Good Templars. A quarter of a century later that order 
was introduced in Sweden, in the great port of Gothenburgh, in a church in one 
of the most intoxicated parts of that city, which dean Wieselgren in his elder 
days had tried to dry up. The Order of Good Templars was once the most 
influential and the biggest temperance organization here in America. Half a 
century ago every fortieth American was a Good Templar. The order made 
its due contribution to our cause in this country, and since then its member¬ 
ship has diminished, but it did not disappear from the battle-field. It only 
moved to Europe and now has its real stronghold in Scandinavia and espe¬ 
cially in Sweden, where now every thirtieth citizen is a good Templar. The 
order in Sweden embodies now something of the best of American spirit and 
idealism. 

After the Prohibition Party here had been established, it took twenty-five 
or thirty years for that idea to travel to Sweden. After the Women’s Crusade 
here had culminated in the construction of the W. C. T. U. it took twenty- 
five to thirty years for the white ribbon movement to be established in Sweden. 
And after Dr. Russell had organized the American Anti-Saloon League a quar¬ 
ter of a century expired until the Swedish churches came together and built 
up a similar organization. And now one may fear that 25 years will pass 
from the year of 1920, when prohibition was a real fact in the United States, 
until the same may happen in Sweden. Well, if so, young Sweden will not 
shed tears. We are happy to have time enough for the fundamental work, the 
foremost of all. We will have opportunity to learn from you Americans, to 
learn from your success and from your mistakes. We will have time to im¬ 
plant dry ideals into the 100,000 young men and women, who every year are 
passing over the full age border. 

But one temperance organization in Sweden did not stay twenty-five years 
after you, that of the Swedish students. In 1889 the first students’ total ab¬ 
stinence society was put to work at the University of Upsala by the well known 
Dr. Johan Bergman. A few years later an organization was created, includ¬ 
ing not only University students but even students in other schools of higher 
learning. From the initials of its Swedish name we call that society S. S. U. 
H., the Swedish Students’ Total Abstinence Society. It has lately held its 31st 
anniversary. 

I can not describe the aim of the S. S. U. H. better than by translating the 
first paragraph in the laws into your language: 

“The aim of the society is to promote total abstinence from intoxicating 
drinks within the higher schools of learning, and to be a link between total 
abstinence societies and total abstainers among the studying youth of Sweden. 
By giving its members occasion to study the social phenomena and to take 
part in practical social work the society tries to create interest for other 
social problems and to strengthen and deepen the members’ feeling of social 
responsibility.” 

And that last point is one of the foremost points in the platform. The 
S. S. U. H. seeks always to put it in mind by erecting and maintaining social 
enterprises. For the present there are now at work three summer colonies for 
children from poor homes, from drunkards’ homes and last but not least from 
homes where tuberculosis is a perpetual menace to the children. Furthermore, 

71 


the S. 5.. U. H. is maintaining an evening school for workers in Stockholm. 
Every year the society invites its members to a social study course, which used 
to be a great event to all the temperance people in our country. There used 
to be discussions on actual temperance problems. The head issue this year was 
the beer question, which is pending in the Parliament. The brewers were in¬ 
vited to discuss the question with the leaders of the temperance people. Our 
present Prime Minister, our Finance Minister, our Minister on Social Wel¬ 
fare, our ecclesiastic minister and our defence minister—all of them abstainers 
and prohibitionists—attended that session. But the brewers’ representatives 
were wise enough not to discover their plans and they kept silence. However, 
the conference was very significant, not only to the inviters and the partici¬ 
pators, but to the whole movement. A second conference with a wider pro¬ 
gram but especially for the purpose of promoting social responsibility in the 
temperance question was held in Stockholm in February this year. The pro¬ 
ceedings aroused great interest in widest circles and not least in the enemy 
press. 

The present governmental control and administration of the liquor traffic 
m Sweden is by no means desirable to our Temperance forces. We are in 
the curious situation, that we do not wish to retain the Bratt system, as it is 
generally called, but we have to do it. If it be overturned, we would be quite 
sure that the situation would be much more difficult and our fight 
harder. Our claim is: The law must be respected as long as it is law. Our 
responsibility to temperance compels us to do the best of a situation we can not 
change just now. Our most dangerous enemies are those who speak liberty 
but only mean liberty for themselves to drink, not liberty for others to be saved 
from the curse of such a liberty. 

It is with sorrow I must acknowledge, that a big flood of members passing 
through the S. S. U. H. during their school years, do not remain as total ab¬ 
stainers after they have left school and the total abstinence society. A per¬ 
petual question is how to keep them and how to enroll them in the greater 
temperance organizations. However, it must be admitted that the S. S. U. H. 
during three decades has, in a very evident way, contributed to the change in 
the general sentiment and in the old drink customs and traditions among the 
so-called educated classes in Sweden. And as to the temperance work as a 
whole S. S. U. H. has taken a considerable share, especially in education and 
moral suasion. Because the organization consists of young people, who are not 
able to face the political sides of the question, and because the S. S. U. H. 
has yearly since 1906 received a state contribution of $1,000 to $1,500 for its 
work, it has taken no stand in regard to prohibition or to other possible po¬ 
litical solutions of the question. It is significant to state that the present 
temperance instruction in the schools in part is a result of repeated suggestions 
from the S. S. U. H., that the epoch-making Handbook on the Alcohol Ques¬ 
tion, published by the state educational board is a work of eminent members 
of the S. S. U. H. and that the special official of that board, dealing with tem¬ 
perance education, the state counsellor on temperance instruction, is an ac¬ 
tive member of the society as well. 

And last I may add, that that little society, with nowadays between four 
and five thousand members, early showed a great interest in international re- 

72 


lationship. In 1907, at the International Congress Against Alcoholism in 
Stockholm the young Swedish students started a correspondence bureau and 
came into contact with other abstaining student bodies in many lands, among 
them the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association of this country. The war 
broke the relations. But on initiative from the S. S. U. H. the ties were knit¬ 
ted anew when the war was over. It was one of the most splendid moments 
in the history of the S. S. U. H. when the general secretary of the associa¬ 
tion, under the auspices of which we have met here, Dr. Harry Warner, came 
to us in Sweden and gave us views and gave us inspiration, which have during 
seven years meant so much' to us members and not least to our young 
leaders. 

Dr. Warner was one of the latest links in the chain of friendship be¬ 
tween the temperance forces in America and Sweden, one of those from the 
new world, who came over to us with light from the awakening young west, 
from the mighty republic of liberty, where booze has been condemned and is 
on the way to definite execution. On behalf of the Swedish Students’ Total 
Abstinence Society I take the occasion and the liberty to extend to Dr. Warner, 
and to the Intercollegiate Prohibition Association the most fraternal thanks for 
cooperation in days gone by and the best wishes for days to come. And to you 
all I wish to say that the total abstinent young Sweden is eager to hear from 
this convention and has formed great expectations of this world gathering 
against the drink traffic and its promoters. 

We hope that this convention will give enthusiasm and inspiration to our 
young folk in my home country in the same way as has America given us so 
many times earlier. But now we hope that the spirit of Winona Lake will 
come over to our country, not after 25 years but immediately, with the fastest 
steamers over the sea or with the most glorious of airmen. “Gedanken sind 
zollfrei,” the Germans say, “thoughts and opinions are free of custom duties.” 
Yes, so it is. Not only is the air open, the mind of great temperance armies 
is open for messages from this land of liberty, where liberty is liberty, and 
-means responsibility. 


ABSTINENCE WORK AMONG THE YOUNG PEOPLE OF THE 

BALTIC STATES 

VlLLEM ERNITS, 

World League Representative in Baltic States 

I should speak in this meeting about the total abstinence movement in the 
Baltic States. But as I have to speak another time also almost about the same 
-question, you will allow me now to restrict my address to the abstinence work 
among the youth and students of the Baltic States. I think this matter does 
-exactly correspond to the program of the young people’s meeting today. 

These three states, Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania, are populated by dif¬ 
ferent nations, calling each Esthonians, Latvians and Lithuanians, their lan¬ 
guage and cultures are different, but there are, notwithstanding, so many 
common elements in their culture and common interests in their life, that it 
is quite right, if they are considered from abroad as somewhat united, in a 
Baltic Union of Nations. The official political union of Baltic States has been 

73 



very often discussed, but does not exist yet because of various political diffi¬ 
culties, partly not depending on the Baltic States themselves. In every case 
the Estbonian and Latvian Political Union is already an accomplished fact, 
Esthonia and Latvia being in very similar culture and political conditions, 
Lithuania differing from them in many questions politically and culturally, 
and being chiefly a Catholic country. Esthonia and Latvia are both Lutheran 
countries and have almost literally the same history for the past 700 years, 
being first conquered by the German Knights; Esthonia partly by Danes, after 
that both Esthonians and Latvians being conquered by Poles and Swedes, and 
during the last two centuries by Russians. After the World War all the 
E attic nations founded their own states having at first serious trouble with 
Russian communists. 

Although there are some little political and cultural differences between 
these Baltic states, notwithstanding, there is a great sympathy toward each 
other in these nations. They have learned to know each other and they are 
strong to unify and unite, as far as possible, along all lines of cultural life. 

This sympathy and common interest appears also in the abstinence work, 
especially among the youth and students. 

I shall now give a short survey of the abstinence work of the youth and 
students in all the Baltic States separately, and after that I shall speak about 
their common and international abstinence work. I begin with Lithuania, 
which has a strong Catholic abstinence movement, among youth and students. 
The Lithuanian Catholic Abstinence Society “Blaivybe” has about 200 sec¬ 
tions for children called “the Groups or Societies of the Angel Protector.” 
This group may have about 20,000 in regular members in various schools. They 
have their own journal “Angelas Sargas” (The Angel Protector) printed in 
7,000 copies. There is also a Lithuanian Catholic Teachers’ Abstinence So¬ 
ciety which is instructing the teachers in the abstinence work in the schools. 

Among the Lithuanian Catholic high school youth there are working so- 
called “societies of the people of future times.” They have many abstinence 
sections with about 2,000 regular members. In their monthly journal, “The 
Future Time,” is a special section for abstinence questions. In their yearly 
general meetings the abstinence sections have their own meetings and also 
abstinence questions are discussed in the several meetings of all members. 

Among the Lithuanian Catholic youth outside of the schools there is 
working a tremendous Catholic organization Pavasaris (that means Spring), 
with about 45,000 regular members in about 400 branches. Very many of 
these branches have abstinence branches, together with about 5,000 members. 
The Pavasaris or Spring people have their own journal, Pavasaris (Spring) 
which has also a special section for abstinence work. In their yearly gen¬ 
eral meetings the abstinence sections have their own meetings and also absti¬ 
nence questions are discussed in the general meetings of all members.. 

Among the Lithuanian Catholic students there is a corporation of the ab¬ 
stinence students “Ateitis” (The Future Time), with about 50 members. This 
society has a very great importance in the Lithuanian general abstinence 
movement. This society organizes lectures for itself and for the high school 
youth generally, and is also providing with lecturers and workers the gen- 

74 


eral abstinence work. This society is also organizing a scientific investigation 
of the alcohol question in the Lithuanian University of Kaunas, under the 
leadership of Professor Dr. med. et Phil. Antanas Gylys, one of the pupils 
of the world-known investigator of the alcohol question, Porf. dr. Ernst Kraep- 
elin, by whom Dr. Gylys has himself made some important scientific inces- 
tigations about the influence of various concentrations and doses of alcohol. 
This society is also editing a scientific abstinence journal, Santura. There are 
also abstinence groups by other Lithuanian student organizations, making 
altogether about 200 organized abstinence students in Lithuania. These or¬ 
ganizations have founded the abstinence council of the students in Lithuania. 

There are no special abstinence organizations among the non-Catholics 
cf Lithuania, making 25% of the whole population. But very many of their 
general youth organizations are friendly to the abstinence idea, for instance, 
the League of Youth, and others. But they are more interested in general 
questions, not having specialized on alcohol questions. 

There has been initiated in Lithuania the idea of uniting all the efforts 
of various groups of the abstinence youth of Lithuania, in one abstinence league 
of youth of Lithuania, but this idea has not yet been realized. 

In Latvia the abstinence work among the youth has been initiated under 
the English, American and Esthonian influences. The Latvian abstinence 
workers have been very many times in Finland studying the abstinence work 
among the children by Madame Alii Trygg Helenius, who has also been in 
Latvia many times. Mr. John Davis, who is present also at this congress, 
has been studying the same work and has written a very good handbook on 
the abstinence question for schools in Finland, and Mr. Kempels, the president 
of the Anti-Alcoholic Society in Latvia, has studied the same question in U. 
S. A., also reports of the work of the youth abstinence organizations in Estho- 
nia have reached Latvia. 

There are now in Latvia 236 bands of hope with about 160,000 regular 
members, which are united as a branch of the Latvian Anti-Alcoholic Society. 
They are organizing very many lectures on abstinence in the schools. In 1926 
they organized an excursion' with 28 members to Esthonia to the 18th Inter¬ 
national Congress Against Alcoholism. 

The Latvian students of the University at Riga have two years ago 
founded the Latvian Students Abstinence Society which has organized very 
many lectures and discussions about alcohol questions and also provided with 
workers the general abstinence movement in Latvia. They are also making 
efforts to organize at the University of Riga special anti-alcoholic courses 
and lectures and also the scientific investigations of the alcohol question. 
Mr. Davis, my friend here at this congress, has donated for them half million 
of Latvian rubles or $2,000 for the coming five years. 

There are also many general young people’s organizations in Latvia which 
are practically dry as Boy Scouts, and Girl Guides, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A., and 
Baptist Young People’s Organizations which are friendly to the abstinence 
question, as also several leagues of the Latvian young people. A convention of 
all these organizations has not yet been convened in Latvia, but for doing that 
there are no political or religious obstacles. That must be done in the next 
year, and that will be done! 


75 


The idea about the necessity of the abstinence work among the juveniles 
has been in Esthonia expressed already as early as in 1840 by Dr. F. R. 
Kreutzwald, one of our first great abstinence workers and author of our na¬ 
tional poem, “Kalevipeog.” Practically the work has been initiated in the be¬ 
ginning of the present century by Finnish influences. There have been pub¬ 
lished some handbooks and pamphlets the young people translated from the 
Finnish language, and there have been organized many hundreds of abstinence 
lessons to children; though it was not allowed by the Russian powers to or¬ 
ganize abstinence societies among the young people (all the juvenile organi¬ 
zations of that time were illegal). Only Esthonian students in the Politech- 
nican at Riga have in Russian times founded their abstinence society. 

The work was interrupted by the world war and was begun again after 
the war, chiefly under Finnish, but also under English and American influences. 
We have now in Esthonia over 410 bands of hope in our elementary schools 
together with over 22,000 members. We organize for them every year special 
abstinence days with abstinence lessons on Saturdays and abstinence festivals 
and victories of children and parents on Sundays. These festivals are recom¬ 
mended by the ministry of education and are practically organized in all the 
schools of Esthonia. Our statistics show that in last years, beginning from 
1920, there have been organized at least 14,561 lectures for 306,987 school chil¬ 
dren. Newly also general writing contests have been introduced; for prepar¬ 
ing them a little pamphlet was written and spread in the schools. In this year 
already more than 2,000 pupils have taken part in them, about 500 of them re¬ 
ceiving little prizes for their good essays and each of them receiving an il¬ 
lustrated memorial honor roll at that contest. Also about 1,000 abstinence 
examinations have been passed to this time. Now all this work is conducted 
by the League of abstinence and education of the Esthonian Teachers which 
is founded by the Abstinence League of Esthonia and its members. 

The Abstinence League of Esthonian Women, the Esthonian W. C. T. U., 
is publishing for children before the school age a journal “The Friend of the 
Little Ones,” in 5,000 copies. Also other measures and means of abstinence 
work before the school age are in the program of that league. 

Among the high school youth of Esthonia the absitnence work was be¬ 
gun in 1920. After three years was founded the Esthonian Youth Abstinence 
League which is a juvenile branch of the Abstinence League of Esthonia. It 
comprised at the end of 1926, 96 organizations together with 7,571 regular 
members, being the greatest juvenile organization in Esthonia and the greatest 
abstinence organization for high school youth in the northern countries of 
Europe. It organizes congresses, courses, lectures, abstinence examinations, 
publishes good literature for youth and a very good, well-illustrated abstinence 
and life reform journal, Kevadik (The Early Spring) for youth, its editor 
being a young Esthonian poetess with deep feeling and fine sense of form, 
who has studied in the University arts, literature, philosophy and education. 
The leading ideas of this journal are abstinence, self-education, life reform, 
sports, traveling and physical training, patriotism, humanity, international 
peace and social progress, and the development of the philosophical, religious 
and moral character. This journal contains articles and aphorisms and until now 
it has about 100 writers from 15 countries. U. S. A. is represented in the journal 

76 


by W. E. (Pussyfoot) Johnson (who has written several special articles for 
Kevadik; by Emerson, Upton Sinclair, Walt Whitman, O. S. Marden, 
and by essays .on W. Whitman, B. Franklin and Th. A. Edison. In the fu¬ 
ture more articles about the leaders of American abstinence and moral re¬ 
form and on the American ideals of humanity will appear. 

Among the youth outside of schools there are working the abstinence 
branches of the several Esthonian Young People’s Unions. Also all other 
organizations of the young people of Esthonia are favoring abstinence, some 
of them being practically absolutely dry, as for instance boy scouts, girl guides, 
Y. M. C. A., and Y. W. C. A., and various religious juvenile organizations. 

The Abstinence League of the youth of Esthonia keeps in touch with the 
juvenile abstinence organizations of other nations. It also organized the in¬ 
ternational young people’s abstinence meetings at the 18th International Con¬ 
gress Against Alcoholism at Tartu, at which was elected a special international 
committee for promiting the juvenile abstinence work. In this committee also 
Esthonia is represented. 

Among the students of Esthonia the abstinence work was begun already 
under Russian time, one Esthonian Student Abstinence Society having been 
organized at the Polytechnican at Riga. The Esthonian students in large 
measure also took part in the fight for local option in the last years before the 
war in Russia. In Independent Esthonia the abstinence work among the 
students was begu nin 1920, when the Esthonian students abstinence union was 
founded. This Union has organized many lectures, edited special abstinence 
numbers of the several student newspapers, and has also been the chief factor 
in the International Students’ Abstinence Work, about which I will speak 
later. 

The scientific investigation of the alcohol question in our University has 
been promoted by us in Esthonia in a very effective manner. The Abstinence 
League of Esthonia has offered through the faculties of the University in last 
years 98 prize works, and some of them have been approved. Some univer¬ 
sity professors have been induced by the Abstinence League to conduct 
with its support, scientific investigations concerning the effects of alcohol in 
their laboratories—Prof. Dr. Med. A. Rammse in hygiene, Prof. Dr. Med. S. 
Loeve in pharmacology, Prof. Dr. Med. S. Talvik in court medicine, and the 
world famous neurologist Prof. H. med. h. c. L. Puusepp in neurology. He is 
a very able and energetic man. During the last nine years, eight of his assist¬ 
ants have accomplished ten various experimental investigations about the in¬ 
fluence of alcohol, some of which enlarge the medical knowledge of the al¬ 
cohol question by new facts. 

Prof. Puusepp has between 1924 and 1927 directed the following investi¬ 
gations carried out by his assistants: 

Dr. F. Hion: The influence of alcohol on the endocrine glands. 

Results; the well demonstrated degeneration of the endocrine glands 
under the influence of alcohol, a general degeneration and weak¬ 
ening of the organism. 

The Same: The changes of the sympathetic nervous ganglions, caused by 
acute and chronic alcoholism. 

77 


Results: The destructive effect of alcohol upon the sympathetic ner¬ 
vous system, which is so important for the life and development of 
the organism, is demonstrated here for the first time. 

The Same: The changes of the plexus choreoideus under the influence of 
alcoholic intoxication. 

Results: The decay of the plexus. 

Dr. E. Kirschenberg: The influence of alcohol upon the viscosity of blood; 
Results: The viscosity increases about 21% two hours after the con¬ 
sumption of alcohol and becomes normal again after about 24 hours; 
the density of the blood is greater, its circulation slower, its nutri¬ 
tive nourishing power diminishes. 

Dr. E. Koogardal: The influence of alcohol on the brain vessels. 

Results: Dilatation, various kinds of vessel destruction. 

Dr. F. Raudkepp: The effects of acute and chronic alcoholic intoxication 
on the subcortical ganglions. 

Results: Acute intoxication chiefly causes changes of the vessels, 
chronic intoxication leads to the destruction of nervous cells. 

Dr. A. Kanksepp: Basal metabolism in the case of acute alcoholism. 

Results: The basal metabolism increases up to 30%. 

Dr. E. Mahlapuu: The permeability of the brain membranes in the cases 
of acute and chronic alcoholism. 

Results: The permeability of the brain membranes increases with the 
exception of that of the dura mater; the brain becomes more liable 
to intoxication and infection. 

Dr. E. Weinberg: The influence of alcohol upon the reactions of blood 
immunity. 

Results: The impairment of the power of the organism to resist for¬ 
eign albumins intoxicating it. 

Dr. V. Lindeberg: The influence of alcohol upon some movements. 

Results: A new demonstration of the disorganization of movements 
even by small doses of alcohol. 

Most of these investigations have appeared in the I Volume of the “Quaes- 
tiones Alcoholismi et Narcomaniae” related by Prof. Puusepp and edited by 
the Abstinence League of Esthonia. 

Just now investigations are being conducted on the influence of alcohol 
upon heredity. The experiments made show that the brain irritability of the 
descendants of alcoholics is twice as great as that of the descendants of non¬ 
alcoholics—this throws light on the aetiology of alcoholic epilepsy. 

Other investigations demonstrate the general degeneration of the endo¬ 
crine glands of the descendants of alcoholics. 

Prof. Puusepp and his assistants have also made numerous experiments 
in the psychotherapic treatment of alcoholics, especially by means of hypnosis 
and also by physical methods, especially by serotherapy. 

There has been arisen the idea to found a larger scientific institution of 
alcohology by the laboratory and clinics of Prof. Puusepp, and this idea was 
also internationally approved at the International Medical Congress for Ab¬ 
stinence organized in Tartu in connection with the 18th International Congress 
Against Alcoholism. 


78 


In the scientific investigation of the alcohol question Esthonia occupies 
without doubt one of the first places among the states of the world, chiefly in 
consequence of the efforts of Dr. Puusepp. 

I shall end with the international activities in the abstinence work of the 
students of the Baltic states. 

The Esthonian students Abstinence Union has made effective propaganda 
for dry representatives during elections on our student council which is an 
official institution by our universities. This campaign has well succeeded and 
we have already for many years a dry majority in the council of the student 
body. This council has declared that the student body as such is a dry 
organization and will never allow the use of alcoholic drinks on its festivities 
and gatherings. 

The student bodies of the Baltic States and Finland are already many 
years in close touch, organizing yearly Baltic Student Conferences and main¬ 
taining the Baltic Student Office. At this conference the alcohol question has 
every time been treated by a special abstinence commission, while resolu¬ 
tions are adopted by the general meeting of the conference and later ratified 
by the student bodies through their councils in various countries. There have 
been organized already five Baltic Students’ Conferences and at each of them 
many abstinence resolutions have been adopted. All the Baltic student bodies 
have declared themselves dry as organizations, and that they will promote 
and support the abstinence movement among the students. 

In 1926 we had in Tartu, Esthonia, the 18th International Congress 
Against Alcoholism, and in connection with that the III Congress of the World 
Student Federation Against Alcoholism. This meeting was prepared by the 
Esthonian student abstinence union, and the general opinion after these meet¬ 
ings was, that they succeeded very well. 

At these meetings the Baltic student bodies were represented officially. 
That was, as far as I know, the first time in the world at all, that the whole 
student bodies of several countries have taken part in the International 
Fight Against Alcoholism. But in the future, all the student bodies of all 
countries must do the same, if the abstinence question is to make real progress. 
We, the student bodies of Esthonia and other Baltic States have begun to at¬ 
tract to the abstinence work whole student bodies of our countries, repre¬ 
sentatives of students in U. S. A., and of the whole world. You must carry 
it out, that all the student bodies of the world should take part in the fight 
against alcoholism, and that at the end also every regular student if possible 
throughout the world should be abstinent. That were one of the best means 
to promote the general abstinence and prohibition cause in the whole world. 


79 


THURSDAY EVENING SESSION 
Opening Session of the World League Congress 

ADDRESS OF WELCOME 

By Rev. E. S. Shumaker, D.D. 

Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of Indiana 

Mr. Chairman, and Delegates from every continent and from the islands 
cf the sea: To me is accorded, along with my co-workers in the W. C. T. U. 
the privilege of tendering one word at the formal opening of this opening of the 
World League Against Alcoholism; a word that has been spoken thousands 
of times, in every country, in every land, a word that has in it all the poten¬ 
tial qualities of faith, hope, and love, a word that has in it all those excellent 
traits applicable to comrades in a high and holy cause—the one word “Wel¬ 
come.” 

Delegates who have entered our own land by crossing the border, friends 
who have reached our country by crossing mother ocean, visitors who have 
assembled on this occasion, you have come here, we believe, not only to study 
the results already obtained in what some have called “the greatest moral, ec¬ 
onomic, and political experiment ever ventured upon by any nation,” but also 
to become personally acquainted with the people of a nation which warmly 
greets you in the interest of a common cause. 

The Eighteenth Amendment to our nation’s constitution, and laws enacted 
for its enforcement, have been a major factor in tremendous social, economic, 
physical, moral and intellectual development among the people of our country. 
What have been some of the practical results, even under imperfect enforce¬ 
ment, up to the present time? What conditions of betterment are distinctly 
noticeable since Prohibition closed 236 distilleries, 1,092 breweries, and 187,000 
saloons in the United States? 

It has stopped the legal sale and consumption of 165 million gallons of 
whisky and one billion 885 million gallons of beer each twelve months. Prob¬ 
ably less than ten per cent of the liquor selling and drinking that we had 
formerly now exists, while ninety per cent of the Keeley cures and other in¬ 
stitutions for the treatment of drunkenness no longer exists among us, be¬ 
cause of lack of business for them, 

According to the U. S. census bureau statistics there were 14,640 fewer 
deaths from alcoholism in the first six dry years than would have been the 
case had pre-prohibition death rates still continued. 

In the first five dry years in Indiana, there were 3,940 fewer deaths from 
tuberculosis, 3,200 fewer deaths from pneumonia, 1,000 fewer deaths from ty¬ 
phoid fever, 1,130 fewer deaths from external causes, and 10,430 fewer deaths 
of babies under one year of age than in the last five license years. 

In the first six prohibition years in Illinois, when people were drinking 
out of milk bottles instead of beer bottles, 30,000 fewer babies died under one 
year of age than had died in the last six wet years. 

One million fewer people went under the sod in the first six dry years in 
the United States than would have died had pre-prohibition death rates still 
continued. 


80 


Economic blessings have followed in the wake of prohibition in the United 
States. Deposits in our banks have increased from nine billions to twenty- 
four billions of dollars, while depositors have increased in number from twelve 
millions to forty-two millions. Prohibition United States owns about twenty- 
three millions of the twenty-eight million automobiles in the world today. 
When our people quit buying beer they began investing in cars, and people 
whose limited prosperity would not permit them to buy better machines 
bought Fords, literally millions of them. 

The cows on our dairy farms in 1919 produced s$ven billion 800 million 
gallons of milk. Last year, under prohibition, contented cows gave thirteen 
billion gallons of milk. Cows give more milk in a dry nation than in a wet 
nation. 

No less an authority that Professor Irving Fisher of Yale University es¬ 
timates that prohibition in seven years’ time has added forty-two billion dol¬ 
lars to the wealth of the United States. 

Prohibition has been responsible, either directly or indirectly, for an in¬ 
crease of at least ten per cent in the enrollment of the grade schools in the United 
States, of 50 per cent increase in the attendance of our high schools and 187 
per cent increase in the attendance in our colleges and universities. In 1926 
there was a net increase of membership in the Protestant Churches alone in 
America of over 1,100 for each day in the year. 

Liquor propaganda to the contrary, prohibition in the United States, 
even under imperfect enforcement, has already proved the greatest human 
welfare law ever enacted. 

So, delegates from all lands, and of well-nigh every language under the 
sun, we welcome you here, that you may study and see for yourselves the dif¬ 
ference between a saloon-cursed land and a land from which the saloons have 
been banished; that you may carry the report of what you see here back to 
your own lands and use the same in effectually answering the false propa¬ 
ganda circulated everywhere by the liquor interests; that you may be encour¬ 
aged to wage the battle with renewed zeal and confidence to rid every country 
of the globe from the curse of alcoholism; that you may encourage us by 
your presence and unflagging zeal and consecration to this great cause to keep 
“the home fires” burning for prohibition here until the vision of our immortal 
Lincoln will be fully realized, of a world redeemed from both slavery and 
drunkenness, and the hope of a Christian world shall be realized, of swords 
forever beaten- into plowshares and of spears into pruning hooks. 

Delegates from every land, in the name of our own land, in the name 
of the Anti-Saloon League, in the name of every dry organization, every friend 
and lover of sobriety, we welcome you to this land of Prohibition, to Indiana 
which has the best state dry law, and to Winona Lake we bid you thrice wel¬ 
come. — 

ADDRESS OF WELCOME 

By Mrs. Elizabeth T. Stanley, 

State President W. C. T. U. of Indiana 

I count it one of the supreme delights of a great warfare to have the 
pleasure that is mine tonight, of greeting representatives of so many nations, 

81 



who are banded together in a common cause, inspired by a common hope 
for the final victory over the greatest foe of all humanity. I assure you that 
while the enemy may win an occasional battle, he will never win the war. 
The allies will triumph in the end. We rejoice with you tonight that the 
forces of righteousness are moving to the front under one Commander-in- 
Chief, who has never lost a battle; and this gives us the assurance that while 
“the wave may be defeated, the tide is sure to win” and we are happy to greet 
you as comrades in a holy strife, united for the fray, and eager for the con¬ 
flict of each returning day. 

Our final goal is the establishment of world sobriety. This will insure 
world peace, one standard of morals for both men and women, and a square 
deal for little children, many of whom are being cursed into existence, with 
blinded eyes and weakened resistance to disease, by imbecile parents soaked 
in rum. This battle for the helpless ones of earth is the holy warfare that 
brings you to our shores, and we assure you that the world’s united woman¬ 
hood will pledge unfaltering allegiance to the standard you have raised for the 
protection of the home. We have enlisted, not for a skirmish, but until the 
end of the war. We are not asking how long the struggle may continue, for 
this does not disturb our dreams of victory, and our women around the world 
are singing: 

“It’s coming, it’s coming; the morn for which we pray,— 

We’ll take the world for Christ’s own kingdom, some glad day.” 

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union is in a very definite sense, 
a great world league, not only against alcohol, but every organized infamy that 
threatens the destruction of the race. We are organized in 52 Governments 
of the world, with a great educational program that is carrying the truth to 
the people, in regard to alcohol as a narcotic poison, which not only “steals 
away the brains of men,” but their power of achievement, their wealth, and 
honor, and self respect, and all that life holds dear. And while some of you 
may yet think of women as “the weaker sex” you may take my word and the 
verdict of history for it, that they will never quail before any tyrant that as¬ 
sails their homes, and threatens the life of their young. 

More than 600,000 women in the United States alone, wear the distin¬ 
guished service badge of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union—a modest 
bow of white ribbon. 

Twenty thousand of these women live in Indiana, and we bring you a 
cordial greeting from our Hoosier comrades. I recall that I was taught that 
originally the word “Welcome” was interpreted to mean, “It is well you come,” 
and so, while we welcome the Representatives of every nation tonight with the 
warmth of a genuine American welcome, because of the great countries from 
which you came, and the splendid contribution you have made to this land of 
opportunity, still we feel in a greater sense, that it is “well you came to the 
United States” for this great world conference, that you may learn first-hand 
the truth about the benefits of Prohibition in this land of its adoption. If you 
will search official records, you will find that prohibition, poorly enforced as 
it has been, is the social, moral and economic salvation of the United States. 
It is true that many liquor sympathizers rave about the money Uncle Sam 

82 


is losing, and the great wealth Canada is gaining because we have shut off 
the faucet on this side of the line and are letting our undesirables migrate to 
the north for wet goods, while we buy our dry goods in abundance, to clothe 
children who once went half-clad and supperless to bed. But don’t waste any 
tears on us we still have $2,000,000,000 a year that once went over the bar, 
but is now going in food, clothing and shelter for our people. The alcoholic 
death rate has been decreased and $100,000,000 once spent in the vain effort to 
cure the harm done by drink, now goes into fresh air work, free dental clin¬ 
ics, infancy and maternity care, public health nurses, supervisors for boys’ 
and girls club work, etc. Much as you have heard about the wreck and ruin 
of American youth by prohibition, we are still willing to compare them with the 
young people of any nation under Heaven. 

Only a few weeks ago one of our lads of Swedish extraction, and Amer¬ 
ican training, hopped off from New York and in thirty-three and one-half 
hours was greeting friends in Paris, and his only equipment was a tooth brush, 
three ham sandwiches and a glass of water. 


We have millions of ambitious youth who, like Lindbergh, are total ab¬ 
stainers and never saw a saloon, and some day you need not be surprised if 
some of our boys and girls hop off some mighty ship in New York harbor, 
take dinner in London, look in on the World Court of International Justice, 
m which the United States will have accredited representatives, and then get 
back home for supper. The world seems so small today, and it is shrinking 
every year! 


May God speed the day, when each man’s weal shall be every man’s care. 
May this spirit of fraternity apply to nations as well as individuals, so that 
your coming to our country will strengthen the ties of comradeship and give 
us an added interest in the problem which calls us together. 

We welcome you, and pledge you support in your holy endeavor to make 
the whole world dry, so that no matter where our children of tomorrow may 
go, they will be safe from the ravages of rum. 

You will pardon me if I confide to you some of our family secrets. I 
trust you will not hold the W. C. T. U. responsible for falsehoods cabled 
abroad by wet sympathizers and sanctioned by the Metropolitan Press, over 
which we have no control. We women wash our hands of all responsibility 
for the wet and crooked politicians, who often get into office, and do our 
country damage, for we are known as “The Organized Scratchers’ League” 
and we are in bad repute with stand-pat machine politicians of our state and 
nation. The days of martyrdom and persecution for righteousness’ sake are 
not yet ended, but God will make the silence of every one who suffers more 
eloquent than his speech. 

We are already organized for the campaign of 1928, and our slogan is: “No 
moist candidate shall pass to any official position by our support at the ballot 
box.” 

It will strengthen your work when you go back to the Homeland, if you 
will carry the message to your people that the abominable falsehoods cabled 
from this country by the wets are meant for foreign consumption—they do 
not expect anybody to believe this stuff at home. 

83 


We have taken precautions not only for your comfort, but for your safety 
as well. We have 110,000 sober locomotive engineers, who will insure your 
life, gratis, against a wreck because of a drunken engineer. We have 20,- 
000,000 automobiles, driven by sober chauffeurs. Gifford Gordon has traveled 
more than 65,000 miles on our steel rails, and he says he has seen only one 
drunk man on an American railway train. I trust you may have a similar 
experience, but if you see a drunken man, you may know that that man has 
broken the law, and every decent citizen brands him as a law-breaker. We 
will be glad to have you consult our laboring men, who are buying bonds in¬ 
stead of beer, and are satisfied with their pay check. You may consult the 
labor banks, and note the statement of Judge Gary of the Great Steel Corpora¬ 
tion, who employs 300,000 men, and ask him what prohibition means to the 
industry of our country. Ask Henry Ford about its results, and he will tell 
you that no man can get admission to his factory, or a place on his. payroll if 
liquor is detected on his breath. Our business men can give you an interesting 
story for the objectors at home, who imagine prohibition will injure business, 
and don’t fail to consult our hotel men, who are making good without a bar. 

We trust the inspiration of this conference will linger with you, speed the 
victory for which you toil, and hasten the day when the White Flag of Pro¬ 
hibition shall be unfurled over every nation under the Heavens. 

What must be done, can be done, and by the grace of God, the Woman¬ 
hood of the world will help to do it. 

Once more we bid you welcome, and Godspeed to victory. 


RESPONSE FROM EUROPE 

Dr. Robert Hercod 

Director International Bureau Against Alcoholism, Lausanne, Buntzei'land 

We are in Europe deeply divided. We have behind us bloody wars. We 
are torn asunder by countless differences of political and religious opinions, 
but we temperance workers of Europe are always ready to work together; 
German and French, Swede and Pole, Italian and Bulgarian; and we are glad 
of every opportunity to extend this collaboration to every person and to the 
official workers of other countries, quite especially when it happens to be in 
the United States of America which has done so much for the promotion of 
temperance throughout the world. 

We see every day better that the alcohol question is not only national,, 
but also international, and more that the only final solution of the alcohol 
question will be an international one. This for many reasons, and the most 
important of them, because the liquor traffic also is now international and inter¬ 
nationally organized. 

The alcohol producing countries realize not only on home consumption 
but on export of alcoholic beverages and anything which affects the sale of 
alcohol in foreign countries is affecting them. Great was the dismay of the 
French wine merchants and the Scotch distillers when the United States 'in¬ 
troduced prohibition; when Iceland banished alcohol, Spain resented it. When 
Norway endeavored to get rid of strong wines and spirits she had against 
her France, Spain and Portugal. The liquor traffic, of course, is maintaining 
the slavery of alcohol throughout the world, and it is working for that pur- 

84 



pose. The most important of these organizations is the International League 
Against Prohibition which meets every year in a great city of Europe behind 
closed doors. We know very little of its actions. There is only one public 
meeting, an elaborate wine dinner, to which are invited public officials, gov¬ 
ernment ministers, and representatives, where the choicest food and the most 
elaborate wines are served. But we know, and it is very simple, the policy 
of the International League Against Prohibition—“Prohibition is the worst 
evil that has ever affected our poor humanity, and any nation which attempts 
to reduce the consumption of alcoholic beverages is taking the first step toward 
Prohibition and must be prevented.” In order to convince public opinion, 
the International League and the liquor traffic in general, quite especially uses 
the daily press. You can hardly imagine the fraudulent comments which we 
read in our European papers on American Prohibition. After having read 
them we, in Europe, must have a most skeptical turn of mind not to believe 
that since Prohibition there is more drinking in the United States than ever, 
that Prohibition is demoralizing your young men and young women; that the 
American girl will not walk or drive with a boy who has not a hip-pocket 
flask of whisky, etc., etc. 

Finland, the only prohibition country in Europe, is the object of an es¬ 
pecial solicitude of the international press. Newspapers which never had a 
line to devote to the splendid development of this country during the last eight 
years publish long articles concerning the dismal failure of Finnish Prohibition. 
Two years ago a Finnish judge was fined for drunkenness, and this piece 
of news was of such paramount importance that it was immediately cabled to 
every corner of the world. Twenty-four hours after the Finnish judge had been 
sentenced, the citizens of New Zealand were able to read the news with their 
morning coffee. 

We must take this international activity of the liquor press seriously. 
Little by little it is poisoning the European mind. We must use our only 
weapon, Truth. Great is truth and it will prevail. We are thankful to the 
World League Against Alcoholism which has invited us to the shores of 
Winona Lake, because we know that this convention will deepen our sense 
cf international solidarity and will also teach us how better to translate it into 
facts in our particular activities, and so we will be nearer the end which is 
the end of all earnest and consecrated prohibition workers, which is expressed 
in the Constitution of the World League Against Alcoholism, “Our object is 
to attain by means of education and legislation, the total suppression through¬ 
out the world, of alcoholism, which is the poisoning of the body, germ-plasm 
mind, conduct and society produced by the consumption of alcoholic bev¬ 
erages.” — 

RESPONSE FROM AFRICA 


Ross Lohr 


Sierra Leone 

It is a pleasure for me to tell you something about prohibition in Sierra 
Leone. In Sierra Leone, where I come from, we have the I. O. G. T. The 
great question that confronts us in Africa is the liquor business. Christian 
organizations are trying as much as possible to do away with liquor, but the 

85 



government officials are the worst opposed to that. The revenue would fall 
off if liquor is not imported. The church organizations are opposed to the 
liquor business, but we are not strong enough to bring about a change that 
will make for the good. We are British subjects, and England exports her 
liquor to us. What can we do? My people labor day in and day out, night in 
and night out, year in and year out, spending their money for something that 
kills their bodies, their souls, and everything that is worth while. The money 
greed of the merchants is the thing that is very detrimental to us. If the 
spring will be stopped nothing will be running out. If England will stop ex¬ 
porting we will have no liquor in Sierra Leone. The question then to consider 
is, what will England do for us? 

Liquor has been introduced to sap our vitality. We are opposed to 
this, but the powers are against us. We pray for the day when the sun shall 
rise upon Africa and there shall be no more gin, no more whisky, no more of 
anything that shall degrade us, of anything that shall make us a weakling, but 
we will have something that will build us up, making us Christian, looking 
ahead for things that are finer and more prosperous. 

In behalf of Africa I rise to accept the welcome that has been given us. 
There are many things in your country that are good that I intend to take back 
to our people, but there are, also, many things I won’t like to tell them 
about. However, we are all human beings, and of course there is good and 
bad wherever we go. 

You women who spread so much influence, this one thing I want to 
say to you as a message from Africa. Africa looks like a question mark. We 
are asking you people, “What are you doing with us? What shall you do with 
us?” Besides being a question mark, Africa is shaped like an ear. We are 
listening to the civilized world. Remember, your actions speak louder than 
your voice. We are asking you; we are listening to you. 


RESPONSE FROM GREAT BRITAIN 

By Rev. Henry Carter 

General Secretary, Temperance and Social Welfare Department of the Wesleyan 
Methodist Church, Great Britain 

I respond gladly on behalf of the temperance forces of England to the 
welcome which has been extended to the representatives from overseas. This 
is my second visit to America. I came over in 1919 to share in the founding 
of the World League Against Alcoholism. 

I remember that earlier in that year, 1919, my friend, Bishop Cannon, 
visited England and Europe, and explained to the national temperance leaders 
the proposal for a federation of the temperance and prohibition movements of 
the world, to advance the movement against alcoholism. In the spring of 
1919 I attended a conference in Paris, convened, I believe, at the instance of 
Bishop Cannon, and there we discussed this world project. Soon after, I 
crossed to America. We met in Toronto and considered together, as leaders 
of national temperance movements, the lines on which a World League would 
probably be most effective. Then, after a further discussion at Chicago, we 
met in June at Washington at the historic convention at which the World 

86 



League was founded. I have often recalled with pleasure that I was entrusted 
with the task at the Washington convention of explaining at the closing session 
the constitution of the new World League. 

Since 1919, and largely as a result of the founding of the World League, 
a new sense of comradeship has grown up between the leaders of the various 
national temperance movements. There has been a wider cooperation, and 
exchange of information and of literature. All this has helped us to feel that 
the fight against the drink habit and the liquor interests is one fight the whole 
world over. 

As to the position in Great Britain, very substantial progress has been 
made as regards temperance reform in recent years. The outstanding fact is 
that when the year 1913 is compared with the year 1926—the last year before 
the great war with the most recent year for which statistics are available—it is 
seen that the alcohol consumption of Great Britain has decreased by no less 
than 40% within that period. This is a very remarkable achievement, and, as 
a result of this great decrease in drinking, there has been a correspending 
decline in convictions for drunkenness and in the social disorders and the dis¬ 
eases which accompany alcoholism. An informed student of the drink ques¬ 
tion in England may well thank God and take courage. 

I referred this afternoon to another very encouraging feature of the tem¬ 
perance situation in England—the new youth movement in the Wesleyan 
Methodist Church. The movement is spreading to other churches in Britain 
and I look forward hopefully to a federation of the youth forces of the Chris¬ 
tian churches of my native land in the fight against alcoholism. 

I am certain that we must entrust this vast moral enterprise to the Chris¬ 
tian youth of our countries. They are the destined leaders of their nations 
and it is in their power to lead our cause to its ultimate and universal victory. 

Sir, once again, let me thank you for your cordial welcome and express 
the hope that the Congress of 1927 may mark a new and fruitful departure 
in the world fight against alcoholism. 

RESPONSE FROM SOUTH AMERICA 

Rev. Paul Penzotti 

South American Agent, American Bible Society, Argentina 

I am also from America. I' am from America of which the Argentine Re¬ 
public is no small part. This morning I was listening to our good brother 
who gave us a message from Germany. He said: “I am going to give you a 
taste of English made in Germany.” It was pretty good. This evening you 
have had a taste of English made in Switzerland, in Africa, and in Australia. 
Now I am going to give you a taste of English made in America, but in South 
America. 

About two weeks ago I received a communication from Miss Norville, ask¬ 
ing me to represent the League here at the convention. I am very sorry in¬ 
deed, that Miss Norville is not here tonight, because she would have given you 
a good discourse. I congratulate this institution for having this wonderful 
woman in South America. She is doing a great work. 

I want to tell you that my experience has been quite extensive and quite 
varied I have to travel all over Latin America, and I know what the sit- 

87 



nation there is. There are 90,000,000 Latin Americans south of the Rio 
Grande. Good people among us say that we are not confronted in Latin 
America with the liquor problem. They say look at Buenos Aires and Monte¬ 
video. You can go for days and days and never see a drunk man, but they 
have saloons. But if you go into the interior into the states of Mendosa and 
San Juan, you will find lots of people using liquor. i\lso, in Chile you will 
find this, that 27 per cent of the Chilean babies die before they are a year old 
on account of liquor, the largest death rate in the world! 

Chile is doing all it can to educate its people and teach them the evils of 
liquor and the liquor traffic. South America is observing you people in the 
United States and especially the prohibition movement in your country. 

Do you know that the Argentine Republic is one of the most cosmopoli¬ 
tan countries in the world? Two and three pages of our great daily papers 
are crowded with cablegrams from all over the world, and through these we 
learn something of the Prohibition movement, but we never see a single item 
in those papers regarding the success of the prohibition movement. Every 
year before Christmastime, a cablegram comes saying that in New York more 
drinking is being done than ever 4 and that prohibition is a failure. That is the 
kind of news we get. That is why South America thinks prohibition is simply 
an experiment, and that some day you will repeal the prohibition law. Of 
course I know you well enough to know that that will never happen. 

One of the United States congressmen, sent to our country, was taken 
on a trip to see Buenos Aires and after he was through a reporter went to 
him and asked for his impression. He was sitting with his friends, sitting 
with a glass of whisky in his hand. He winked at the reporter and said: 
“Thank God to live again, to be again in a free country.” These things come 
out in big letters. 

The missionaries by the hundreds that you have sent to our country have 
been the best workers that you could have ever sent along the line of prohi¬ 
bition. I know of not one who is not a total abstainer. They are the people 
we look up to. I am glad to say they have started to teach in our schools, 
and you will find many of the missionaries have told us of the wonderful ef¬ 
fect of prohibition in this country. 

South America is prepared for this work. In Porto Rico we put the 
people to vote on this question. Many could not read or write. The wet 
ballots were marked with bottles and the dry ballots were marked with co- 
coanuts. Out of 100,000 votes, there were 33,000 (bottles and 67,000 cocoanuts. 

I saw a statement that “Pussyfoot” Johnson has been every place in the 
world but South America. I hope next time that cannot be said of him. I 
hope the next time we come to the United States, we may send several repre¬ 
sentatives and tell you what can be done in this country of ours. Rmember, 
over 90,000,000 people are looking up to you and imploring you to help them. 

RESPONSE FROM NORTH AMERICA 

Mrs. Sara R. Wright. 

President Canadian Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 

I consider it a great task and a great privilege to be asked to respond to 
this splendid greeting in behalf of my own land and of my continent North 

88 



America, and perhaps this will give me the chance to explain that on this 
continent there is another country besides the United States. I am going to 
speak a little bit more about Canada, but before doing so, I want to pay my 
respects to the United States, as making the vastest attempt at reconstructing 
morality of any country in the world. I have heard even some prohibition¬ 
ists say that after all the United States had not made the success of prohi¬ 
bition that was expected. Speaking as the next-door neighbor to the United 
States, I would say that history has not yet recorded the passage of any act 
by any country that has proved the overwhelming success that the Eighteenth 
Amendment has proved. The United States has placed not only my own land, 
but every land the w T orld over, under contribution to it for blazing the pathway 
so splendidly to world-wide prohibition. What about Canada? This year is 
the Jubilee of Canada, and I had hoped that we in Canada would be able to 
bring the priceless gift to confederation of a nation free from the drink¬ 
ers’ stronghold. But alas, we are telling a different story. Confederation was 
celebrated on the 1st of July, and yet there was not the abandonment of joy 
that there would have been had the provinces not failed to retain the prohi¬ 
bition law. 

Take the great province of British Columbia. Had this jubilee celebra¬ 
tion occurred but one short year ago, how different would have been the 
story. With what joy, with what pride w r ould British Columbia have cele¬ 
brated that jubilee. But this year there was a cloud over the celebration. 
British Columbia is dominated with a government control liquor traffic which 
does not lessen the illegal traffic and the illicit trade, but which has min¬ 
istered to it as no other form of liquor traffic has ministered. 

Then take the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, which 
form t-he great wheat belt. Because they could supply the world with bread 
from their vast prairies, you might have thought they could come to celebrate 
confederation with glistening eyes of pride, but every one had lost its prohi¬ 
bition law, and in shame and humiliation of spirit these provinces celebrated 
the confederation. 

Quebec has the Plains, of Abraham, the old fortress city of Quebec. From 
Quebec the explorers Marquette and Joliet started their journey. I have 
thought that perhaps those Jesuit explorers might have located this very spot. 
Yet Quebec, wfith all its old traditions of glory, has been caught in the sway 
of government control that is debauching it, and Quebec came in a spirit of 
shame to confederation. 

If only Ontario could have celebrated the confederation one year ago, 
what a story she could have told, of blessings from the prohibition law. I 
think that we in Ontario have learned that there is something finer than ma¬ 
terial possessions. We could have told the story of regenerated homes 
and safeguarded children because of our provincial law, but alas, Ontario 
too lost her prohibition law. 

Was there no province that could stem the tide? It has been left to the 
smallest province to make high lights in this confederation year—Prince Ed¬ 
ward Island. In Prince Edward Island there were found a few who had not 
defiled their names by apathy and indifference; the leaven spread and took 
the whole. What was the result? The liquor element felt that because On- 

89 


(ario had failed of return to its prohibition law, of course Prince Edward Island 
would fall. The Government in Prince Edward Island took the 
side of liquor. Government control is the worst form of the liquor 
traffic than can befall any country. Prince Edward Island was threatened 
with the overthrow of its laws and all that it had achieved. Every force that 
the brewers had was thrown into the fight. Not the wets in Canada alone, but 
the wets in the United States sent money without stint. These were the re¬ 
turns: Out of thirty candidates who were dry, twenty-four prohibitionists 
were elected on large majorities. The prime minister who had taken the liquor 
side, and had been returned by hundreds of votes previously, only squeezed 
through in this election, and was returned as the leader of the opposition by 
a majority of eleven votes. Don’t you catch the significance of this? The 
tide is turned toward victory in my land! We prohibitionists are looking for¬ 
ward to the time when we can clasp hands with our neighbor on the south, 
the United States, and say: “We, too, are prohibition.” Prohibition for 
cur land, for the North American continent impossible? Nay, not so. We 
are not going to ask for ease until we have banished from our land, nay, from 
every land, civilization’s greatest curse—the legalized drinking tavern. 


RESPONSE PROM AUSTRALASIA 

R. T. Chenoweth, J. P. 

Vice President Australian Prohibition League, Kew, Victoria 

I have reached a goal tonight which I have been trying to reach for 45 
years. At that time, as a young man, I was brought into contact with an 
A.merican production which some men who have been in the printing business 
may remember, which was called “The American Model Printer.” This was 
introducing a new style of art, and I desired to go to America to understand 
this wonderful business. Also, there was a desire on my part to cultivate my 
voice. I joined our church choir. Fortunately for me, I gave up the study 
of singing and commenced to study the organist. I have been happy ever 
since! In my early boyhood days I was a reader of American literature. Some 
of the sayings of Benjamin Franklin came into my hands, and I read this: 
“Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves.” I have 
taken care of the pence and I am here tonight. When I wanted to laugh I 
had to read the “Innocents Abroad” by your great writer Mark Twain. 
When in Rome I was reminded of that great writer again and again. 

I have been following the lead of Christopher Columbus, and have been 
trying to discover America during the last five weeks. I am here tonight as 
a result of that search. When I wanted something for my boys to read, a 
lady in Melbourne who had opened a little bookstore, brought to my notice 
“The American Magazine.” The ideal of that magazine commended itself to 
me. Though you may be born in a log cabin, you may become President of 
the United States. I used to subscribe for that magazine, and my boys de¬ 
voured it with avidity. Each one now occupies a high position today. When 
I took the position of editor I looked around for a paper that would give me 
something better than the average sources of news. I put my hand on the 

90 



Literary Digest/’ which has been to me a very great advantage from many 
points of view. It has kept me informed as to the progress of the United 
States. 

I want to say that I owe a great deal to America. I have taken keenest 
interest in America, and have subscribed to the American “Christian Century,” 
that splendid magazine. When I wanted to speak on missionary work, I turned 
to “The American Missionary Review of the World.” So, I have felt under 
obligation to America for many years. When your American soldiers and sail¬ 
ors came to Australia first and also last, I was chairman of the committee 
which was brought into existence for their entertainment. We tried to shower 
upon them all the benefits of fellowship and good nature that we could. We 
opened up concerts, had special stationery printed, supplied rooms for them, 
and invited them to come in and write their letters home. 

I say that so far as I am concerned, this has been a goal I have sought 
for years, and it came about in this way. About forty years ago I heard a 
rap at the door and a man asked me to sign a petition. “What for?’’ “For a 
public house at the corner.” I asked him to give me time to think it over. 
Then I went from door to door and told the people that we did not want that 
sort of thing. Opposition was aroused and we defeated the petition. Since 
then there has never been a wine license granted in that locality. 

I have been chairman of the finance committee of the Prohibition League, 
vice president of the Victoria organization, and when we formed the Australian 
organization I was appointed treasurer and am now vice president. 

I thank you heartily for the kindness with which your invitation has been 
couched. As I listen I feel that I ought to say one word: “You have done a 
wonderful work in obtaining prohibition for America. You have done some¬ 
thing for which the world will thank you. Hold fast! Let no man take that 
crown. Victoria, England, the world are looking at you. You will help us, 
help England, help the world to Prohibition, which has brought America 
more on the map than anything that has taken place during the last 50 years. 

FRIDAY MORNING SESSION 
KEY NOTE ADDRESS 

THE SPIRIT OF THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST 
ALCOHOLISM 

By Ernest H. Cherrington, General Secretary 

The World League Against Alcoholism is a League for the federation of 
national temperance movements in the interest of a common objective. 

It does not seek the promotion of any pet scheme or method. It stands 
for a great fundamental principle, recognizing the necessity for diversity of 
methods and programs, as the customs and the procedure of nations differ. 

It does not emphasize the differences between men and races and nations; 
it attempts to center attention on points at which there is agreement of like- 
minded men and women throughout the world. It is not primarily a sal¬ 
vaging process. It is a process of inoculation. It suggests the possibilities 
of the application of education to the solution of a great problem of human 

91 



welfare. It is willing to wager its life on the idea that knowledge of the truth 
creates freedom. 

Just as a local temperance movement easily loses its force and its appeal 
if it is not related by ties of common interest with other local groups, so even 
a great national movement against alcoholism feels the tug that draws to¬ 
gether kindred movements in many lands. 

Morale and Protection 

A world crusade in which national forces against alcoholism may unite, 
is as reasonable as it is imperative. The psychological effect alone of a great 
international crusade makes every national and local effort on every con¬ 
tinent more effective. It holds the morale. 

Not only, however, does the morale of national and local temperance 
movements require international cooperation, but the necessity of holding 
the ground already gained demands it. The battle line against the beverage alco¬ 
hol traffic is far-flung. That traffic must be kept busy defending itself at all sec¬ 
tors along that world line in order that it may not be permitted to concentrate 
at any point to break the line. Recent events in the Dominion of Canada 
present a case well in point. Iceland, Norway, Finland and Sweden, in their 
experiences with prohibition elections, prohibition enforcement, and interna¬ 
tional trade obligations, have helped to demonstrate the significant fact that 
prohibition is safe in no country so long as the liquor traffic holds sway in 
other countries. 

The stupendous undertaking of a world movement against alcoholism ap¬ 
pears to be all but impossible, when there is taken into account something 
of the proportions of the task. 

The population of the world, approximately 1,750,000,000 people, is itself 
almost a bewildering fact, but when one takes into account the further fact 
that that population speaks 3,424 different languages and dialects, the bewil¬ 
derment grows. 

The broad program of this world movement involves: 

First—Insurance of the success and continuance of prohibition, where 
that policy now prevails in nations and parts of nations, involving a 
total population of approximately 150,000,000. 

Second—Holding the ground already gained in those countries which 
have placed partial prohibition, restrictions or strict regulations on the 

alcoholic liquor traffic, representing a total population of approximately 
600,000,000. 

Third—Safeguarding those nations which for long centuries have been 
under the influence of total abstinence religions, aggregating in pop¬ 
ulation approximately 750,000,000. 

Fourth—Protection of child races and backward peoples, aggregating 
250,000,000. 

Fifth—The adaptation of method and program to the conditions of each 
new day and age as they arise. 

Such a task can never be accomplished by commonly interpreted might or 
power, but only by the spirit of truth as that truth finds its way into the hearts 
and minds of the world’s millions. 


92 


The Spirit of Liberty 

The spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism is in harmony with 
the spirit of liberty. Compulsory elimination of beverage alcohol is on the 
same plane as compulsory public education. Alcoholism in all its phases tends 
toward restriction of individual rights and powers, and toward an enslaved so¬ 
cial order. The elimination of such an evil tends toward a fuller liberty of indi¬ 
vidual thought and action and toward a higher type of freedom for society. 

The spirit of liberty is never to be found in the careful guarding of one’s 
own personal rights. It manifests itself only when, and to the extent that, the 
individual show T s his devotion to the rights of others. 

That great English statesman, Edmund Burke, defined the true boundary 
lines of civil liberty when he said, “Men are qualified for civil liberty in exact 
proportion as their disposition to put chains upon their own appetites. . . . 
Society cannot exist unless a controlling power upon the will and appetite is 
placed somewhere; and the less of it there is within, the more there must be 
of it without. It is ordained in the eternal constitution of things that men 
of intemperate habits cannot be free; their passions forge their fetters.” 

The elimination of alcoholism means emancipation for the individual 
and for the race. 

The Spirit of Adventure 

The movement for the suppression of alcoholism throughout the world 
is an unparalleled appeal to the spirit of adventure. The adoption of national 
constitutional prohibition in the United States of America may appear to 
the casual observer to have been merely the placing of a police regulation in 
the basic law of the nation. As a matter of fact, it represents something more 
significant and more far-reaching. It marks a new mile stone in the road of 
constitutional government. Modern government has evolved through the so- 
called stages of the divine right of kings, the divine right of oligarchies, the 
divine right of property, the divine right of states, the divine right of communi¬ 
ties and the divine right of the individual. The modern age demands that spe¬ 
cial consideration be given to the divine right of all that is comprehended in 
the social order. The Constitution of the United States almost in its entirely, 
and those amendments to that Constitution not having to do with taxation or 
the regulation of government machinery, primarily aim at the protection of 
individual rights. The Eighteenth Amendment is the only exception. It 
places above individual rights the right of society to be protected from anti¬ 
social minorities. That amendment, therefore, in a peculiar sense is in har¬ 
mony with the highest function of government, namely, “to make it easy for 
men to do right, and difficult for men to do wrong.” 

Professor Carver, of Harvard University, has declared that the Eighteenth 
Amendment to the federal constitution of the United States is the greatest 
social experiment of modern times. As a policy of government, so far as town¬ 
ships, villages, counties and states are concerned, prohibition is no experiment. 
The only experiment is that which has to do with national and international 
emancipation from an age-old slavery. The project has wrapped up in it all 
the appeal, the thrill, the exhilaration, the challenge and the possibilities which 
belong to the modern spirit of adventure. 

93 



The Spirit of Loyalty 

This international movement for sobriety is in accord with the spirit of 
loyalty. The World League Against Alcoholism has no dream of any type 
of internationalism that is divorced from, or opposed to, national patriotism. 

Out of devotion to the family and the group and the community there has 
been builded national loyalty. Likewise, genuine national patriotism is the 
stuff out of which must be builded any true internationalism that is to benefit 
mankind and advance civilization. Therefore, one of the cardinal principles 
of this World League is that which insists upon the spirit of community, state 
and national loyalty and devotion to the ideals of patriotism, which of neces¬ 
sity place above all else the universality of moral principle. 

The Spirit of Toleration 

The methods employed by the World League Against Alcoholism em¬ 
phasize the desirability and the necessity of the spirit of toleration. That spirit 
find its mean between the extreme attitudes which Robert Browning described 
in speaking of those on the one hand “who believe something, and therefore 
tolerate nothing” and those on the other hand “ who tolerate everything be¬ 
cause they believe nothing.” 

The spirit of this World League is not that of dictation and demand but 
rather that of appeal to reason. It has no fixed procedure which others seek¬ 
ing the same objective must follow or be condemned. It boasts of no fancied 
corner on knowledge and wisdom. It claims no divine sanction for a particular 
panacea. 

It recognizes that different conditions in different nations require diversi¬ 
fied plans and programs, that the particular method applicable to France or 
Italy may be quite different from that applicable to Canada or the United 
States; that the social, moral, economic, and religious problems in South 
America may necessitate different treatment in Argentina or Chile from that 
required in Great Britain or Sweden. 

There are many roads that lead from many world fields toward the pole 
of success. The many ways that wind their paths the valley through, eventu¬ 
ally converge. The great objective is the same for all the world. 

The Spirit of Cooperation and Good Will 

The spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism, in the very nature of 
the case, is the spirit of cooperation and good will. The solution of the prob¬ 
lems of misunderstanding and of national and race hatred lies not in compe¬ 
tition but in cooperation. Slowly but surely the world moves toward such a 
conception. 

A 4,000 mile international boundary line, without a single fortress on either 
side, between the Dominion of Canada and the United States of America, is a 
magnificent illustration of the possibilities of cooperation in solving the world’s 
great international problems. 

In a narrow pass high in the Andes, upon the agreed boundary line between 
Argentina and Chile, molded from the bronze of melted cannon, stands a 
great statue of the Prince of Peace, upon which the traveler today may read 
the lines which declare that the mountains shall crumble into dust before Ar¬ 
gentines and Chileans break the peace which they have pledged to each other. 

94 


Thus the Christ of the Andes stands as a constant reminder of the spirit of 
international cooperation and good will. 

In that same spirit, the World League Against Alcoholism today appeals 
to the moral forces of every nation to join in a world-wide crusade against one 
of the arch enemies of modern civilization. 

When alcoholism shall have been banished from all lands, international 
diplomacy, international treaty conferences, and international arbitration com¬ 
missions will more easily find paths that lead toward world peace. 

The Spirit of Perseverance and Patience 

The spirit of the World League is likewise the spirit of perseverance and 
patience. Reforms are evolutions, not revolutions. The long, long struggle 
for adoption in life of the Ten Commandments, for the institution of popular 
government, for the prohibition of human slavery, and for the establishment 
of popular education, all belong to the evolutionary processes in reform. The 
struggle for the emancipation of the race from alcoholism is already one 
hundred and fifty years old. Practically the same proportion of the popu¬ 
lation of the world is now under national prohibition as that of the population 
of the United States which was under state prohibition thirty years ago. 

Yesterday the protest against alcoholism was “a voice in the wilderness.” 
Today that voice is heard in every language and in every land. The ferment 
is at work, and in the fulness of time this gigantic social problem must 
also yield to the triumph of mind over matter. “They that wait upon Je- 
havoh shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; 
they shall run and not be weary; they shall walk and not faint.”—“they that 
wait.” 

The Spirit of Education 

At the very heart of the world movement against alcoholism is the spirit 
of education. 

That great philosopher, Aristotle, uttered a profound truth when he de¬ 
clared that “the fate of empires depends on the education of youth.” 

Whence came prohibition of beverage alcohol in the United States of 
America? Political manipulation and strategy, methods and policy, organized 
correlation of reform groups, have all had their place in the progress of the 
movement, but the underlying basic reason for the adoption of national prohibi¬ 
tion in America lies in the significant fact of the compulsory teaching of scien¬ 
tific temperance truth in the public schools of every state of the nation in the 
eighties and nineties of the last century. The boys and girls in the public 
schools of that period became the men and women armed with knowledge of 
the truth, who submitted, ratified and adopted the Eighteenth Amendment to 
the federal constitution and wrote prohibition into the statutes of the states 
and the nation. 

The only hope for the solution of the age-old problem of alcoholism lies 
in the knowledge of the truth by the people. 

The Spirit of Service and Sacrifice 

The spirit of this World League is the spirit of sacrifice and service. One 
of the greatest strategies of the baseball game is that involved in the sacri¬ 
fice hit by which the batter is himself put out but by which another player ad- 


vances toward the goal and the chances of winning the game are increased. 

There is no law of nature or of life more nearly inexorable than that law 
w’hich insists that he who serves must pay the price for the privilege, and that 
the greater the service to be rendered, the greater the price that must be paid. 

Service and sacrifice constitute the price that the World League recog¬ 
nizes as essential in its program which primarily involves the winning, not of 
the next general election, but of the next generation. It was this great funda¬ 
mental truth which was responsible for that clear declaration of the Man of 
Galilee, so applicable in our day to individuals, institutions, and nations,, 
namely that “he that would be chief” must of necessity “become the servant 
of all.” 

The Spirit of the Seeker After Truth 

Finally, the spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism is the spirit of 
the seeker after truth, determined to find and willing to face truth regardless 
of what may thereby be involved in the way of adjustments of programs, re¬ 
tracing of steps, and modification of courses previously charted. 

Olive Schreiner, that remarkable woman of South Africa, in her Book of 
Dreams, tells the story of a hunter who lived in a certain valley and who, 
because of his success, was the idol of the community in which he lived. 
One day as he stood in the rushes by a lake, a great shadow passed over him 
and there was reflected in the water a wonderful bird with white plumage and 
silver wings. When he looked up the thing was gone. 

Immediately there took possession of him a wild desire to see and hold 
that beautiful bird. All day he waited but she did not come. He went home 
at evening with an empty bag. 

Day after day he wandered by the lakes and in the woods, but his quest 
was fruitless. He lost all interest in everything save the one quest for the ob¬ 
ject of his dreams. 

One day he took from his bosom the shuttle of imagination, wound on it 
the thread of his wishes, and wove a net. He scattered upon the net a few 
grains of credulity which his father had left him, and succeeded in catching a 
number of beautiful birds with bright colored plumage. Among them was one 
who sang a song of “A Human God,” another whose song emphasized “Re¬ 
ward after death,” but the most beautiful of all, with its dark, mythical plum¬ 
age, was the bird that sang of his peculiar conception of “Immortality.” 

He built a cage called “A New Creed.” in which he placed the birds, to the 
delight of his neighbors and friends, and those wdio had lost interest came 
again and praised him and talked about his great success and his beautiful 
birds. 

One day there stood before him an old man named Wisdom, to whom he 
told all that had happened. The old man declared that there was such a bird, 
the reflection of which he had seen in the lake. He said that the name of the 
bird was Truth; that she could not live in the valleys of superstition; that 
she required the rarefied atmosphere of the mountains; that she would not feed 
on credulity; that she could not be entrapped in any net w’oven of wishes; 
that men who had sought her had sometimes found an occasional silver feather 
that had fallen from her wings, and that the time would come when a suffi¬ 
cient number of such feathers might be made into a cord and that cord woven 

96 


into a net in which Truth might be caught; for only Truth, he said, can hold 
Truth. The old man said that he who would find Truth must first leave the 
valleys of superstition; must go through the marshes of negation and de¬ 
nial until the light gleamed; and then must follow that light into the country 
of dry sunshine. There, said he, the mountains of stern reality will rise be¬ 
fore him, and beyond the mountains Truth may be found. 

At once the hunter was determined upon his course. He broke open the 
cage, the bars of which tore his hands. He let his wonderful birds go free. 
For a while he kept the black, mystical bird, but it became heavy in his bosom 
and at last he also was compelled to let it go, saying as it flew from him that 
probably somewhere he would find it again in the realm of Truth. 

The night which he spent in the marshes of negation and denial was on^ 
of horror and temptation, but when the first light broke on the horizon, he 
arose and followed it toward the mountains which loomed before him and 
seemed not far away. By and by the road he traveled grew narrow. Finally 
it came to be a mere path and at last all indications of a pathway faded, while 
the mountains seemed infinitely farther away than they had appeared at the 
dawn. On he went, however, into the foothills, until finally he came to a great 
ledge of rock which he could not scale. For days and months he carried stones 
and toiled, until he had builded a stairway by which he reached the top of the 
ledge, only to find that he faced another greater rock, which he was compelled 
4 o scale by cutting niches for his hands and feet. 

Days and months and years wore on, but he continued his work. His 
fingers stiffened, his hair whitened, his strength waned. Finally he came to 
realize that if he ever reached the top of the ledge, he would never be able 
to go farther. But he worked on, and at last, an old man, broken and feeble, 
holding on by grim determination, he cut the last niche in the rock and threw 
himself on what appeared to be but a shelf from which he saw the mountains 
piercing the clouds. He realized that his day was over, that his part of the 
task was completed, that his quest was ended. He looked down through the 
mist across the valley and thought of how much better it would be to die 
among his old friends and comrades, and then he heard voices and realized that 
the young fellows were coming up the trail that he had blazed, that they 
would soon mount the stairway that he had built, that by means of the niches 
,i‘ the rock they would quickly climb to the ledge that he had reached only 
after a life of toil, and that, young and fresh and vigorous, they would be able 
to go on up the mountains; all this passed through his mind, and he was content. 
Blindness came over him. He could no longer see the sun. In his dying moment 
there was a stir in the air. Softly there fluttered down something that fell upon 
his breast. He touched it with his hand. It was a feather. 

That represents the spirit of this great movement for the emancipation of 
the race—that spirit which is content to follow the gleam; that spirit which sets 
itself to go just as far in the quest for truth as it may go; that spirit which 
is willing to pay the price for the privilege of service; that spirit which makes 
a path and builds a stairway for the generations yet to be. 


97 


THE MOVEMENT AGAINST ALCOHOLISM IN EUROPE 

Dr. Robert Hercod 

Of the Swiss Total Abstinence Federation 

The attention of this conference especially falls upon the situation in the 
different European countries, so that my task now is rather to give you a 
general idea of our difficulties in Europe, of our methods of work, of the 
success which we have perhaps attained, and of some special international 
aspects of our movement over there. Our difficulties first:—I believe that 
sometimes some of our American friends who belong to a nation which likes 
to be fast-moving, underrate our difficulties. They feel that we are too slow, 
that we are lagging behind. It is true, unhappily, it is true, but you must 
consider the difficulty of our work. First, the power of the business or financial 
interest engaged in the production and sale of alcoholic beverages is very great 
in Europe, quite especially in the vine growing countries. If you travel in 
France, Spain, Italy, you will find a great part of the country is occupied in the 
culture of the vine. There the situation is not so difficult but it is more difficult 
in Spain, Austria Hungary, in some parts of Germany, in Roumania, in Bul¬ 
garia. Millions and millions of people are living, in our countries, from the 
production and sale of alcoholic beverages. If you speak to the people of the 
possibility of drastic reduction of alcoholic consumption or total suppression of 
alcoholic beverages, they are immediately afraid because for them their means 
of living would disappear. They do not understand that there will not be a 
revolution but an evolution because little by little the consumption will de¬ 
crease, and that it is possible from the grape to prepare non-alcoholic products 
so that the wine growers will not be even weakened by prohibition, but they 
don’t understand it and they resist anything that is done to fight against al¬ 
cohol. A few years ago, for instance, I read in one of our Swiss papers an 
article in which was the request to muzzle and to jail the propagandists against 
alcoholism, because they were really the enemies of the nation—quite as if 
they had been red propagandists. If there are any differences in the center and 
in the south of Europe, alcoholism is more insidious but less brutal than it is in 
other countries. Our people are accustomed to drinking wine and beer. They 
drink it slowly. They don’t get drunk very quickly, but they drink in their 
renowned beer gardens.and French cafes, they drink for hours and hours and 
hours. Of course, for anybody who is the least familiar with the scientific side 
of the alcohol question, and who knows how to observe the facts, these people 
are really alcoholics. They impair their health, they waste their resources even 
if they can control themselves, if they are not troublesome publicly. At home 
they lose their tempers. The lives of their wives and children are miserable; 
and when I read in this country it is proposed to give you happiness for all 
time by the introduction of light wines and beers, I have only a smile of com¬ 
miseration for this ignorance, for in our country this insidious and hidden form 
of alcoholism is deceiving many people so that the danger is less recognized 
and we are classed as fanatics. 

Europe, the old world, is much more attached to traditions than the new 
country. It is true that the immigrants in new countries have brought with 
them their traditions from foreign countries, but they live in such new sur¬ 
roundings that the necessary traditions have not such power on them as they 

98 


have on our population which remains on the same soil for hundreds, thousands 
of years. The drink tradition, in Europe, is still all powerful. It is consid¬ 
ered that no future, public, political, or social life is possible without drink, 
and I often have the impression that drink is for many of our fellow citizens 
in Europe really a kind of religion—they have two religions, the Christian, 
open and public, and perhaps at the bottom of their heart is the religion of 
wine. Our people in some parts of Spain and France, when they enter the 
wine cellar have the same feeling of respect that they have when entering 
the church. 

The last occasion of difficulty we have in Europe is the occasion which 
has been created by the war, quite especially the economic decrease of our 
populations. You hardly can imagine that it is really little short of a miracle 
that in this past four years it has been possible to maintain the movement 
against alcoholism. The southern part of the country is quite at the begin¬ 
ning of the work, owing to the strong position of wines. But as you ob¬ 
serve conditions in the central part of Europe, you will see that a great cre¬ 
ative work has been done already. We owe quite a bit to the German speaking 
world. In Germany, Austria and German Switzerland, I make mention of the 
v, ork which scientists have given us, so that we have not only morality but 
also science on our side. And in such countries in Central Europe you can 
already think of carrying strong legislative measures against alcoholism. 
In the east of Europe, quite especially, local option is our aim and there is 
a great difference between countries. The movement there is quite feeble; 
for instance, in Roumania, and Jugo-Slavia. However, we have a little country 
—Bulgaria—which proclaims that she will be the first to be dry in the whole 
Eastern part of Europe. Again, in this country I have been impressed with 
the vigor, with the freshness of our movement. To be received at each sta¬ 
tion by hundreds and hundreds of young people who are enthusiastic for total 
abstinence and prohibition is a spectacle we have not in every country of 
Europe and the fact is perhaps significant that Bulgaria has a National Tem¬ 
perance day and that the date of this day is the date at which Prohibition was 
first introduced into the United States. They wish to imitate you and I be¬ 
lieve they are doing it. Furthermore, we have the countries which throw the 
spotlight on our picture—not only Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, but 
also the Baltic Sea countries where we have strong measures against Alco¬ 
holism, even Prohibition in Finland, and will have in others of these coun¬ 
tries in the near future. But I will leave to the representatives of these 
countries the pleasure of telling you of the progress that has been made. 

It remains to give you an idea of international anti-alcoholic life in Europe. 
As I told you yesterday, it is quite difficult. We have not only strong branches 
cf international societies which are known also in the United States—the 
Templars Order and White Ribbon, but we have also, many international 
European Federations such as the International Federation of the Blue Cross 
with about 100,000 members in half a dozen countries, the International Roman 
Catholic Federation, International organizations of abstaining physicians, 
teachers, laymen, etc. We have also our International Congresses against^ 
Alcoholism which, of course, are not especially of Europe but which have 
been held practically always in Europe and are considered European affairs. 

99 


And these congresses are great meeting points of all these Federations and 
Societies. This gives me the opportunity to invite you, many of you at least, 
very cordially to the next International Congress Against Alcoholism to be 
held in Europe, at Antwerp, the fine Belgian harbor, the third week of 
7 August next year. I hope we will see many of you at this great meeting. I 
should like, also, because I have been requested to do it, to speak a little 
of the work of the International Agency which is helping the movement in 
the whole of Europe and governments interested in the question. This is 
our International Bureau Against Alcoholism which is the European Scien¬ 
tific Department of the World League Against Alcoholism. It is difficult for a 
father to speak of his child, so that I will be brief, telling you only that this 
bureau is the center of information for all questions in the relations with the 
alcoholic problem—not only physiological but also the social facts about al¬ 
coholism and all the methods of fighting against the evil. We have a great 
library on the alcohol problem in many languages, classified, and all we know, 
all we have, we put at the disposal of those interested in the question. We 
send many letters, answering requests for information regarding publication 
or press communications in English, French, German, with the publication of a 
Scientific Review Against Alcoholism, an international year book of the Alco¬ 
hol question, quite especially answering the many misleading statements which 
appear in the daily press, about half of these articles or more are devoted to 
American prohibition. I have the impression sometimes that I am a kind of 
outpost of American Prohibition in Europe, so often I have to answer articles 
concerning American prohibition. I am obliged to take letters in four or five 
languages, I am obliged to read papers or documents in about twenty dif¬ 
ferent languages. We are thankful that this activity has been possible owing 
to the interest of the World League. Without its help this activity would not 
have been possible and if this help should fail us, we could not continue the 
work. Finally, our bureau will perhaps have to render a greater service in 
connection with the League of Nations. I don’t speak here of the League of 
Nations as a political institution. I know the feelings of a good many Ameri¬ 
can citizens but it is a fact that the League of Nations is a federation of more 
than 50 governments and that it must be considered as an important institu¬ 
tion, and we temperance reformers can only be glad if this institution is begin¬ 
ning to interest itself in the alcohol question which it is just now beginning 
to do. We succeeded, the leaders of temperance work in Europe, in inducing 
first the Finnish government with which Poland and Sweden later associated 
themselves, to ask last year at the assembly of the League of Nations that 
the League include in its program the study of the alcohol question. It was 
decided to postpone the discussion of the question on this proposal to the as¬ 
sembly of this year, opening on the 5th of September, at Geneva. And the 
three governments of last year decided to submit to the league more precise 
proposals. We sent a special letter to the General Secretary of the League of 
Nations and had the pleasure of having three foreign ministers sign this 
letter—Denmark, Jugo-Slavia and Belgium. It was quite important to have 
Belgium and Jugo-Slavia because the foreign ministers were Mr. Vandervelde 
and Dr. Benes, world renowned statesmen. There will be a great debate in 
September on three proposals: 


100 


1. It is requested that the Council of the League of Nations convoke a 
convention for the establishment of a general universal convention against 
the smuggling of alcohol, an evil in America and many parts of Europe. 

2. It is requested that an Advisory Alcohol Committee be constituted at 
the League of Nations as a center of investigation also for the alcohol ques¬ 
tion, at the disposal of the departments of the League and the governments of 
the world. 

3. It is requested that the practical work to be done be entrusted to our 
bureau which would then be put under the authority of the League of Nations. 

There will be a big battle at Geneva on the alcohol question. Some will 
say, it has already been said last year, that it is an attempt to “pussyfoot” 
the world with the League of Nations. It is not so. It is impossible to 
think of the League of Nations imposing prohibition upon the world. The 
League can help us, perhaps, even recommending some forms of the fight. 
It cannot go further; but in spite of the mention of the proposals which are 
submitted, I read three days ago that France and Italy, wine countries, had 
decided to fight this proposal and to lead the fight on the other side. I have 
been busy traveling over Europe before sailing to the United States. I have 
seen many foreign ministers and I believe that we will get the majority for 
these proposals at the League of Nations, which will be important for our 
work in the old world. I may say here that we have some hopes that if 
ttie United States is requested as a government to collaborate in this part of 
the work of the League, they will fight also in the fight against .Alcoholism. 
We have some hope that the U. S. Government will consider with full impar¬ 
tiality the opportunity of this collaboration and it is quite sure the Council 
of the League of Nations will invite the collaboration of the U. S. Government. 

It is important for us to get a victory at Geneva, for then the govern¬ 
ments which are sometimes so indifferent will understand that the alcohol 
question is not the hobby of a few fanatics but such an important question 
that the assembly of the League in which are seated perhaps twenty or thirty 
foreign ministers, foremost statesmen of the world, must concern itself every 
year with the alcohol question; and the other gain will be this: it will give our 
movement a tremendous impetus. There will be a report to the League every 
year and a discussion of this report and thousands of newspaper men who at¬ 
tend the assembly of the League of Nations will have to include this report 
in their papers. I believe a report on the alcohol question in the assembly of 
the League of Nations is exceedingly important. 


SOBER OFFICIALS THE FIRST GREAT STEP TOWARD VICTORY 

By W. D. Upshaw 

Former Congressman from Atlanta, Oa. 

A few men rule the world—a few master spirits lead and all the earth are 
followers. Whether in the realm political, the realm commercial, the realm 
social or the realm moral and religious, the history of leadership has been 
the history of mankind. 

Names that “are writ where stars are lit” have been the torchbearers for 
the upward march of our Christian civilization. How beautiful the contem¬ 
plation of those who have dedicated their inspiring qualities of leadership to 

101 



♦ he moral and spiritual emancipation of upward struggling humanity! They 
loved, they labored, they wrought, they fought, they suffered, they died, they 
fell with face toward the sunrise of a better day, and although centuries 
have come and piled upon them that effacing weight of attrition beneath 
which polished shaft and sculptored column have crumbled into dust, these 
dynamic names that were linked to God and Truth still pierce the ages with 
their increasing splendor, until as we meet today in this great world gather¬ 
ing of holy comradeship in behalf of humanity’s higher freedom we are 
singing in solemn yet jubilant hallelujah chorus— 

“Out of the darkness of the night, 

The world rolls into light, 

It is daybreak everywhere.” 

I once heard Dr. J. B. Hawthorne, a prohibition pioneer of Atlanta, de¬ 
clare in an impassioned burst of sacred oratory as he pictured God’s leaders in 
building the Kingdom Eternal: “These are the suncrowned mountain peaks 
that skirt the shores of the world’s moral scenery!” 

If asked to give the first great step toward our complete prohibition vic¬ 
tory, I unhesitatingly announce “Sober Officials—Sober Leadership every¬ 
where.” A drinking official, local, state or national, in a country that has 
constitutionally outlawed intoxicating liquors, is a shocking moral tragedy 
and an intolerant incongruity. 

If “eternal vigilance is the price of liberty” than sober leadership on the 
part of all officials is the first great step toward perfected and everlasting pro¬ 
hibition. It is as true now as it was when I said it in Congress on that quiet 
Wednesday afternoon, December 20, 1922, calling on President Harding to 
issue a total abstinence proclamation. 

“No longer must these ‘higher-ups’ say ‘go’ at the end of an official lash. 
They must say ‘come’ in all the glory and effectiveness of consistent leader¬ 
ship.” 

I had been feeling for a long time that something ought to be said to 
rebuke the drinking in official Washington, but as the old colored brother 
down in Georgia said, “I had been waiting for the ‘zoological’ moment.” And 
when the President came before Congress and declared that “the violation 
of our prohibition law savors of a nation-wide scandal and is the most de¬ 
moralizing factor in our American life,” and also stated that he was going to 
call for the White House a conference of Governors to try to find out the best 
way to enforce prohibition, I thought the ‘zoological’ moment had come—for 
I happened to know that some of the Governors were drinking the liquor that 
they were proposing to deny the poor devil down in the street or the back 
alley who was foolish enough to want it. And so, in utter honesty, I simply 
arose and said: 

“If these Governors who are putting their feet under the president’s ma¬ 
hogany at the White House want to get anywhere with their prohibition con¬ 
ference let them remember the words of the immortal and beloved Sam Jones 
when he said: ‘If you want to reform the world, begin on yourself and then 
you will have one grand rascal out of the way.’ Let these governors, con¬ 
gressmen, senators, cabinet officers, judges, prosecuting attorneys and what 

102 


not, led by the president and vice president, walk out in the open and lifting 
their hands before high heaven, take a new oath of allegiance to the Consti¬ 
tution and the flag. Let them declare that regardless of what their personal 
tastes and practices have been, never again, will they swear to defend the 
constitution ‘without mental reservation or purpose of evasion’ and then help 
a bootlegger to build up his barbarous business before midnight.” 

Ladies and Gentlemen, I believe till this good day that such a simple, 
straight-forward demand on the part of a member of Congress or any other 
American citizen is as sane as sanity itself and is crammed full of fundamental 
patriotism and national decency. 

Search that simple declaration through and through and I believe you will 
find in it at once both the challenge and the solution of our national problem 
today. 

The rank and file of the American masses must be led to believe that 
officials high and low are practicing the prohibition which they propose to 
enforce in others. And everywhere in wet Europe as well as dry America 
many people seem wholesomely shocked to think of all officials practicing the 
prohibition the law demands. In the name of common decency, why should 
not every official who drinks be scourged from office? 

It was just a short time before our party sailed for Europe that the 
golden hearted President Harding gave the nation and the world a moral thrill 
by declaring in his immortal speech in Denver in the very hall where William 
J. Bryan was one time nominated for president, that he had become con¬ 
vinced that it was his duty and the duty of every official to personally obey 
our Prohibition law as a sage example for the youth of America. Thank 
God for that deathless utterance just before he died. 

Warren G. Harding was an honest, God-fearing man—yes, and he was 
frank enough and honest enough to freely confess to some of our leaders who 
are present at this convention that he had not always believed in nor prac- 
t : ced total abstinence; but that knightly man had a regnant conscience, a kingly 
soul, and a patriotic heart, and in the sacred recesses of that honest, chivalric 
soul he fought out the question of his personal and official responsibility to the 
God of his creation, the iChrist of his redemption, and the citizenship of the 
nation to whose constitution I saw him lift his right hand and swear al¬ 
legiance “without mental reservation of purpose of evasion” as he stood on the 
steps of the capitol before that mighty inauguration throng in Washington. 
He remembered, too, how he placed his finger upon this verse in his Bible 
and read: “O man, what is good; and what doth the Lord require of thee, but 
to do justly, to love mercy and to walk humbly before thy God.” 

He remembered doubtless the tears—tears crystal with the light of the 
skies—that flashed in countless eyes as the new President of the nation thus 
publicly dedicated himself to God, to the United States of America and the 
nation’s prohibition constitution; and Warren G. Harding, the Christian man 
and patriotic president, breaking the shackles that had long bound him to so¬ 
cial convention and the dangerous habits of certain boon companions, stood 
erect in the beauty and glory of his God-fearing manhood and his presidential 
leadership—a new moral stimulus to America, a new inspiration to the world. 

Among the sacred mementoes of my official life in Washington I cherish a 

103 


personal letter from President Harding concerning this vital matter, showing 
his expanding heart and growing conscience in this great moral battle—yes 
and I am human enough to cherish another utterance concerning it, and I 
believe you are likewise human enough to forgive my reference to it, especially 
when you remember that the big wet dailies of America have published enough 
about the ‘radical dry Upshaw’ to sink a ship. Concerning that Denver dec¬ 
laration of President Harding, Raymond Clapper, the brilliant United News 
feature writer in Washington said: “This water wagon declaration of President 
Harding is the climax of Representative Upshaw’s fight in Congress for sober 
officials; since he began that fight there has been more conscience at work 
among public men in Washington than they have been willing to admit.’ 

I would like for some faithful friend to carve upon my grave-stone, that 
summing up of the Literary Digest, that certainly plays no favorites with 
Southern Democratic representatives: “To Congressman Upshaw is due the 
credit of awakening the conscience of America on the subject of sober of¬ 
ficials.” 

America needs a new baptism of conscience concerning the enormity of 
the crime of the bootlegger, and his supporting patron until it shall be con¬ 
sidered a crime against the constitution and national decency to elect any 
official—local, state or national—who personally drinks the liquor outlawed 
by the very constitution he solemnly swears to support and defend. We must 
teach our children around our family altars what every teacher should 
teach them in the schools as they salute the flag and “pledge alle¬ 
giance to the Republic for which it stands” that the counterfeiter of money 
is an angel of light beside a bootlegger. If you call that statement radical or 
extreme, just wait a minute and I will prove it: The counterfeiter whom you 
would shun as a man with the smallpox, puts money in his pocket in defiance 
of law by manipulating paper and metal—that’s all. The worst thing he can do 
to you or your child is to leave in your hand and purse a bad coin that does 
not touch nor blight body and soul; but the bootlegger puts money in his 
pocket in defiance of law by manipulating boys and girls and men and women 
—stabbing the constitution, trampling the stars and stripes, and debauching 
humanity, body and soul for time and eternity. The bootlegger will put 
money in his pocket by selling outlawed poison, knowing that he will send the 
buyer staggering home on the heart of the mother of his children—or he will 
Sell poison to your high school boy—O God! and to your high school girl, 
knowing he will send them staggering home on the bleeding heart of the 
mother who bore them. 

That is the bootlegger—the enemy of the constitution, the enemy of the 
flag, the enemy of God and the enemy of man. He deserves no sympathy 
from the law. The judge who, for the sake of politics or liquor, will merely 
fine such a blackhearted scoundrel and turn him loose to ply his hellish trade 
again, when he could put him behind the bars, is not fit to preside over a 
flock of buzzards or a den of pole cats. He barters the nation's soul. There 
is only one man worse than this bootlegger—and that is the man whose clan¬ 
destine patronage makes the bootlegger possible—the man who puts his de¬ 
praved appetite above the constitution of his country—the bibulous, reveling 
scofflaw who claims our beautiful flag to protect his bank, his factory, his for- 


tune and even his family, but who spits on that flag—who scoffs at its stars and 
sneers at its stripes, when he wants a drink of bootleg liquor. I know him. J 
see him in my town—you see him in your town. May God forgive the reeking 
anarchy of his law-defying, guilty soul. 

He is the dangerous, ‘undesirable” citizen who tells the Republican party 
to follow the advice of the ponderously brilliant president of Columbia Uni¬ 
versity—and who calls on the Democratic party to follow the leadership of 
the insidiously damp and dangerously popular damp governor of New York 
and nominate damp candidates on boozy, leaking platforms. Yes—and by the 
‘Eternal’ (reverently spoken) we are the people who will tell them that it 
shall not be done! 

We are the dry Democrats and dry Republicans who serve the leaders of 
both parties with notice now that if they do prove traitor to the spirit of the 
constitution that has been made sober by due governmental process there will 
be the most gigantic wholesale smashing of party mandates in a new political 
movement on moral, constitutional grounds that this country has ever known 
since Columbus discovered America. We dare them to try it. 

I speak now as a southern man and a Democrat without apology here or 
anywhere, and I would not be square with my conscience, my section, my 
party or my country if I did not answer frankly the question which I know 
is uppermost in your minds. I refuse to allow you dear Republicans to corner 
all the prohibition virtue in the country just because the Governors of New 
York, New Jersey and Maryland happen to be wet Democrats. I remind 
you that Nicholas Murray Butler is as wet as A1 Smith if not wetter; Wm. 
S. Vare of Pennsylvania is just as wet as the Democratic governor of New Jer¬ 
sey; and the Lord knows that Governor Ritchie of Maryland, the wet demo¬ 
cratic presidential aspirant who was afraid he might be ethically and morally 
contaminated if he debated with our stainless champion Wayne B. Wheeler, 
can claim no damp diadem of liquorized glory over my old congressional Nem¬ 
esis, John Phillip Hill. 

“Liquor is liquor, wherever found, 

On Democratic or Republican ground.” 

and over against all the bad things you virtuous Republicans can say about 
our wet Democratic Gallivan of Massachusetts I offer your own terrible 
Tinkham of Boston. They shake their fists at each other on the strict party 
vote, but they fall on each other’s wet bosoms when booze is the order of 
the day. 

These Boston twins—one a Democrat and the other a Republican—are 
so much alike on the question of liquor that they are like two falling raindrops 
that so beautifully coalesce that the identity of one is lost in the identity of 
the other. 

That’s liquor. Liquor has neither conscience nor character, politics 
or patriotism. Liquor will turn a Republican into a Democrat overnight, and, 
worse than all from the standpoint of my dry Democratic soul, it will change 
a Democrat into a Republican. And in this international audience where 
many hail from His Majesty’s kingdom, you are especially prepared to enjoy 
the squib that came to me from New York as a part of the avalanche of let- 

105 


ters that poured in upon me when I began my fight for sober officials: 

“Four and twenty Yankees, feeling mighty dry, 

Took a trip to Canada and bought a case of rye; 

When the rye was opened the Yanks began to sing, 

To hell with the President—God save the King!” 

That’s liquor! And down in my southland where a prohibitionized Democ¬ 
racy arose in its righteous wrath and drove the saloon from our borders many 
years before the Eighteenth Amendment was enacted, we have definitely made 
up our minds that the sober Democracy that emancipated the south will 
never again vote to send a liquor man from New York or any other state 
to the beautiful White House of this prohibition nation. 

And let me be frank and honest with you: In this high and ardent hour 
and on this spot where history is being made, I warn the Democratic leader¬ 
ship, as Henry Grady used to say, ‘'not in bitterness but in sorrow;” we are 
willing to sit around the council table with our brethren from all sections, 
weigh economic questions and give and take on the tariff and all other forms 
of revenue, but on a great moral question like the enforcement of the Eight¬ 
eenth Amendment which fought its way into our constitution after generations 
of education and agitation sanctified by the tears and prayers of the over¬ 
whelming majority of the American people, we swear by the hopes and the 
battles and the graves of our praying fathers and mothers that we will never 
surrender one inch or atom on this great question, which involves the very soul 
of this nation. 

And if the titular heads of the party to which I proudly belong—the party 
which I honestly believe holds the economic hope of the masses—are deter¬ 
mined to cloud and shroud and dim that hope in the fumes of beer kegs and 
liquor bottles—if they, forgetting the better fruitage of San Francisco and 
Madison Square Garden, prove that they care more for the wishes of the big 
wet cities like New York and Chicago than they do for the sober God-fearing 
masses of America and nominate the wet Governor of New York who led 
his state to secede from the Constitutional union, or the wet Governor of 
Maryland whose state has never joined the prohibition union, or that bril¬ 
liant wet blister on the body politic, the wet Senator from Missouri, or any 
other liquor man—if they dare thus to trample our sober constitution, while 
the Republicans are sensible enough to come out in platform and candidates 
one hundred per cent for constitutional loyalty and sobriety—mark my words, 
there will be more millions of pro tern Republicans born over night south of 
the Mason and Dixon Line than this country has ever seen since the 
morning stars sang together. 

That dynamic American, Wm. G. McAdoo, rightly declared in his won¬ 
derful Toledo speech, that it is a straight battle in this country “between the 
black flag of nullification and the white banner of constitutional decency and 
loyalty.” 

God give us sober officials everywhere who will lead America up that 
great Appian way along which the struggling nations of earth will climb as 
they follow the stainless flag to the beauty and glory of a sober world. 


106 


REPORT 

of Bishop James Cannon, Jr., 

Chairman of the Executive Committee of the World League Against Alcoholism 

Disappointment, regret are not sufficiently strong words to express my 
feelings in view of the fact that I cannot be present at the Convention at 
Winona Lake. I have given so much thought, time and effort to the work 
of the World League Against Alcoholism that I can hardly agree that I shall 
not be able to attend the convention. But there are two reasons which pre¬ 
vent my attendance. First, for the past eight years I have been the repre¬ 
sentative of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, upon the Executive Com¬ 
mittee of the World Conference on Faith and Order, the time and place of 
which conference was fixed two years ago for August 3-21, at Lausanne, Swit¬ 
zerland, and it is my duty to attend if by any means able to do so. Therefore, 
J had stated in advance that I could not be at Winona Lake August 17-24. 
Secondly, after an attack of African fever, which greatly depleted my vitality, 
and which I supposed would prevent my going to Lausanne, my physicians 
decided that I must not attempt to carry on even routine work for three 
months, and positively forbade attendance upon a convention as strenuous 
as the one at Winona Lake would be for World League officials, and I had 
reluctantly begun to think that I would miss the fellowship of both gatherings. 
But the insistent demand by letter, telephone and telegraph that I take up not 
only routine work but special work caused my physicians to decide that I 
would recover more rapidly in Europe than at home, and so I am a compara¬ 
tively quiet on-looker at Lausanne, which I know could not be so at Winona 
Lake. 

My activities as Chairman of the World League Executive Committee 
have been carried on of necessity in connection with my work as a Meth¬ 
odist Bishop, as Chairman of the Commission on Temperance and Special 
Service of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, as a member of Committees 
of the Federal Council, of the Universal Conference on Life and Work, of 
Near East Relief and of Faith and Order. In these various relationships, I 
have visited, with small expense to the League, every country in Europe 
except Albania and Roumania ; —many of them several times—several of the 
countries of Western Asia, and Egypt, Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Belgian 
Congo, North and South Rhodesia, South Africa, Mexico, Cuba, Brazil, the 
Argentine, Chili and Peru. In nearly every one of these countries I have 
been able, as Chairman of the World League Executive Committee, to hold 
group meetings of leaders and usually to address public meetings of greater 
or less size and importance. In this brief report it will of course be im¬ 
possible to enter into very much detail, but some things deserve special 
mention. 

The breadth of the declared policy of the World League, “the suppres¬ 
sion of alcoholism,” gives it an entrance into every country. 

For there is no country with an organized form of government, which 
does not officially recognize the exceptional nature of the traffic in intoxicating 
liquors and which does not brand alcoholism as an evil. And this generally 
admitted fact furnishes a reason, a basis, for the holding of small confer- 

107 


ences and public meetings to discuss the best methods to combat this menace 
to the individual and to the entire social order. 

It is difficult to overcome even in many well-meaning, high-minded people 
the idea that the liquor traffic is a necessary evil, so entrenched in the songs, 
general literature, habits, customs, and even the financial life of the world 
that the best which can be hoped for is the prevention, if possible, of open 
habitual drunkenness with the grosser, more demoralizing evils of alcoholism, 
(especially those which are flagrant attacks upon the peace, comfort and safety 
of society at large.) It is one of the most encouraging, hopeful signs that a 
breach has been made in this wall of mental inertia and moral stagnation, and 
that morally-minded men and women who cannot repudiate or ignore their 
personal responsibility for their influence upon society and government, have 
been compelled to recognize and to attempt a fair appraisal of what is being 
proposed and actually being done to combat, to curb and to destroy alco¬ 
holism and its attendant deplorable destructive results. 

It is the specific task of the World League Against Alco¬ 
holism to educate the intellect and the conscience of individuals and of world 
society to secure not only individual but organized co-operative social effort 
to suppress alcoholism, as one of the great curses of the human race. 

While the Federal Prohibition law of the United States, commonly 
called the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, is necessarily pro¬ 
ductive of greater immediate practical results in the United States than else¬ 
where, yet the effect upon the thought of the rest of the world has been tre¬ 
mendous—greater than the effect of any other action of a social nature which 
has ever been taken by any nation in the history of the world. The United 
States holds such a position in the life of the world today that no nation 
however great or powerful, can ignore or minimize her moral or governmental 
decision on any question. Every visitor of any prominence from the United 
States to any country is faced with one interrogation point: “What about 
Prohibition?” Therefore it has usually not been difficult to get a hearing, 
before an audience containing generally both sympathetic and critical, not 
to say antagonistic elements. 

As Chairman of your Executive Committee I have made addresses at 
Methodist conferences in Germany, Austria, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Fin¬ 
land, Latvia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Cuba, Mexico and Brazil; and at con¬ 
ventions on alcoholism in Biickeberg, Nuremburg, Copenhagen, Dorpat and 
Geneva. 

The most notable discussion of Alcoholism was at the Universal Chris¬ 
tian Conference on Life and Work at Stockholm in August, 1925, and the 
most significant and far-reaching action which has ever been taken on the 
subject of “Drink” by the United Christian Churches of the world, (not in¬ 
cluding Roman Catholics) was taken by that body. 

This conference was the most representative and important gathering of 
Christian churches which has been held in over a thousand years. Thirty- 
seven countries were represented in the conference. The American people 
received from the secular press reports very little idea of the importance of 
the actions taken by the Stockholm conference. On the subject of “Drink,” the 

108 


action of the conference was epoch-making, but our American public would 
never have supposed such to be the case from the reports they received. 

In most of the thirty-seven countries represented there is no civil law 
against the manufacture or sale of intoxicants, nor is there any church law re¬ 
stricting the use of intoxicants by either ministers or church members, many of 
whom of unquestioned Christian character use intoxicants to a greater or less 
extent. While total abstinence is practiced by many, yet it is not the rule. There 
has been a steadily growing sense of responsibility of all the churches of the 
world for the evils of the drink traffic. This has been tremendously empha¬ 
sized by the gradual adoption in the United States of local and state prohibi¬ 
tory laws and finally by the adoption of the Federal Prohibition Amendment. 
Local option laws in Canada and parts of Scotland have added emphasis to 
the action of the United States and thoughtful citizens in all countries have 
been compelled to study the question as never before—so at Stockholm three 
great questions which stirred the conference were, the Church and War, the 
Church and Industry, the Church and Drink. So important was the subject 
of Drink considered that the conference appointed a special committee of 
six to consider that one subject. This committee consisted of a Scotchman, 
an Esthonian, a Bulgarian, two Swedes and one American (the chairman of 
your Executive). This committee went to a beautiful castle beautifully lo¬ 
cated on the Baltic Sea and discussed for one week the general subject of 
“Drink.” All of the six members of the committee were earnest, Christian 
men, but five of them did not hesitate to use various kinds of intoxicating 
liquor, only one, the American, being an abstainer. One might well wonder 
what hope there was to secure a united report of any value on the subject 
of Drink, and yet that committee did bring forth a report which, in view of 
the facts stated above, is a remarkable document. The report repeatedly and 
explicitly emphasizes “the awful results that have come from the traffic,” 
the evils so great and manifold and far-reaching in modern times, such as the 
degradation of social intercourse, the desecration of family life with its conse¬ 
quent evil effects upon the coming generation and threatening the welfare of 
the whole community, through the spread of poverty, misery, disease, vice and 
crime. “The exceedingly prevalent and destructive evils of drink, the evil 
effects upon society in general which experience has demonstrated invariably, 
accompany the traffic in Drink.” And the report declares in the most posi¬ 
tive fashion “the exceeding gravity of the problems which press for solution 
in the question of drink.” 

But the most significant portion of the report is the emphatic declaration 
that the issues involved are not simply personal but social, and that all the 
activities of the individual must be considered in relation to the social order 
of which he is a part. Therefore, the report declares increased emphasis must 
be placed upon the rights of society. This positive recognition of the rights of 
society as over against the claims of the individual is a great step in advance 
of any action ever taken before by European churches. The report fur¬ 
thermore declares that the Church cannot rest satisfied to permit the present 
evils to continue without most earnest efforts to secure better conditions and 
therefore should impress upon her members the responsibility of the Christian 
citizenship of every country to favor and to actively promote the adoption of 

: 109 


such legislation as appears most likely to prove most effective in the elimi¬ 
nation of these evils, and the report distinctly insists that it is the duty 
of Christian men and women to obey the law even though it may prohibit 
greatly desired personal indulgence. 

When the report was presented one of the most interesting discussions 
of the conference followed. It fell to the lot of your chairman to present the 
American position which he did to the best of his ability in the limited time 
at his disposal, and in the limited time the endeavor was made to set forth 
the economic, social, moral and religious benefits which had come to America 
from the prohibition law. 

The advocates of personal liberty were represented by Lord Salvesen of 
Scotland, who set forth in the baldest possible form the doctrine of personal 
liberty, of the right of every individual to satisfy his appetite, the injustice 
to the individual of any law which interfered with the liberty of the subject. 
The Rev. Henry Carter, the very efficient and able secretary of the British 
Wesleyan Board of Temperance and one of the English members of the World 
League Executive, followed Lord Salvesen in most effective fashion. The 
Christian Science Monitor correctly interpreted the attitude of the conference 
when it said: “American prohibition emerged in the most favorable light in 
the Universal Conference on Life and Work in Monday’s debate. It was 
generally felt at the close of the debate that prohibition had scored a big vic¬ 
tory.” 

The only document adopted by the Conference was the Message. The 
Message declared “we considered next the moral and social problems of over¬ 
crowding, unemployment, lax morals, drink, and its evils. Here we are led 
to recognize that these problems are so grave that they cannot be solved by 
individual effort alone but that the community must accept the responsibility 
for them and must exercise such control over individual action as in each in¬ 
stance may be necessary for the common good.” This declaration is a frank, 
positive statement that the drink problem is not to be settled any longer as 
a matter of purely individual concern, of personal liberty alone, but as a matter 
for which the whole community must accept responsibility and must exer¬ 
cise social control over individual actions. This is a sweeping, all inclusive 
declaration of the right of society to protect itelf from the evil effect of selfish 
indulgence of the individual in the use of intoxicating liquors. In view of 
the present customs and habits of the people of the various nations repre¬ 
sented at the Stockholm conference the attitude finally taken by that confer¬ 
ence on drink was a striking manifestation of the outstanding fact that all the 
nations of the world are obliged to face the terrible effects of the traffic in 
drink. There are two ways to handle it; either to attempt to regulate it, or to 
prohibit the traffic entirely. The experience of centuries seems to indicate 
that the only way to abolish the evils of the traffic is by abolishing the 
traffic itself, and the Message of the Stockholm conference adopts the basic 
principle underlying the American prohibition law, namely, the right of so¬ 
ciety to control for the common good. 

With the indispensable assistance of Rev. E. J. Richardson, who was at 
that time in charge of the London office of the World League, a pamphlet 
was published on “American Prohibition” (32 pages), 2,000 copies of which were 

110 


quickly taken by those attending the conference from every section of the 
Christian church. 

Immediately following the Stockholm conference came the conference at 
Geneva, attended by 80 delegates from various European countries, which 
conference considered the questions of smuggling, the sale of intoxicating liq¬ 
uor to native races in mandated territories and the rights of small nations to 
protect themselves from the imposition of the liquor traffic upon them by 
larger nations. All these subjects were thoroughly considered and the find¬ 
ings of the conference presented to the various commissions of the League 
of Nations with the request that the evils of the Liquor Traffic be given equal 
consideration by the League of Nations with the Opium Traffic and the White 
Slave Traffic. 

The resolutions of the Geneva conference of 1925 were followed up by 
definite positive action in September, 1926, when delegates from Finland, Swe¬ 
den and Poland presented an official petition to the Assembly of the League of 
Nations to place the question of alcoholism on the list of subjects to be 
investigated by the League. 

Your chairman was glad to be able to attend the Geneva conference of 
1925, and also to cooperate with Dr. Hercod in the effort to formulate and 
present the official request in 1926. 

In March of the present year, on my way to Central Africa, I stopped in 
London for a few days to confer with our World League members there con¬ 
cerning the petition to the League Assembly, and from there to Lausanne to 
see Dr. Hercod. I am minded at this point to make some personal remarks 
concerning Dr. Hercod, whom I think to be one of the most interesting per¬ 
sonalities in Europe. He has remarkable linguistic gifts, speaking French, 
German, Italian, Dutch, the Scandinavian tongues, fluently, and Polish, Czech, 
Hungarian, Greek, Spanish, and Portuguese with a varying degree of effi¬ 
ciency, but sufficiently well to talk connectedly and intelligently. I think he 
draws the line at Highland Scotch, Welsh and Ancient Irish. He has been 
from conviction a total abstainer from youth, and early began his work as 
scientific investigator of the effects of alcohol. While tenacious in his adher¬ 
ence to his principles, he has been tactful in his intercourse with those op¬ 
posed to his views, and fair and tolerant in the conduct of the periodical lit¬ 
erature which he has published, generally under the authority of the Swiss 
government, which for many years has given a small subsidy to the Interna¬ 
tional Temperance Bureau at Lausanne, as have twelve other European gov¬ 
ernments. He has carried on his work so wisely that he is personally and of¬ 
ficially the best known and probably the most trusted temperance worker 
in Europe, both by government officials and temperance leaders in Europe and 
America. He has been for many years Secretary of the Permanent Commit¬ 
tee of the International Congresses against Alcoholism and is the President 
for the continent of Europe of the World League Against Alcoholism. 

It has been under the general direction of the Lausanne Bureau that the 
work has been done to secure the consideration of alcoholism by the League 
of Nations, Dr. Hercod having shaped up and directed the program for the 
Geneva Conference in 1925 and having been in constant touch with the dele¬ 
gates who presented the petition to the League Assembly in September, 1926. 

Ill 


The special purpose of my visit was to confer with Dr. Hercod as to fu¬ 
ture procedure. In order that the subject might be thoroughly considered, a 
five days’ conference was held in Geneva in January, composed of men of rec¬ 
ognized standing and ability from Great Britain, Germany, France, Holland, 
Sweden, Finland, Italy, Czecho-Slovakia, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland, Den¬ 
mark and Norway. The expenses of the delegates to the conference were 
generously defrayed by Lord Astor, who, along with Lady Astor, has shown 
himself to be anxious to promote the cause of temperance in every prac¬ 
tical way. 

(That conference began its work by drawing up the following resolution: 
“Alcoholism is a universal scourge which affects the soundness, intelligence 
and health of the races; multiplies the causes of criminality, of mental disease 
and degeneracy; lowers the standards of public morality; diminishes efficiency; 
lowers the standard of living; and is an important factor in the causation of 
pauperism. This scourge must be combated in a spirit of collective defense 
and international solidarity, as an evil on the same footing as opium and other 
drug addictons.”) 

Even the most blatant opponent of Prohibition is obliged to admit that 
alcoholism is justly chargeable with all the evils referred to in this resolution, 
but there are some who hold that it is not a proper subject of inquiry by the 
League of Nations, but incumbent upon individual states. In reply to this 
proposition the conference brought out that Article 22 of the Covenant of the 
League of Nations makes it incumbent upon mandatory powers “to prohibit” 
in the mandated territory, “such abuses as the slave trade, the arms traffic and 
the liquor traffic.’ Article 23 makes it incumbent on the League to “take steps 
in matters of international concern for the prevention and control of disease,” 
alcoholism certainly comes under this head; under the same article a committee 
has been set up for the protection of children, which includes the alcohol ques¬ 
tion in its program; the same Article declares the necessity of preserving “just 
and honorable relations between nations” and the Covenant itself declares it to 
be the “friendly right” of each member of the League to bring the attention of 
this Assembly to any circumstances whatever affecting international relations, 
which threaten to disturb international peace or the good understanding be¬ 
tween nations upon which peace depends.” 

The smuggling of intoxicants by the citizens of one nation into the ter¬ 
ritory of another nation is a breach of “the just and honorable relations which 
should obtain among nations” and the determination of France, Spain and 
Portugal to compel smaller nations like Iceland and Norway to permit the 
importation of wine contrary to the prohibition laws of these smaller nations 
is a “circumstance which threatens to disturb international peace, etc.” The 
Geneva conference proposes that a consultative alcohol commission be set 
up by the League of Nations, to be composed by governmental delegates, 
chiefly specialists in the scientific treatment of the alcohol question. It 
would be the duty of the commission to lay down, subject to the approval of 
the Council of the League, a program of the League’s activity with regard to 
alcohol and to be responsible for the execution of this program, which would 
of necessity be entrusted to a permanent bureau. 

Some of the tasks to be undertaken by the bureau would be the compila- 

112 


tion of accurate statistics on the production, sale and consumption of al¬ 
coholic beverages in all countries, including facts as to the areas now planted 
*.n vines, hops or barley for the production of intoxicants, the number of in¬ 
dividual families engaged in such cultivation and in the actual manufacture 
and sale of alcoholic drinks; the data on the taxation of alcohol in the dif¬ 
ferent countries; the effects of alcoholism upon society, including mental and 
venereal diseases, alcoholic degeneracy, accidents, output of work, criminality 
:, nd pauperism; the total direct and indirect expenditure for alcohol in com¬ 
parison with other expenditures; a compilation of all the legislation by various 
countries, kept constantly up to date, with the effects of such legislation; 
the effects of alcoholics upon child life, including under-nourishment, neglect, 
ill-treatment, juvenile delinquency, and scientific teaching in all schools con¬ 
cerning physiological effects of alcohol, the relation of alcohol to prostitu¬ 
tion and to the relations of husband and wife; the substitution of non-alcoholic 
for alcoholic beverages to meet the economic conditions in wine-growing- 
countries. 

These are some of the items in the program proposed by the Geneva con¬ 
ference as suitable to be undertaken and carried out by the bureau under the 
authority and supervision of the League of Nations. Surely only those rabid 
opponents of any form of alcoholic restrictions can oppose so sane and helpful 
a program. But the “Trade” as it is called in Europe, is banding itself to¬ 
gether as never before in Europe to defeat the proposition entirely or to so 
emasculate it as to make it of no value. The fact that the purpose of the pro¬ 
posal is simply to gather and publish the facts without any political bias is 
the damaging feature from the viewpoint of the “Trade.” The facts are the 
last thing the “Trade” wants brought out under the X-ray of scientific inves¬ 
tigation. The facts are too pathetic, too tragic, too horrible, too damning, 
to be put into print that all may read. And so what we would call in America 
“the Liquor Lobby” is at work all over Europe and will be at Geneva from 
this time on, not openly or with a blare of trumpets, but in the person of in¬ 
fluential political personages, with large retainers or with large private brew¬ 
ing or distilling interests. A fact-finding alcohol commission! It is to the 
Trade as the proverbial red flag is to a bull! 

Following the Geneva conference of experts there was held a meeting 
of representatives of the Swedish and Finnish governments at which a letter 
was drafted to be sent to the general secretary of the League of Nations, 
signed by whatever governments might see fit, definitely proposing that the 
Assembly of the League should request the Council to institute a consul¬ 
tative alcohol commission, if necessary to save expense to be attached to 
the committee on social hygiene. This proposal will be presented to several 
governments for their signature. 

The matter of the participation of the United States government in the 
work of this commission or committee on alcoholism, should it be set up by 
the League of Nations, is of vital importance, and our State department should 
not be left in any doubt as to the attitude of our people. A few facts are of 
interest in this connection: 

The report of the commission on the International Traffic in Women and 
Children was the result of field investigation in four continents, under the di- 

113 


rection of Myer Johnson and Col. Snow, both of New York, toward which in¬ 
vestigation the American Social Hygiene Association contributed $7,000. Dur¬ 
ing the months of March, April, May and June, the United States was repre¬ 
sented officially or unofficially in the following commissions: On Private Man¬ 
ufacture of Arms (official); Statistical Experts on International List of 
Causes of Death (Dr. Haven Emerson, unofficial); Preparatory Commission 
of Disarmament Conference (official), represented by ten delegates; Inter¬ 
national Law (semi-official); Interchange of Public Health Officers (largely 
financed by the Rockefeller Foundation.); Conference of Experts on Tax¬ 
ation and Fiscal Evasion (official); Experts on Biological Science (unofficial); 
International Conference on Rabies (official); Traffic in Women and Chil¬ 
dren (official); Child Welfare (official); Committee on Counterfeiting Currency 
(United States initiated). 

The above list of cooperative activities has been given at some length 
that it may be seen how natural it will be for the United States to participate 
in the work of the proposed Consultative Alcohol Commission; indeed how un¬ 
natural it would be for our government not to participate. If our gov¬ 
ernment is very properly interested in the subjects indicated above, certainly 
we have as great interest in the impartial scientific investigation of the alcohol 
question and it is unthinkable that our government should not agree to par¬ 
ticipate when asked, as it would surely be. 

It is important that the Winona Lake Convention appoint a committee to 
wait upon the president of the United States and the Secretary of State, and 
to advocate sympathetic, official, governmental active cooperation in this great 
work. 

From Switzerland I went to Egypt via Marseilles. The situation in 
Egypt and indeed in all Mohammedan lands is intensely interesting. The 
Mohammedan religion condemns the use of intoxicants, but non-Mohammedan 
residents insist upon their right to drink and to sell intoxicants not only to 
themselves but to certain elements of the Mohammedan population. In 
short, they take advantage of special rights which they claim as foreigners, to 
debauch the native population. 

Dr. Howell, for many years the United States Minister to Egypt, insisted 
that if the Egyptian people demanded the right to prohibit the sale of in¬ 
toxicants, no foreign government certainly had any moral right, and probably 
no legal right to object to an absolute prohibition law for all alike. I think 
he is right and that the Egyptian government should request the great Pow¬ 
ers to surrender any supposed right to sell intoxicants even to foreigners. 
But if this be disputed certainly the Egyptian government has the right to pass 
a license law with strict regulations not only as to hours of sale but forbidding 
the sale to natives with penalty for revocation of license for violation of this 
provision. The World League convention should make a suitable declara¬ 
tion on this question. We should actively cooperate with Mohammedan 
temperance workers to protect their own people from the appetite and covet¬ 
ousness of non-Mohammedans. 

My second trip to South Africa was more interesting than the first, 
but was limited greatly in time. I stopped for a day at Buluwayo, in Southern 
Rhodesia, and was assured by the temperance leaders there that the senti- 

114 


merit against Drink’ and the “Trade" was steadily increasing and that they 
were hoping for advanced legislation. 

I was privileged to speak at two gatherings in £ape Town, one a public 
meeting and the other a luncheon attended by about 150 men and women 
of the political, ecclesiastical, business and social life of the Cape Province. 
J he intense interest manifested was significant and the space given to report 
the addresses and editorial comment thereon in the leading papers were said 
to indicate a decided advance. The temperance leadership in South Africa is 
wise and progressive and conditions call for a great forward movement. 
They still speak in sorrowing admiration of our beloved departed fellow- 
worker, Mrs. Deborah Knox Livingstone. 

Space will permit only a bare reference to the well attended meetings in 
Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Argentine and Chili. There is great demand for infor¬ 
mation in all these countries by those who are faced daily with the inevitable 
results of the traffic and who long to abate the evil. 

Meetings of the European members of the Executive Committee have been 
held at Copenhagen, Geneva and Dorpat, at which places also there have been 
luncheons or dinners to which not only World League members have been 
invited but others interested in World League plans and methods. Also several 
meetings of the British members of the Executive Committee have been held 
at the London headquarters. All these meetings, smaller or larger, have 
brought out the necessity for closer union of anti-alcoholic movements, based 
as they all are on the destructive effect of the Liquor Traffic upon individual 
and society in every land. Moreover the Liquor Traffic itself makes common 
cause throughout the w r orld. 

Inasmuch, therefore, as experience has demonstrated the necessity of a 
World League for the suppression of alcoholism, the practical question to be 
faced is whether the present organization will secure such support and indi¬ 
cate such leadership for service as will meet the needs of the present day. 
It i sonly fair to say that the present leadership is fully awrare that the World 
League is not doing all the work that should be done by such a world organ¬ 
ization. The writer and especially the general secretary, are continually faced 
with appeals for assistance from every part of the world, which appeals cannot 
be granted because the money is not available to seize the opportunities and 
to perform the desired service. The World League should have a Bureau 
or Office conveniently located to serve every section of the world, properly 
equipped to gather facts and to furnish information and leadership. The re¬ 
sults which have already been secured at Lausanne, London, in Scandinavia, 
the Baltic states and Mexico indicate what could be done throughout the 
world if funds were available. The Executive officers of the World League 
should not be blamed for a failure to comply with all the numerous requests 
which are made but should be sjmpathized with for the great continuous strain 
to meet even the most imperative appeals. 

Moreover, I would emphasize in capital letters that it is increasingly 
evident that our General Secretary must have sufficient funds at his com¬ 
mand to travel in every land in order to inspire and to organize more thor¬ 
oughly the scattered temperance forces. 

While it is doubtless true that the greater part of the funds of the League 

115 


must still come from one or two countries) yet it is of vital importance to 
the future of the League and to its standing in different countries that every 
organization connected with the League shall make at least the minimum 
annual contribution of $50 to its support, even though the full amount of its 
contribution should be returned to it in the form of essential literature and 
supplies. Also the enrollment of individual members with the minimum an¬ 
nual fee of $5 should be emphasized in every country. The treasury of the 
League' should be a world treasury—that is, made up of contributions from 
individuals and organizations in every country. 

I trust that the Convention will be a great success in every way, not 
only in attendance and enthusiasm but that plans may be made which will re¬ 
sult in increasing the resources and extending the influence and power of 
the League. Respectfully submitted, 

JAMES CANNON, Jr. 

Chairman Executive Committee, 
World League Against Alcoholism, 


FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION 

PROHIBITION SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ALL COUNTRIES 

By A. S. Bard at. 

Representing Iceland 

It is a great pleasure to me to bring greetings from the first land in Eu¬ 
rope which enacted total prohibition by a vote of the people in 1908, by a splen¬ 
did dry law in 1909, of which the Danish-Icelandic king Frederick the Eighth 
said that he was delighted to sign it and wish a similar law also for Denmark. 

But while glad and proud because of my people and its accomplishments 
for the world-wide cause of sobriety, I must state, that no prohibition land 
or state has had greater troubles because of its dry reform than Iceland has. 

In U. S. A. the difficulties have been domestic; the whole problem here is 
the enforcement of prohibition. But in Iceland the difficulties have been of 
a foreign character. A foreign power has endeavored to break down the 
barrier of the dry law and make Iceland a wet country. 

In order to illustrate the subject of prohibition self-determination for all 
countries, 1 will give the s,tory of my native land and will commend it to this 
world congress for due consideration and action. 

Iceland’s prohibition is founded upon the vote of Sept. 10, 1908. The 
law partly went into effect on Jan. 1, 1912. From that day importation of 
all intoxicants was banned. But the sale of such liquors in Iceland was not 
prohibited before the 1st of Jan., 1915. From that day the Icelandic dry 
law in all its provisions w T as made effective. 

It has worked so well that the people have never changed its opinion 
as to its good effects, and never in the' world would Iceland go wet again 
by its own determination. 

But here comes in the sad news of my native country: 

When in 1920 the United States of America by constitutional law pro¬ 
hibits the manufacture, sale, export and import of all intoxicants a far greater 
sensation is made by it than had been made when Iceland went dry. And the 

116 



reason is obvious: Iceland is only a little nation, having one hundred thousand 
inhabitants; the United States of America has a thousand times as many, 
and it began to look very bad for the alcoholic traffic in the world: The old 
saying: “As America goes, so goes the world” began to get some signification 
m the minds of the booze barons everywhere. The so-called winelands in 
Europe began to get scared; Europe was likely to follow the example of 
America, and if so, what would become of the great trade in European liquors? 

One of the wine lands, Spain, wanted to construct a warning to the 
world. Some country had to be the scape-goat. Iceland was selected. Spain 
did not dare to do anything against the great United States for the adoption 
of dry laws, even though its adoption meant great loss of wine export from 
Spain. But the little Iceland became the prey of the enemy. Could this 
country be brought to yield and abolish its prohibition law, then the other 
countries of Europe would not enact prohibition. 

Spain sent its ultimatum during 1921. If Iceland would not allow Spanish 
wines with up to 21 per cent alcohol, then Iceland’s fish products would be 
taxed five-fold for import into Spain! This meant nothing less than an at¬ 
tempt to totally boycott Iceland’s main way of living. Iceland sells her dried 
codfish in Spain. The Catholic Spaniards take fish as a desirable substi¬ 
tute for meat, when that is prohibited by the Roman Catholic church. 

The threat was awful. The little country yielded in 1922, as its parlia¬ 
ment decided to make an exemption for Spanish wines for one year. It 
was hoped that the Icelandic government should succeed in making a treaty 
with Spain during the year allotted, so that the dry law could be saved. 
But Spain was unmovable. And in 1923 when the representative of the World 
League Against Alcoholism, Rev. David Ostlund, was visiting Iceland the 
Parliament passed the same exception for Spanish wines but this time for un¬ 
limited time. 

In order that you may be absolutely sure, that Iceland did this against 
her own will, only on account of her awful conditions in this war with a 
nation 20 times larger than herself, I will quote the declaration that the 
parliament of Iceland passed, as it prolonged the exception for Spanish wines: 

“As the parliament has now adopted an exception from the prohibition 
law, so that dispensation has been given to Spain because of a trade treaty 
with said country, the Icelandic parliament hereby declares that this dispen¬ 
sation has been adopted on account of pressing necessity and not because the 
parliament wishes to abolish the legislation which has been the result because 
of the plebiscite, in which the people made its will clear.” 

This declaration was passed unanimously in the spring of 1923. What has 
taken place since? 

The government has done its very best in order to secure another market 
for its fish products, in order to reinstate the prohibition law in all its former 
provisions. Now it only banns beer and brandy, while Spanish wines are 
sold in seven of its towns. 

So far the Icelandic government has not succeeded. In South America 
some market for Icelandic fish may be secured, but transport difficulties in 
shipping dried cod-fish over the equator with its heat, makes this hope il¬ 
lusory. 

117 


The temperance work is strong in Iceland. The I. O. G. T. of Iceland is 
the main organization for temperance and prohibition in the country. 

During the years following the plebiscite and the adoption of prohibition, 
the membership of the order decreased from 7,500 to about 1,500. The op¬ 
pression of Spain has awakened the dry forces of Iceland, so that the order 
now has a membership of 9,000. 

In the elections to the parliament the main issue since 1923 has been, 
that no other candidates should be elected than those who will work for the 
reestablishment of total prohibition, and I am glad to say great majorities have 
been attained for this program, this present summer as well as previous years. 
The elections have not so far, had any other result than a manifestation of 
the strong position that the dry law has. 

The Spanish-Icelandic conflict can not be solved except through inter¬ 
national cooperation. 

Some hopes have been entertained lately that help would come through 
the League of Nations. The League of Nations, Dr. Fridtiof Nansen calls 
“a ship with the hope of humanity on board.” In a way we might say, that 
the League of Nations has also the hope of a dry world on board. 

But the League is weak, and great things can not be expected so far. 
If only the- United States of America, the mighty prohibition nation, would 
enter into this assembly of the nations, the wrong towards Iceland, the 
breaking down of prohibition through financial reprisals, as well as the crush¬ 
ing of Norway’s dry law, could be corrected. If America—I mean U. S. A.— 
can not put in her tremendous influence in this way now, this great interna¬ 
tional congress could and should express itself in no unclear terms against 
such reprisals, and urge all nations and especially the League of Nations 
to take a decided stand for the self-determination of all nations to settle this 
great problem, the problem of prohibition, in freedom and without infringe¬ 
ment of any foreign power. 

And this self-determination must be secured, if our great and righteous 
cause shall ever win a world-wide victory. 


THE TEACHER’S PLACE IN THE ANTI-ALCOHOL MOVEMENT 

Cora Frances Stoddard 
Secretary, Scientific Temperance Federation 

It is a sound instinct that leads us to the teacher when progress requires 
putting aside old customs and mental attitudes that hamper human develop¬ 
ment. Dante spoke a truth of all ages when he said, “Give the people light, 
and they will find the way.” 

Hence from the very beginning of the struggle against alcoholism, by 
far the major part of organized effort has been education. It has turned the 
lights of truth, of idealism, of altruism, and of good will upon the human 
mind that too often is bolted against progress by tradition, superstition 
prejudice, custom, selfishness. 

One has only to look back a century—or less—in many of the countries 
represented here to realize that this patient education of the people has 
brought about adjustments of ideals and loyalties that have increased free¬ 
dom from the bondage of the drink custom and its consequences. 

118 



For at least half a century, the professional teacher has had a distinctive 
part in this shaping of thoughts, ideals, and habits of youth on the alcohol 
question. To each generation, youth has held the hope for deliverance from 
drink evils. The youthful mind is receptive to new impressions. It may 
profit, if it will, by the experience of the past. It may take from that ex¬ 
perience what is of permanent value, and from it weave a new and lovelier 
pattern of human life. 

The Common Aspiration of Youth 

Each generation as it comes to the loom of life, sees the mistakes 
and failings of its predecessor. Let me say to those who in years count them¬ 
selves the youth of today: There never has been a generation, certainly not 
for 600 years, when youth did not think that its forbears had left the world in 
“a terrible mess”—to use the phraseology of today. And 2,000 years earlier, 
it was the young men, Isaiah and Amos, who cried out against the injustice, 
inhumanity and drunkenness of the social order which had come down to 
them. Who were the men of the Renaissance? Young men, who brought the 
torches of learning and beauty and prograss into the stodgy blackness and 
torpidity which their generation inherited from the middle ages. It was 
young men who revolted against the hardened mold of social, religious, and 
political life of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries—which, in the parlance 
cf their day, they undoubtedly called “a mess’”—whose revolt won civil lib¬ 
erties in England, who planted a new nation of this continent. It was the 
same sensation of revolt in young men of the eighteenth century which again 
broke the hardening mold of tradition and autocracy, and established a new 
government based on the principle of promoting—not the welfare of kings 
cr of privileged classes—but the general welfare of all the people. It was the 
young men of nearly the same generation in France who had received from 
their fathers the awful “mess” of the “Old Regime.” In their revolt of the 
French Revolution, they crashed across thrones and institutions that left al¬ 
most no part of Europe untouched. It was the young men of the sixties of 
the nineteenth century, inheriting the results of their fathers’ compromises 
with human slavery, who marched and fought, the flower of young manhood 
of North and South, for four years, to clear up the problem. No, it is nothing 
new for youth to find itself inheritors of great human undertakings. Nor is 
disappointment with the results of immense sacrifice new. Read again your 
Wordsworth of the early nineteenth century if you would recall the disap¬ 
pointment and disillusionment of youth which had had high hopes kindled by 
the French Revolution and the spirit of human progress and who, like some 
youth of today, felt that somehow they had been cheated of gains for which 
a terrible price had been paid. Serious problems rose from the trail of the 
Civil War in the United States which the youth of my generation has had to 
meet, and with which the youth of generations to come will still be wrestling. 

Sobriety and Progress 

One does not have to be a Methusaleh to see that every generation, in¬ 
heriting conditions of injustice, intolerance, inequalities, nevertheless makes its 
contribution to progress, only to be asked impatiently by the succeeding gen¬ 
eration, “Why didn’t you do better?” But, mark you, that very impatience 
is a sign of life, an evidence that the human spirit is not only ever being re- 


newed, but growing in outreach and power, that it is carrying on that cre¬ 
ative evolution—the power to alter its environment—which is characteristic 
of man alone among living beings. 

And I warn you of this—that as alcohol is removed from human habits in a 
civilization where the general consciousness of social responsibility is im¬ 
planted, we may have a keener revolt from generation to generation against 
what to that generation appears unlovely, unfair and untrue in human condi¬ 
tions and relations. For alcohol reaches meddlesome fingers into the human 
brain, man’s instrument of thought that guides action. It disorders cell connec¬ 
tions and activities. It exalts me and my, instead of you and yours. The 
mind, under the influence of alcohol, makes for the time being, an altered per¬ 
sonality with which one’s fellows may have to deal, a personality which, indeed, 
they may not even know is under the influence of alcohol since such changes 
can be temporarily produced without visible drunkenness. Alcohol throws 
a false glamor about life. One of the very secrets of its hold on human 
customs lies in the false feeling of well-being that it creates in the user, the 
don’t care feeling, as more than one experimenter has expressed his sen¬ 
sations. This feeling of personal well-being, the don’t care feeling, from 
the standpoint of the social organism, may be an opiate to social progress. 
With the release of an increasing number of brains from this opiate, we may 
see an even keener appreciation by youth of coming generations of future 
inequalities and injustice, a quicker response to the appeal of the great com¬ 
mand, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. 

What is the relation of the teacher in the anti-alcohol movement to all 
this? Just this: The teacher stands at the heart of it all. The teacher preemi¬ 
nently has the opportunity to help youth to “see life steadily and to see it 
whole.” And the teacher who thoroughly trains the youth of any genera¬ 
tion to intelligent sobriety must necessarily draw into his service influences 
from the whole w r orlcl and from the whole realm of the spirit. 

The Value of the Facts About Alcohol 

Youth, of course, must have the facts about the effects of alcohol on the 
individual and the effects through the individual on society. Not be¬ 
cause the facts are the end of education. They are its handmaidens. Not 
because we aim to make youth “afraid” of alcohol. Fear is not the 
motive. But the modern scientific facts about alcohol are necessary 
to offset old erroneous beliefs in which the alcohol custom is deeply 
rooted. How deeply rooted is obvious from the every-day plea that catches 
adherents, for a “little liquor” that “does no harm,” for beer and wine, called 
“harmless drinks.” Here is rooted the old idea that liquor does no injury 
short of drunkenness,! the belief that drunkenness alone is the measure of 
intoxication. As long as this ignorance of modern scientific knowledge of 
the actual effects of alcohol widely persists, neither the alcohol custom nor 
the liquor traffic will end. But fear of drinking, let me repeat, is not the 
motive for teaching these facts. The purpose is, rather, to furnish the power 
of truth to appeal to intelligent understanding that will lead youth to choose 
to put into life only what will make it strong, wholesome, and useful, leaving 
out what may handicap or destroy. 

So the teacher who would help his pupil to choose to have a sound mind 

120 


in a sound body must include in his health and character training a knowledge 
of these facts and their relation to efficiency, thrift, health. 

The Social Value of Temperance Instruction. 

Secondly, education must fit one for living with others. One of the 
striking features of our present knowledge of the effects of alcohol I have al¬ 
ready referred to, the fact that a person under its influence may have, for 
time being, a somewhat changed personality. This change may be of vital 
importance where relations to other people are concerned. The school is 
definitely trying to help youth to see itself in its relation to others in the 
spirit of unselfishness, fair play, reliability, justice, mutual understanding and 
good will. Character training they call it. All of this reaches beyond the 
bounds of playfellows, home, community, and nations to the varied relation be¬ 
tween the nations and races of the world. 

So the teacher of knowledge and vision will help his pupils to understand 
how alcohol in dulling the sense of responsibility and self-control dulls con¬ 
sideration for others and their welfare. Here are implicated relations of the 
home, of employer and employe, of fellow employes, of business man with 
business man. Youth must be helped to see how the effects of alcohol on 
the individual work out into the social effects of dependency, delinquency, and 
disorder, the losses, burdens and unhappiness they cause to the common 
welfare. The instruction concerning alcohol may be a great vehicle for 
teaching also the larger social values. 

Helping Youth Find Freedom 

The teacher has a great opportunity in connection with education concern¬ 
ing alcohol to help youth orient himself in the world in which he finds him¬ 
self. No subject better lends itself to discussion of freedom for which youth 
in each generation seeks expression—what freedom means, what it involves. 
Here lies the vital truth that only that individual is free who has himself un¬ 
der control; that freedom must build up and create, not pull down and de¬ 
stroy; that freedom is not won at a single bound, but comes by a long process 
of successive determinations and acts. Let the study of the alcohol question 
centre around this question of freedom. What are we trying to do, for in¬ 
stance, in prohibition of the liquor traffic? Are we merely prohibiting some¬ 
thing? No. The legal act of prohibition is an emancipation proclamation 
for the race or nation from the physical, social and moral ills growing out 
of the alcohol custom and traffic. The teacher can help youth to understand 
that freedom is a goal toward which each generation must work in its own 
way. Freedom is not reached with a single bound or secured by a single en¬ 
actment. The emancipation of the Russian serfs sixty-five years ago did not 
put them at once in possession of the full fruits of freedom. But it started 
them on the way. Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 
-did not give the American negro full enjoyment of civic, economic, or political 
freedom. It was the announcement of a chance to win it. The proclamation 
opened the way to freedom. To its everlasting credit, the negro race, in 
sixty-five years, has wrested out of hard conditions progress beyond that ever 
made by any other race in an equal period of time. The laws changing con¬ 
ditions in industry do not bring labor its highest freedom at one stroke. 

121 


The granting of the ballot to woman does not give her full civic freedom as 
long as she fails to exercise the right and to bring her intelligence and ca¬ 
pacities to the service of the society of which she is a part. None of these 
acts are ends in themselves. They merely open the way for realizing some 
ideal toward which we slowly work for gaining some freedom. 

Prohibition of the liquor traffic is just one of these steps. It is not an end 
in itself. It is a means to an end. That end is the ultimate release of human 
life into freedom from the ills engendered by alcohol and alcoholic customs. 
Prohibition is the conscious act of the nation for promoting the common 
welfare. When the youth gets this vision of what prohibition really means, 
he will be more understanding of the necessarily gradual progress to the 
goal; more intelligent in seeing what he must do toward fulfilling the vision 
of a world emancipated from alcohol, the vision that has already chal¬ 
lenged and won the services and sacrifices of five generations of youth. 

In opening the mind of youth to all this, the teacher will not only serve 
the object of education to give facts for information and guidance, he will not 
only open the vision and heart to higher ideals of character building and of hu¬ 
man relations, he will at the same time actually foster the process of in¬ 
tellectual growth which, as Dr. P. P. Claxton has said, is just “the devel¬ 
opment of intellectual loyalty and development of life to larger ideals, loy¬ 
alties which can only be enlarged by education, never by force.” 

Serving International Good-Will. 

Finally, the teacher may find in the various phases of the world movement 
against alcoholism, both the opportunity and the instrument for developing the 
spirit of international good will and understanding. Last week, I sat for five 
days among several thousand educators from many lands who were consider¬ 
ing how they should use their opportunities with youth of all nations to 
build a spirit of good will and community of interests in a common world 
home. They pledged themselves and each other to try to evoke a spirit in 
future men and women which will recognize that the good of each nation is 
bound up with the good of all; to teach that as loyalty to the welfare of the 
nation does not transcend but includes loyalty to the welfare of the home, so 
loyalty to the welfare of the whole human family does not transcend, but in¬ 
cludes loyalty to the nation, to the community, and the home. Here is the 
hope for finding a way to avoid differences with friction between nations, of 
settling differences without resort to war. We must first put good will into 
the hearts of men. Too often we have sung but half of the great Christmas 
message “Peace on Earth,” and have overlooked the significance of the rest 
of it, “among men of good will.” 

As a part of this study of the contributions of each nation to the common 
world heritage of knowledge and experience, the teacher should draw from the 
world experience with alcohol. Look at the sources of our scientific evidence 
on alcohol. Russia, Japan, Finland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Esthonia, 
Denmark, Belgium, France, Italy, Serbia, Great Britain, the United States and 
other countries have all furnished the patient investigators who, in their la¬ 
boratories, have laboriously built up the present evidence about alcohol. 
Nearly all countries today are vast laboratories in which social and political 
experiments with the liquor problem are going on. They have a right to 

122 


make these experiments, the United States and Finland with prohibition. 
Scandinavia with company management, Canada with government sale, etc. 
But they also have right to know the truth about what each other nation is 
doing, how each is succeeding, their elements of strength or weakness, so 
that each may freely learn from the other what to do or what not to do to pro¬ 
mote the general welfare in this matter. Let the teacher cultivate inter¬ 
national understanding and good will. , Let them teach the truth about al¬ 
cohol as the common enemy of human progress. Let them also teach how and 
why the various nations are doing what they are doing to rid themselves 
of alcohol evils. This done, and oncoming citizens of the world will see 
the injustice of misrepresenting the efforts of any nations in dealing with the 
liquor problem. They will resent the injustice of strong nations forcing the 
liquor traffic on small nations which would rid themselves of it, the crim¬ 
inality of forcing it on races and nations that have been free from it. Such 
sympathetic understanding of the world liquor problem will be a contri¬ 
bution to international understanding, good will, and cooperation for the 
common good. 

A Many-Sided Educational Opportunity 

This, then, is the part and opportunity of the teacher in the world move¬ 
ment against alcoholism. He need not forever “harp on it.” But in connec¬ 
tion with training to health, to habits of industry and thrift, with character 
building, with cultivating the sense of social and world fair play and justice, the 
teachers of the world have the opportunity for double service—to enlarge the 
vision and ideals of the oncoming generation, and at the same time to direct 
them to the definite task of freeing the world from its bondage to alcoholism. 

The Young Teacher’s Responsibility and Opportunity 

And youth, you who are vocal today, you who are declaring your desire 
for freedom, for action, let me remind you that out of your ranks today are 
coming these teachers of the next generation. We are told that there 
never was a time in the United States when there are as many young teachers 
as now. What will your generation of teachers do with this question? Here 
is a task at your hands if you want an immediate job. Every year tens of 
thousands of young teachers are leaving our teacher training institutions. 
I challenge you, youth of today, who long to set the future right, to call 
upon these young teachers of your generation not to fail to equip themselves 
for this task and to demand such training from their training institutions. 
Here we, too, of the senior generation have a responsibility. We are the tax 
payers. We have established these schools. We have shaped the systems of 
training teachers. How well have we done it? Reports come of libra¬ 
ries in these insttutions containing no books on the alcohol question less than 
twenty years old. How can you expect up-to-date teachers from such a 
background? 

In all lands, the universities and the teacher training schools today hold 
the key to the future of the alcohol emancipation movement. Be you fifty 
years old, or twenty, the world challenges you in every nation to put the 
brightest torches of truth and inspiration into the hands of the teachers 
if our common humanity is to be freed from the burden of alcoholism. 

123 


GERMANY’S FIGHT FOR LOCAL OPTION 

By Rev. F. H. Otto Melle, 

President Theological Seminary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
Frankfurt a. Main, Germany 

Chairman of the Reichsausschuss ‘[(National Committee)” for Local Option in 

Germany 

It appears to me as one of the great privileges of my life to bring to this 
world convention, which has delegates from almost all parts of the earth, 
greetings from Germany. Representing in the first place the German Society 
Against Alcoholism, with headquarters in Berlin, the “Reichsausschuss” (Na¬ 
tional Committee) for local option in Germany, in which most of the churches, 
the temperance-youth and women movements are represented; and the fifth 
. annual conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Germany, I feel 
tree to greet you in the name of all the temperance organizations in our coun¬ 
try and to say that your deliberations will be observed in no other country 
of the world with greater interest than in Germany. And no more fervent 
wishes for success can come to you than those which I bring from Ger¬ 
many. 

Coming across the ocean, from Europe, one cannot help but admire the 
greatness, the wealth, the daring spirit of America. There is no doubt that 
the balance of power is no lqnger in Europe. It rests in America. In 
Washington, D. C., a newspaper man wanted my impressions about prohibi¬ 
tion. I told him that, in my opinion prohibition is not only a great en¬ 
deavor, but one of the greatest achievements of culture of our century, and 
that the men and women who are leading the way in this movement, later, 
when the history is to be written about our age, will be considered as heroes 
like those who brought political and individual liberty. Your Eighteenth 
Amendment marks a milestone on the road of civilization for the world. Your 
example has turned the eyes of the nations to the alcohol problem as never 
before and your victory will mean the victory of the world. 

Now I am expected to speak about temperance work in Germany. You 
may be surprised to hear that there is a strong temperance movement in the 
land of beer. Somebody said to me the other day: Germany is the last 
country of the world we. expect to become dry! Well, I admit, that there is 
much difficulty in our fight in Germany. There is perhaps no other country 
of the world in which the liquor traffic, especially the breweries, have invested 
such tremendous amounts of capital, and where this capital plays a greater 
role in shaping public opinion and influencing politics, and it may be true, 
that for this reason the fight against alcoholism needs perhaps more strength, 
endurance, courage, sacrifices, and faith. But even these facts make me 
hopeful. Germany is a strategic point for the war against alcoholism in 
Europe. Events at such strategic points are significant ;there the power of 
the enemy must be broken—and the rest will follow. And do you know, 
that the old Germans were the first nation in Europe, which had prohibition, 
Z,000 years before your Eighteenth Amendment was written into your Con¬ 
stitution? 

In Caesar’s famous work, “De Bello Gallico” one can read that with the 
brave Sueves (a German tribe) drinking of wine was prohibited because 

: 124 


they believed that it weakened body and soul. Wise and courageous men those 
old Germans must have been to create such a law! Sorry that the new Ger¬ 
mans did not stick to it! If they had kept those principles, some recent pages 
of history—I believe—would have been written differently. But these convic¬ 
tions of old will revive again, and I belong to those, who hope that Germany 
will not be the last country of the world—as this brother said—but one of 
the first ones in Europe that wins her liberty from the slavery of tyrant 
alcohol. 

A reason for my belief is the fight for local option, that is going on in 
Germany, the story of which I have been asked to relate. I shall confine 
myself to some facts, which show how the people in Germany, and especially 
the churches, begin to awaken. The past years are characterized—I think 
influenced by your example—by a new attitude toward the drink problem. 
It was the misery and need which the German nation had to suffer on the 
one side, and our deep feeling of responsibility for rebuilding the nation after 
the horrible catastrophe on the other side, which created a new impulse for 
temperance work. To save drunkards was no longer considered as the only 
task of the temperance societies, and they were studying the situation care¬ 
fully in order to find methods, which would help to influence and to educate 
the whole nation. It is a large step forward, when the temperance reformers 
begin to realize that alcoholism is more than an individual problem, it is a 
social problem, a national problem, a world problem. The fight against al¬ 
coholism is not the hobby of a few fanatics, it is one of the most serious ques¬ 
tions of the civilization of our age, closely connected with the social, economi¬ 
cal, moral and—I say it intentionally—with the political welfare of the nations. 
The temperance reform has a great aim; the eradication of the drink evil, and it 
puts a great ideal before the people, an ideal that is worthwhile to live and to 
work for. 

I think I can give you the best picture of the movement for Local Op¬ 
tion in Germany, if I simply tell how it started and developed. Local option 
has been studied since many years, and found as one of the best means to 
inform and educate the people. The temperance organizations even had 
succeeded to have a paragraph on Local Option included in a new license bill, 
that had been worked out in 1923. But there- was little hope that the Reich¬ 
stag would vote for it, if it dould not be shown that the people really 
wanted it. The masses of the people, however, seemed not to be inter¬ 
ested. A member of the Reichstag with whom I talked about the matter, 
himself for Local Option, said: You will never see people in Germany inter¬ 
ested in temperance reform, much less in local option, for the very word 
(Gemeindebestimmungsrecht) is not popular, even educated people do not 
understand it. 

But the thought was on my heart, that the hour had come, where some¬ 
thing must be done; to tell the Reichstag what was necessary. In the annual 
meeting of one of our temperance societies I made the motion to send a peti¬ 
tion to the Reichstag, signed by many names. Could we not get 100,000 
signatures? The motion was not adopted on account of want of funds. 
At this time—it was in January, 1923—I was asked to be the editor of the 
Christian Abstinent, the oldest paper with the principle of total abstinence in 

125 


the German language. Well, I said, I am ready to do this work, but I would 
like to use the first copy for a call for signatures to a petition to the Reichstag. 
It was expected that the new bill would be brought before the Reichstag 
very soon, so there was not much time. Now, there are optimists and pessi¬ 
mists. I try to be an optimist, because I think that pessimists, however rich 
or learned or clever or good they may be, seldom will accomplish great things. 
I, as optimist, hoped that with the small circulation the paper had, its readers 
being mostly among my own denomination and a few in other Free churches, 
we could get 70,000 or 80,000 signatures. Not much, but w T ould it not make 
some impression? Yet the pessimists prophesied, there would not be more 
than 10,000 names, as even the church people would not be interested, and 
this would be a tremendous failure for the cause. There are people—perhaps 
you have not many of them here—who do not dare to do anything because they 
fear it might be a failure. Well, the paper was printed. Its contents were 
a call to sign the petition! On the last page, there were 20 lines for names! 
Only one week’s time was given, then the signatures had to be sent to my 
office. There we were, waiting, what the answer would be. Will there be 
a response to the call? The answer came—picture my surprise, after the 
week was over, when three postmen came to my office with heavy bags, full of 
ietters, hundreds, thousands, from all parts of Germany. The students of 
our Seminary offered voluntarily their help. I selected 12 of them, a class 
room was transformed into an office, there they counted and counted the sig¬ 
natures, until they finished the work and reported 446,000 signatures! Since 
that time 1 do not any longer believe that I am an optimist. The signatures 
were neatly bound in 46 volumes and handed over to the Reichstag in the 
beginning of the year 1923. 

Soon after this action the Reichstag dissolved—and the license bill was 
postponed. But the 446,000 signatures made their impression on the public and 
started the ball rolling. The churches realized what they could do if they 
would unite and cooperate for a great aim. The temperance organizations 
were convinced that there was a goal on which all could agree in spite of 
different views on other things. And I got a lot of interesting letters. Most 
of them congratulated me. A few warned me not to continue in the danger¬ 
ous task of making Germany dry. But these warning letters did not come 
from Berlin, and not from Munich—they came from America. The most in¬ 
teresting letters, however, were those which blamed me for having taken the 
action on such a small scale and asked why I had not invited them to co¬ 
operate. They would have liked to help but had not been invited. 

So, you see, the movement was not forced on the people. They made it 
themselves, and I could not help but call a conference for Local Option, 
which was held in Frankfurt a.M. In this conference the National Committee 
(Reichsausschuss) for Local Option was organized. Leaders of the tem¬ 
perance organization, the National Churches, the Free Churches, the Youth 
Movement, the Women’s societies, the Catholic Church, the Red Cross, 
and other organizations took part. It was a wonderful conference, full of har¬ 
mony, of enthusiasm, of faith. 

The first further step that was taken was an anti-alcoholic week throughout 
Germany. We called it Werberoche fur das Gemeindebestimmungsrecht. 

126 


.1 his week was held in May, 1925, local committees were organized in all the 
larger cities to have the week’s program prepared and the plan realized. Pas¬ 
tors of all churches were invited to preach on Sunday against the dangers of 
alcoholism and to recommend Local Option. In one of the last preparatory 
meetings of the Reichsausschuss in Berlin (there were represented nearly all 
the churches, the mentioned organizations, some ministeries of the state, the 
chief of police of Berlin, several members of the Reichstag, of the Prussian 
parliament, etc.), a member of the Prussian parliament said: “If it comes true 
that in Germany on one Sunday, in Roman Catholic, National Protestant, and 
Free Church pulpits, they will preach against alcohol and for Local Option, 
then it certainly will be considered as a moment of historical significance 
which we have the honor to see now.” 

The plan was realized and I think this statement is true. On the 10th 
of May in thousands of pulpits of all denominations, sermons were preached 
about the temptation and danger of alcohol. In thousands of Sunday schools 
the children learned why we need local option, and why all good people 
should be for it. More than a thousand mass meetings were held and about 
a thousand resolutions for local option were passed and sent to the Reichstag. 

That week was very important for the campaign. It was felt that tem¬ 
perance reform and especially local option, could be made popular. It showed 
what the good can do, if they forget a little while their political, social and 
denominational differences and unite for a great aim. I myself consider 
the experiences of this week as belonging to the most beautiful of my life. 
It was a week of strenuous work, but also of joy, of strengthened faith, and 
of a deepened conviction that the people are ready to work for the good, 
that the fight against alcoholism is one of the most necessary means to 
rebuild the nations, and that the cooperation in this fight has a power to 
draw people together, a power to bridge gulfs of misunderstanding. 

One of the most interesting meetings took place in St. Paul’s ,Church in 
Frankfort a.M. This is one of the best known historical places in Germany. 
Here in 1848, at the time of the revolution, the German liberals held their 
Parliament Assembly trying to unite Germany. In the chair was a Meth¬ 
odist; the first speaker was a university professor of Theology, Evangelical 
National church, Member of Parliament, belonging to the National Party; 
second speaker, a woman, a Roman Catholic, member of the center party; 
third speaker on the program a representative of the Labour movement. The 
first spoke about local option as a means for rebuilding the life of the nation, 
the subject of the second speaker was local option and the German Wom¬ 
en; of the third, the Significance of local option for the German laborer. And 
the miracle was that all were one in a feeling of responsibility, in love for the 
country and for their neighbors, and in a holy decision not to rest until the 
victory should be won. 

A further step was taken in 1926. After the way had been prepared by 
local committees in almost all the larger cities and towns, we began a drive 
for signatures under a mass petition for local option to the Reichstag. The 
date of the beginning was the 25th of March, and it was our hope that this 
work for the welfare of the people could and would be done quietly under the 
best wishes of all men of good will. Nobody had an idea that a mighty 

127 


thunderstorm of a contra-offensive would break forth against the “fanatical 
total abstainers,” as they called us. The anti-alcohol week had awakened the 
people, as I said, but it had also awakened the liquor traffic' and the brewers. 
As long as the temperance organizations celebrated their anniversaries only 
with songs and lectures, as long as they tried nothing else but to save drunk¬ 
ards, and allowed the alcoholists to erect one place after the other to make 
drunkards, even the brewers were satisfied with them. But now, when they 
proclaimed the right of the people, of men and women, who pay the taxes, 
the right to decide how many places of selling liquor they will have, or win 
not have, the danger to the trade was felt and like Demetrius, the silversmith 
in Ephesus, they began to cry: “Great is Diana of the Ephesians.” They were 
alarmed, and mobilized their forces. Hundreds of thousands of marks—I 
know what I say—were paid into the fund which was to support the move¬ 
ment against local option. Following our example, a Reichsausschuss (Na¬ 
tional Committee) against local option was organized. Speakers traveled 
through the country, hired the largest halls and gave lectures against local 
option. In the newspapers appeared hundreds of articles, written by profes¬ 
sors, lawyers, physicians, etc., warning the people of the threatening danger 
of local option, which was defined as the first and decisive step toward pro¬ 
hibition. Large advertisements, some taking the whole page, tried to show 
in what danger the nation was, and asked the people: “Do not give your 
name for local option.” There was no newspaper in Germany from the large 
papers in Berlin to the smallest village-paper in the country which did not 
bring art-icles on the alcohol problem, pro or contra local option, and the 
member of parliament, who had said: “Gemeindebestimmungsrecht” would 
never be popular in Germany, was surprised and remarked; “What's the mat¬ 
ter? In the train, in the street cars everywhere local option is the subject of 
discussion, and a member of the Reichstag just told me, that he cannot any 
longer drink his glass of beer quietly in the restaurant of the Reichstag. As soon 
as he sits down somebody will come and ask: ‘What do you think about local 
option’?” The most interesting thing happened on the very morning when 
the soliciting of the signatures began. In all cities, on all advertising spaces, 
in a large size, so that nobody could overlook it, there appeared a mighty, 
frightful monster; you could not quite decide whether it was a human 
being or a beast, with long legs and iron shoes out of which long nails pro¬ 
truded, walking over the city, trampling down churches, factories, breweries, 
restaurants, homes. And beneath the picture, which resembled the apocalyptic 
beasts of scripture, you would find the words “Local Option.” Other ex¬ 
amples of the contra-offensive could be given but those mentioned may suffice 
for this time. 

You ask now about the result. Of course, this action was felt. But even 
the most furious fight against could not stop the movement for local option. 
The churches did their duty. Young people went from house to house. 
Women mobilized their sisters. I am sorry that I have no time to mention at 
least a few names of the men and women of the different temperance organi¬ 
zations of the National and Free Churches and the Catholic church, of the 
youth—-the women—and the laborer-' movements. But to give only the 
names would take nearly all the time at my disposal. So 1 resolved not to give 

128 


any details in names, but to speak so that you may get an impression, that the 
temperance forces of Germany are at work, and that united they are a power 
for good which is to be felt today. Every word of appreciation or of praise I 
could say of the leaders of the organizations, of the organizers of the local 
committees, of the speakers who gave us a splendid literature on local option, 
of lawyers who studied the legal side, of physicians who enlightened us on 
the medical point of view, of leading professors of national economics who 
proved the economic value, of pastors who awakened their congregations, 
and of the noble men and women, old and young, who went from house to 
house in soliciting signatures:—(I know of a man, 71 years old, who col¬ 
lected 900 signatures alone)—every word of praise I could say, would not 
be sufficient to do credit to the service, the self-denial, the sacrifices, the 
courage, the idealism and the faith they had. I wish that a man with a pen 
like Carlyle or Goethe would come to write the history of this campaign. 
What a wonderful chapter it would be! Let me only state to this World 
Congress, that you co-workers, or I will say your brethren in Germany, 
though they have become poor in earthly means, are yet rich in faith and in 
courage, they stand on their feet, and you can expect them to do their duty. 
There was a kind of a laudable competition between the different organiza¬ 
tions, and when the fixed time of four weeks was over 

2,565,000 Signatures 

could be handed over to the president of the Reichstag in Berlin. 

We had these signatures bound neatly in 256 volumes, each containing 
10,000 names. The sample we took into the president’s office was the 
one with names from the district that had elected him as their representative. 
It was a remarkable day in the history of the temperance movement in Ger¬ 
many. Two automobiles, laden with the signatures, stood before the Reichstag, 
right beside the monument of Bismarck, who looked down upon the strange 
scene; there were 40 young Berlin abstainers, girls and boys, Good Templars, 
unloading the autos and marching to the Reichstag building, each of them 
carrying 50,000 signatures, while the cameras of the newspapers took snap¬ 
shots of them. What does it mean for young people to take part in such a 
historical moment? 

The executive committee was then received by Mr. Loebe, the President of 
the Reichstag, who himself is in favor of local option. He declared that this 
was the largest number of signatures under a petition that ever was sent to 
the Reichstag, perhaps to any parliament in Europe. On the next occasion, 
w T hen the liquor question is considered, this mountain of names would be laid 
on the table of the house and show the Reichstag what the people want. 

So much about the movement. These signatures are perhaps the most 
oustanding fact in the temperance reform work of Europe during the post-war 
years. The fight has not yet been won. A new license bill, prepared by the 
government, and to be dealt with in the Reichstag this fall does not include 
local option. There was a time when it seemed possible to get a majority 
for local option still in the present period of legislation. At present it does 
not seem so. Nobody could expect to reach such an aim with one step. 
Others will have to follow. But—though Germany is not yet ripe for prohi¬ 
bition, it is ripe for local option. Local option would be the one, the neces- 

129 


sary and the unsurpassable means of education on the drink-problem for the 
whole nation. Each case to vote upon would be a Chautauqua on the al¬ 
cohol question. I wonder if we could not set local option as an aim before all 
the nations of Europe! My hope and faith to reach the aim for Germany is 
based on the experiences I told. Three powers are with us in the fight. 
First, the churches. We shall not get forward if we cannot mobilize the re¬ 
ligious and moral forces of the Churches. And the churches will respond. 
Second, the women. Would you have gotten prohibition without the help of 
the women? The women of Germany will be with us. And the women are 
those whom the brewers fear most. In the third place, the youth. The young 
people—at least many of them—consider the beerglass as the symbol of a time 
that is past. If we had allowed the youth to sign, we would have got millions 
more. But we wanted only voters, to make the action impressive. 

As my time is past, only one more word for conclusion. Two pictures 
have impressed me deeply while in your country. In Washington, D. C., I 
visited your wonderful capitol, the symbol of America’s greatness, future and 
responsibility. I saw the pictures of Columbus; how, first, when he made 
his proposition, the idea of getting to India by going west on the ocean, was 
considered ridiculous by some of the best, the learned, and the rich men, who 
were asked to support him. For he could only realize his plan if he was 
helped. At last his faith kindled the faith of others, they helped him, he 
succeeded, and then nobody found it ridiculous any more. Columbus was one 
of the heroes of humanity. My friends, we live in the time when some good, 
learned and rich people, especially in Europe, think it ridiculous to over¬ 
come the power of alcoholism, to change the deep-rooted drink customs of the 
nations. Have we faith in our call, and have we faith in the living, al¬ 
mighty God, such a faith that the faith of others will be kindled, inspired and 
strengthened? All things are possible to him who believes. I wish that 
this convention, besides all other results, will give us new visions of the op¬ 
portunities of the time and a new faith. 

The second picture came into my mind when reading the journals oT 
that great missionary and explorer, and friend of men, David Livingstone. 
While in Africa nothing touched his heart of sympathy more than slavery. 
One day he wrote in his diary: “God bless everybody, be he a Christian, Mo¬ 
hammedan, or a Heathen, who helps that humanity may be freed from the curse 
of slavery.” And I say: God bless everybody, to whatever religion, denom¬ 
ination, nation or political party he may belong, who helps that humanity 
may be freed from the curse of alcoholism. And I hope your sympathies will 
be with us, when we work and fight and endure, and serve for that great cause 
in Germany. • 


A 1928 FORECAST 

By Hon. S. E. Nicholson, LL.D. 

Secretary of the Anti-Saloon League of America 

I do not presume to possess the gift of prophecy. I belong to no school 
of the prophets, whether fundamentalist or modern, liberal or conservative, 
with the trademark of the elephant, or the coat of arms of the donkey. I 
always pray to be delivered from the folly of indiscretions, and must therefore 

130 



with propriety beg to be excused today from giving you the name of our 
next president. 

I might with proper grace presume to name a number of gentlemen, who 
will choose to run for the presidency in 1928, but with equal assurance I 
could present a near-duplicate list of those who will run in vain, a fact which 
is too obvious to make it necessary for me to engage in personalities or enter 
the domain of nomenclature at this time. 

The choice of candidates for the presidency, congress, et cetera, made 
by the electorate in 1928 will depend largely upon the issues which these 
candidates typify. If prohibition shall be an issue in the national campaign 
next year, let it be known once and for all that it is there, not by any choice of 
the friends of prohibition or because of any action on their part, but by the in¬ 
sistence of those who are in open rebellion against the fundamental law of the 
land. The friends of prohibition are tolerably well satisfied with the dry ma¬ 
jorities in congress and in most of the state legislatures, and have therefore no 
object in raising anew an issue already settled and supported by majorities 
so generally. Upon the wets and upon them alone must rest the odium for 
whatever of political disturbance arises from the prohibition issue at a time 
when other great domestic and international questions have every right to 
a hearing in the coming campaign. 

That the prohibition issue will be injected into the campaign of 1928 is 
beyond question. Every movement of the opposition for the past two years 
has been directed to this objective. By stampede methods, by catch-as-catch- 
can maneuvering, by chicanery and by shameless disregard of the truth they 
lave grown frantic in trying to clear the way for an onslaught upon the elec¬ 
torate of the land a year hence, in the interest of a return of legalized liquor in 
some form, in any form which the confused voters might perchance allow. 

The opponents of prohibition, led by the liquor interests, are playing a 
game, with illy concealed purpose to confuse the public mind, the stake being 
the presidential and congressional elections of 1928. No one can rightly un¬ 
derstand the present prohibition situation without taking this into account. 
It is a situation that is largely abnormal, to which thousands of citizens are 
making contribution with no other purpose in mind, than the effect of their 
action upon this game now so clamorously under way. 

It is a game in which tragedy and comedy intermingle. It is tragedy to 
witness the reckless and even lawless attitude of thousands of our citizens, 
who have become the dupes of the liquor interests to the extent of believing 
that they are contributing to the repeal of prohibition by rebelling against it. 
It is the method of anarchy and disorderly government, which, if successful, 
would strike a blow at the very heart of representative government. 

If it be treason for a contender to foul his opponent in a boxing contest, 
what shall be said of the citizen who fouls his government and its Constitu¬ 
tion by wilful disobedience to the fundamental law for the avowed purpose 
of working a repeal? The constitution provides an orderly method of chang¬ 
ing or repealing law, and the candidate who winks at repudiation or nullifica¬ 
tion as a means of modification will receive scant consideration by the general 
electorate in the year of our Lord, 1928. 

Were it not so tragic, there would be distinct comedy in the antics of cer- 

131 


tain political groups, some who play their dry constituents for a set of simple¬ 
tons while they themselves vie with their political opponents in bidding for 
the liquor vote, while others are skulking along the political sidelines in frantic 
efforts to discover which way the prohibition breezes are blowing. 

It is my humble opinion that the year 1928 will not be a salutary year 

lor the political trickster who assumes to play a game with the fundamental 
law. The pathway to the White House does not run by way of the brew¬ 
ery or the wine press. Candidates for presidential preferment must have 
something more to commend them than the repeal of enforcement statutes, 
the tortures of Senatorial inquisition, or the invocation of the discarded issue 
of sovereign rights as a cloak of respectability for the liquor traffic. The road 
to our national legislature is not paved with disrespect for law, nor is it 

bordered by the bootlegger and the rum runner. It is not going to be a good 

year for gamesters of the rummy type. 

We have the time probably for a little analysis of the situation we face. 
The years of 1920 and 1921 will forever stand as monuments to the benefits 
wrought by prohibition. They were the years in which there were the best 
observance and the best enforcement of national prohibition. Every survey 
made, every collection of official data told an unbroken story of public and 
private betterment. Even in New York City, hard boiled and unyielding, 
public officials conferred seriously over the necessity of diminishing materially 
ihe appropriations for charitable purposes. So beneficent was the new free¬ 
dom from the grip of the rum power that the liquor interests were alarmed 
and saw every chance for a restoration to power rapidly slipping away. 

Then something began to happen. Within little more than a year up¬ 
wards of forty organizations came into being to oppose prohibition, with the 
inevitable result that encouragement was given the bootlegger and both ex¬ 
ecutives and the judiciary found it increasingly difficult to enforce the law in 
many localities. Some of these societies have not survived, while others have 
grown strong by the very force of desperation. It is these, such as the Associ¬ 
ation Against the Prihibition Amendment, that have given form to the move¬ 
ment for the revocation of the prohibition laws. 

Nearly two years ago the interests represented by these organizations be¬ 
gan the inauguration of their game, designed purposely, I dare to assert, to con- 
ruse the public mind, and lead to the popular belief that a ground swell had 
set in against prohibition. 

First came the nation-wide newspaper poll, a loosely devised straw vote, 
its advocates knowing full well that the thirsty ones would vote loud and often, 
while the prohibitionists, satisfied tolerably well with their constitutional and 
legislative accomplishments and the mounting dry majorities in Congress, 
would have no purpose in getting excited over any such meaningless pro¬ 
cedure. Notwithstanding the fact that election after election belied the poll 
and revealed its arrant foolishness, the wet newspapers and some that should 
have known better, heralded the results as a blow to prohibition, and filled 
their columns with liquor propaganda as the first step in an endeavor to un¬ 
settle the public mind. 

Then followed soon the appointment of a Sub-committee of the Senate 
Committee on the Judiciary to consider some dozens of liquor bills pending 

132 


in that body. Having decided to grant public hearings on these measures, the 
wets flocked to Washington, and for days furnished volumes of liquor propa¬ 
ganda which was carried by the pro-liquor press in shameless quantities to 
every corner of the land, while for the most part, according only a minimum 
of space to the testimony of the friends of prohibition .Thus did the game 
proceed. 

Then came the appointment of the Reed Senatorial committee, osten¬ 
sibly to investigate reported corruption in certain senatorial primary elections, 
but seemingly to impose the powers of inquisition upon the Anti-Saloon League 
and, under the guise of looking into its records, make them available for 
newspaper publication. Again the opponents of prohibition treked in haste to 
Washington, and again liquor propaganda flowed in a flood through the 
newspapers. The game was developing according to design, and the fog set¬ 
tled still further over the public mind. 

Then came the referendums in several states, and the electorates in states 
hke New York and Illinois were asked to voice an opinion on strangely 
worded questions, meaningless and more or less misleading, but which served 
admirably the purpose of scattering still more liquor propaganda before the 
voters. 

The latest developments of this game are the concerted attacks now 
being made upon the Anti-Saloon League throughout the nation. Strangely 
enough, in almost every instance, the League is pictured as a discredited in¬ 
stitution, and is then berated for its exercise of power. But neither consist¬ 
ency nor truth form any essential part of this pro-liquor game, just so the 
public can be made to believe its lying propaganda. 

So the game goes merrily on, and for what purpose? Not alone for con¬ 
fusion for its own sake, but ultimately for the sake of its effect upon the elec¬ 
tions of 1928. There is the issue in a nut shell. No greater conspiracy of 
evil has ever tried to capture a national election for its own unholy purposes. 
It has succeeded in part, and some good people have been misled. Others are 
yet wondering what it is all about. 

The managers of this anti-prohibition movement have failed to reckon 
with one important fact. They have started a game at which others can play. 
Error cannot win against truth. Falsehood must fall in the clear light of the 
facts. The opposition is credulous beyond belief if it can hope that after the 
prohibitionists have won a succession of victories for the past ten years, they 
are going to permit themselves to be robbed of any part of what has been 
gained by any processes which the wets can devise. 

It is my profound conviction that the wets have no man in either party who 
can win the presidency on any issue of modification or repeal, whether 
he be Governor, Senator, University President or Legislative Head. It is my 
conviction, also, that the wets cannot confuse the public enough to win 
any substantial gain in either Congressional house. Because, first, prohibition 
is winning its way in spite of open rebellion, and because further the prohi¬ 
bitionists of the country will not only fight to the last ditch to hold what they 
have gained, but are determined to suppress this rum rebellion that has dared 
to threaten orderly government and to challenge the right of our social order 
to protect itself from a destructive evil. 

133 


The liquor traffic in America is a lost cause. That which is best for all 
is the social ideal. No man or group may do that which contravenes the 
public health, the public morals or the public welfare. The old Latin maxim, 
“Salus populi suprema lex” is a law for every land and for every age, and 
embodies in essence the humanistic cry for social prfection. It is the negation 
cf selfish individualism that demands personal preferment at the expense of 
the many. It is the soul of a developing civilization, the inexorable cham¬ 
pion of the right of all men to live at their best and of society to climb the 
heights unchecked by the greed of any. 

It is these fundamental issues of our American social life that are at 
stake in the campaign of 1928. It is not altogether a question of liquor or no 
liquor. In no sense is it a problem of alcoholic percentages. The issue rather 
is one of public necessity, to demonstrate that law is law, that government 
is serious business and not a game of football, that transgression of the best 
ideals for the human plan, conceived in the mind of God, vitiates the human 
law of advancement, and holds society in slavery to its own vices. 

In my humble opinion, no political party in America which has a chance to 
win, will elect to cross the threshhold of our American sanctuary with hos¬ 
tile intent to loosen the leashes which for seven years and a half have held 
at bay and in chains the dogs of greed and inebriety, which all too long 
preyed upon our American life. 

Should any political party be so recreant to public responsibility as to 
name a candidate for high office who looks with indifference or hostility upon 
the prohibition policy of the land, it will be the signal at once for the mass 
concentration again of that public opinion which wrote the Eighteenth 
Amendment into the Constitution and which has steadily contributed to the 
mounting dry majorities in the National Congress. 

The horoscope of 1928 shows badly for the wet campaign, for already 
the political barometer indicates squalls and hurricanes for all candidates of a 
presidential character who stand for modification or repeal of prohibition. 
And to this end, let us here and now pledge the renewal of our faith. 

FRIDAY EVENING SESSION 

ADDRESS 

Mb. Edward Oliver, J. P. 

Grand Chief Templar , Grand Lodge of England, I. 0. G. T. 

I am proud to stand here as one of the representatives of the Grand Lodge 
of England, and I bring with me the hearty greetings and the good wishes of 
the 75,000 members of that order in my country. We felt it was a happy co¬ 
incidence that the dates for this Congress followed so closely on our Inter¬ 
national session at Philadelphia, enabling many of us to come along here and 
gain the inspiration which we can carry home. 

We have come to learn the truth about this mighty and absolutely unique 
experiment which we cannot get from our English papers. We have even 
heard of a lie factory! I visited Mt. Vernon several days ago and was greatly 
impressed by the devotion of Americans and others to the memory of the 
great man whose remains are laid there. Thinking of the lie factory, I re- 

134 



membered the story of the school boy who, when asked what was remarkable 
about George Washington, replied that it was that he was an American and 
never told a lie. In my early days in the temperance ranks, I was frequently 
told, with assurance, that to ask for prohibition was equivalent to asking for 
the moon. So that it was nothing short of an inspiration to me to see for 
the first time on August 7th the shores of a great country which has, by due 
process of law outlawed the liquor traffic and declared that just as it is a crime 
to steal money, to fake another’s signature, so it is a crime to make, to import, 
to sell, that which, as our great Shakespeare says, steals away our brains. 

I have asked in the various places I have visited, where I could find a 
public house or where I could get a drink, but have been unable to keep my 
face straight long enough to get the information. We Britishers congratulate 
America on its brilliant audacity. 

Backward as we must admit we are in the British Isles, we ar e by na 
means without hope. Scotland has made the first move, and despite terrific 
opposition, has already some most encouraging object lessons to show. Ireland 
“S showing signs of movement and all England is being prepared, and may 
yet surprise the world, though she still considers the House of Lords, and 
not prison, the proper place for men whom John Wesley describes as Poison¬ 
ers General. 

We feel sure that America will stand firm, and will win through in spite 
of all difficulties, and we will watch and pray for your success. 

We Good Templars are pleased that you have kept on the straight road, 
on which, as gallant Sir Wilfred Lawson once said, no one ever got lost, and 
we remain steadfast in the demand that a plain issue—Drink or No Drink— 
shall be submitted to the people. Management options are an abomination 
to us, and we thank you for your noble lead against them. 

Whenever we are in danger of doubting the ultimate result of our efforts 
let us remember whose we are and whom we serve. Joshua had a great task 
allotted to him and was told to “only be strong and of a good courage.” Re¬ 
alizing what a glorious world an alcohol-free world would be, let us take that 
message to heart, and throw ourselves without reserve into this great work. 


PROHIBITION AS A PROMOTER OF PROSPERITY—FROM A 
MANUFACTURER’S POINT OF VIEW 

Col. Patrick Henry Callahan 

Manufacturer and Employer, of Louisville, Ky., formerly President of the National 
Paint, Oil and Varnish Association 

I have just come from a dinner where twenty-five or thirty of us Ken¬ 
tuckians got together, as Kentuckians do, under the leadership of Mr. Graham, 
the Anti-Saloon League superintendent for our state, and at the close of the 
dinner we sang the old song, “The Moon Shines No Longer on the Kentucky 
Home.” It has been said of us prohibitionists that we are long of face and 
stern of character, and that we have none of the sweetness of life. On the 
contrary, when I think of the battles, and embittered battles, that we have 
been through during the last ten or fifteen years, it is astonishing that we are 
able to retain these days our usual abundance of good humor. 

135 



As my dear friend, Bishop Nicholson, has told you, I come from Ken¬ 
tucky and the metropolis of the state, and I have seen the remarkable degree 
of prosperity that prohibition has brought to my city. Furthermore, he has 
told you of my having been, a few years ago, president of the second largest 
business association in this country. Therefore, I think I can speak with 
some experience on this matter of prosperity, on this matter of flourishing 
business, and how much prohibition is responsible for this prosperity. Pros¬ 
perity, as you perhaps know, does not apply to all classes at the same time. 
We have had in this country for the last four or five years a great degree of 
prosperity for certain classes, including the iron industries and almost all the 
urban industries. On the other hand, mining and those employed in mines, 
either coal or mineral, and farm labor and farmers themselves, have had no 
prosperity except in small spots. But industry has been prosperous in a marked 
degree ever since the introduction of prohibition. 

Very close estimates could be made of the amount of money spent for 
intoxicating liquor before the time of prohibition. We had our Internal Reve¬ 
nue Department and we had the state returns as well, and we estimate that 
for liquor of all kinds there was approximately five billions of dollars spent 
annually. Professor Fisher of Yale estimates the former expenditure for 
liquor to be nearly six billion dollars, but we will just consider the lesser 
amount of five billions. Five billion dollars or even four billions actually 
saved out of the five billions formerly spent on liquor, and added to the 
usual purchasing power of the nation will go a long way toward making the 
"wheels go spinning” as we business men say. To say four billion dollars of 
a saving is very conservative, and when this sum of money is put into circu¬ 
lation for not only necessities but those luxuries and things that go toward a 
better form of living, it is going to mean a great deal of prosperity for all 
these lines of trade and traffic. This prosperity also reflects itself directly 
and indirectly in all other lines of business and professional activity. 

Those people who make a study of economics sometimes differ as to what 
is the cause of prosperity. There is one school, the conservative kind, or 
rather the thought that prevailed a hundred years ago, that if the upper class, or 
nowadays, the finance or money interests, were prosperous that would of itself 
expand, it would make investments and bring returns, give employment and 
additional employment, and that general prosperity would prevail therefrom. 
The other school of thought says that when the farmers have fine crops and 
the workers in the factories and the mines get good wages, they produce a 
purchasing power and make profits for the financier in just the reverse of the 
above. I believe nowadays most of the economists have concluded that you 
can not have general prosperity very long unless there is a general prosperity 
among the masses where the bulk of the purchasing begins. 

During the last several years, all workers but the miners and the farmers 
have been prosperous. Farm labor is now down to twenty millions of our 
population and more than 70 % of our population is dependent on industry, 
business and transportation, and either by compulsory methods of prohibition 
or personal desire we have now adopted a type of thrift or saving that has put 
money into savings banks, into building and loan societies, in seven years, 
to the equivalent of the previous twenty-seven years before. We all know it 

136 


:s not human nature for all of us to save money. I believe for every dollar 
that has been saved, ten dollars have been spent, which is a very conserva¬ 
tive calculation. This money has been spent in moving pictures, radio equip¬ 
ment, entertainments at home, better and more expensive forms of dressing, 
and certainly there have been improvements in the sanitary and hygienic form 
of living in America in the last seven years that have put all the plumbing 
fixtures people ahead, doubling their business everywhere for the last seven 
years. With the good wages of today which are twice the wages of seven 
years ago, a portion of same put in the bank and a much larger portion ex¬ 
pended, you may naturally expect to see stores prospering and all forms of in¬ 
dustries that make products that go into home life, advertising, selling, and 
prospering. 

The American people and the working people, especially now, have a fash¬ 
ion of living that is all their own in comfort, sanitation and hygiene, spending 
money for entertainment and amusement, the like of which was never 
dreamed of in other countries and by previous generations. That in turn has 
brought about a wonderful purchasing power that causes a prosperous flour¬ 
ishing condition in this country of ours. Just the other day the Brotherhood 
engineers of this country on only the Eastern lines were given an advance of 
six million dollars in their wages, which is the estimate for only one year. 
Everybody who is studying economics realizes that that means six more mil¬ 
lion dollars to go into building and loans and savings banks, although perhaps 
nine out of ten of those dollars will be spent for additional luxuries, addi¬ 
tional improvements in living, and being spent largely in the cities, of course, 
it will bring additional prosperity to the cities and their factories and employes. 
In Louisville, Kentucky, we have seen this very great improvement in busi¬ 
ness and the professions. There was a time when whisky, as has been often said 
by me, was to Louisville what motor cars are now to Detroit, or steel to Pitts¬ 
burg. It was just as much a part of our fabric of finance and our social struc¬ 
ture. There were 29 distilleries, one of them making 400 barrels of whisky a 
day. But we now have a city with varied industries that give steady employ¬ 
ment and pay fine wages and in five years of Prohibition we have showed as 
much growth in population and building as during the previous fifty years. 

Prohibition, Prosperity, Peace and Plenty go hand in hand. 


THE POLICY AND THE PROGRAM OF THE UNITED TEMPER¬ 
ANCE ORGANIZATIONS OF CANADA 

Rev. W. W. Peck, M.A. 

Educational Secretary, Prohibition Federation of Canada 

The object of the Prohibition Federation of Canada is the same as that 
of the World League Against Alcoholism—“to attain by the means of educa¬ 
tion and legislation the total suppression throughout the world, of alcoholism.” 
Its activities are determined by the legislative and social conditions existing 
in Canada. Under the British North American Act of 1867, legislation dealing 
with the manufacture, exportation, importation and transportation of liquors 
rests with the Dominion parliament; the provincial legislatures may legislate 
only with regard to the retail sale of liquors. 

This divided jurisdiction is primarily responsible for all our troubles. 

137 



In none of the eight provinces that adopted so-called provincial prohibition 
did we really have prohibition. When the provincial prohibition act came 
into force the brewers and distillers, licensed each year by the Dominion Gov¬ 
ernment, continued to manufacture the same as before. For example: the 
Province of Ontario adopted prohibition on September 16, 1916. During 
1926, however, the Province of Ontario, while nominally under Prohibition, 
had seven distilleries and twenty-eight breweries in full operation. Their at¬ 
titude toward provincial prohibition was that it was an unwarranted restric¬ 
tion upon their business. Nominally they could not manufacture for retail 
sale in Ontario. After supplying the Provincial dispensaries or liquor stores 
they were supposed to export their product. The result was that from a 
number of our Lake ports we had boats clearing after dark for Cuba via the 
Chicago Drainage Canal, and these boats would make a phenomenal trip, 
being back for another cargo next morning. Whilst part of this liquor found 
its way into the United States, part of it found its way back into Ontario. The 
presence of this liquor was used to discredit provincial prohibition. The 
bootlegger had no difficulty in securing ample supplies. The propagandist 
for liquor control claimed that the bootlegger was the product of prohibition: 
as a matter of fact he had little difficulty in securing his supplies from the 
brewers and distillers, from those who would profit most by the defeat of 
prohibition. 

Having a Dominion license, it was quite legal for a brewery or distillery 
to export liquor to any country. In 1924, according to government returns, 
there was exported from Canada to the United States, $19,391,000 worth of 
liquor. Of this amount $4,581,525 worth was at the port o’f Windsor, oppo¬ 
site Detroit. In 1925 there was exported to you $11,874,000 worth of liquor. 
Of this amount $6,572,360 worth was at Windsor. For the first six months 
of this year there was exported to you $11,466,000 worth of liquor. Of this 
amount $7,275,760 worth was at Windsor. 

You will see at once how, under our laws, the brewers and distillers were 
a menace to Prohibition in Ontario, and in surrounding countries. 

You will also see from the volume of their business why it was profit¬ 
able for them to contribute large sums of money for propaganda purposes. 
For example: On May 5, 1927, the affairs of one of our distilleries being under 
investigation by the Customes committee, it was revealed that the company 
had paid $363,000 for propaganda in combating prohibition. It was shown 
that $180,000 was in reality a campaign fund applied largely to fighting for 
Government Sale in the recent election in Ontario. This amount from one 
distillery. 

It has been shown under oath that similar conditions exist in other 
provinces. 

These conditions may be said to have determined the organization and 
ihe policy of the Prohibition Federation of Canada. It was seen that the form 
of provincial prohibition that we had—merely prohibition of retail sale—was 
not sufficient; that we must have prohibition of manufacture, of importation, 
of exportation and of transportation; that liquors must not be allowed to be ex¬ 
ported or transported since there was so much risk of their being diverted 
for sale within the province whilst on their way. 

138 


Nor under Government sale have the brewers been satisfied with merely 
selling to the government. In British Columbia government sale came into 
operation on June 15, 1921. Over three years later, on December 15, 1924, 
the Attorney-General, Hon. A. M. Manson, standing in his place in the leg¬ 
islature at Victoria, stated: “I have no sympathy for the brewers. I could 
not, after my three years’ experience. There has never been a day when the 
brewers have not spent every minute in doing their utmost to contravene the 
will of the people, defy the government and tear down the law of the land. To 
most of the brewers the meaning of the word ‘honor’ is unknown.” 

The Hon. R. W. Craig, the then Attorney-General of Manitoba, speak¬ 
ing at Portage la Prairie on January 13, 1927, two years and four months after 
government sale came into effect in Manitoba, stated: “As appears by a return 
brought down in the closing days of the last session of this legislature 61^2 
per cent of the beer manufactured in Manitoba upon which gallonage tax was 
paid, appears to have been disposed of without being accounted for to the liquor 
commission. We have the unprecedented number of convictions during last 
year—31 in number. One firm has two convictions, two firms have three con¬ 
victions each, four firms have four convictions each and one had seven convic¬ 
tions during the year.” 

Annual reports of the provincial Government sale Liquor Commissions all 
report large increases in the amount sold under government sale over the 
amount sold under prohibition. In British Columbia, for example, the amount 
sold in the government dispensaries for the year 1920, the last year under 
prohibition, was $909,884.18. The amount sold in the government liquor 
stores for 1926 under Government sale was $13,434,345.28; and this amount 
does not include the sale of beer in the beer taverns. 

The amount sold in Ontario last year under prohibition was $5,083,340.23. 
The Ontario government, in estimating the profits for the first year under gov¬ 
ernment sale, placed the amount at $7,000,000. According to the rate of profits 
of other provinces under government sale, this would mean a government sale 
of from $35,000,000 to $40,000,000. The social results of this increased amount 
of liquor sale and consumption are what might be expected. For example: 
comparing statistics for the city of Toronto for June and July, 1926, under 
prohibition, with June and July, 1927, under government sale, we find that 
charges of drunkenness increased from 862 to 1,082; drunks in charge of autos, 
from 25 to 31, an increase in each case of 25 per cent. The auto accidents 
increased from 258 to 368. Disorderlies increased from 203 to 290, or 42 per 
cent. 

Under government sale, infractions of the Liquor Act have increased in¬ 
stead of decreasing. In British Columbia in 1919 under prohibition there were 
896 infractions of the liquor act; in 1920 under prohibition, 1,314; but in 1922- 

1923, the second year of Government sale, there were 2,400 infractions; in 1923- 

1924, 2,196 infractions; in 1924-1925, 3,364 and in 1925-1926, 3,365. 

Under government sale, .bootlegging, especially by the bottle men, has 
increased. In Vancouver, British Columbia, after six years’ trial of Gov¬ 
ernment Sale, the Liquor Control Board recently extended the time of two 
liquor stores to twelve o’clock midnight. This does not, however, prevent il¬ 
licit sale on Sundays and holidays. According to the Victoria (B. |C.) Times 

139 


of July 30, 1927, “Police Commissioner Staneland bitterly attacked what he 
referred to as indiscriminate selling of liquor from Government stores to those 
who had already been convicted of bootlegging. ‘The Liquor Board turns on 
the tap’, said Commissioner Staneland, ‘and we clean up the mess’.” 

Perhaps the most sinister effect, however, has been upon our political 
life. The Dominion committee carrying on our customs investigation dis¬ 
covered a canker at the root of our public administration. To attain their 
object the liquor interests made lavish use of funds. The Halifax Herald said 
editorially: “Events of the past few months and disclosure after disclosure 
prove that the whole Dominion has been caught in the meshes of the traffic.” 
McLean’s Magazine (Toronto), stated: “With millions upon millions at 
stake was it any wonder that this oligarchy of bootleggers were able to summon 
to their aid members of Parliament, were able to wangle defense even from cab¬ 
inet ministers.” The Financial Post, of Toronto, stated: “Those behind the 
scenes state that the growth in smuggling was a direct result of the breaking 
down in the morale of the customs service as a result of the liquor traffic. 
The liquor traffic, with its colossal scale of operations, its huge profits, its 
temptation for graft, developed by organized gangs of cold, determined, 
strongly backed and heavily financed crooks, who were the willing servants 
of wealthy Canadians and Americans, many of them powers in politics, got 
beyond the control of the ordinary 'preventive service. The customs pre¬ 
ventive service, in both . United States and Canada, broke down under the 
strain of the liquor traffic’s evil influence. When the men who were making 
smuggling an industry, began to widen the scope of their opeartions to include 
many other commodities, the service was unable to cope with the situation. 
Politicians, between the deep sea of their financial supporters among the 
smugglers and the devil of their harder job, did nothing.’’ 

Having in mind the divided jurisdiction and the intolerable conditions that 
have been created, the Prohibition Federation of Canada, whilst keeping in 
mind Dominion-wide prohibition as its object, is urging on the Dominion gov¬ 
ernment necessary amendments to restrict the freedom with which clearances 
are given liquor boats under the customs act. We are alarmed at what has 
resulted from this in our own land and we are ashamed when we consider 
what has happened to our neighbors. 

We are also seeking amendments to the Canada Temperance Act so that 
control of manufacture be given to the provinces. We think that when a 
province votes dry, automatically the breweries and distilleries in that pro¬ 
vince should go out of business. 

Educationally, through the press and by means of text books prepared 
for Sunday schools and public schools, we are trying to teach young and 
old that alcohol is not a stimulant, but a depressant; is a narcotic drug that 
successively weakens and suspends the functions of the brain from above 
downwards; that it is a poison that prevents its user from accomplishing his 
highest and best; that socially it is a menace to. the home, to clean politics, 
to good society. 

To business men, to show the economic benefits of prohibition, we quote 
the following: Sir Alfred Balfour’s statement to the Sheffield Chamber of 
Commerce—“Prohibition has given to the United States twenty per cent ad- 

140 


vantage over us in the competition for the trade of the world.” The state¬ 
ment of Sir Philip Snowden, the Labor leader, at Bradford, England: “I was a 
member during the war of the liquor control board. We had scientific experi¬ 
ments and investigations made in regard to the effect of a comparatively small 
dose of alcohol upon the efficiency of the drinker, both in clerical and manual 
occupations. The conclusion was that a moderate dose of alcohol had the 
effect of reducing the effciency of the working man by one-seventh.” The 
statement of Herbert Hoover, U. S. Secretary of Commerce: “Exhaustive 
study from many angles of production over average periods of ten years apart, 
before and since the War, indicate that whilst our productivity should have 
increased about 15 per cent, due to the increase in population, yet the actual 
increase has been from twenty-five to thirty per cent, indicating an in¬ 
crease of efficiency from somewhere of ten to fifteen per cent. There is no 
question in my opinion that prohibition is making America more productive.” 
Professor Irving Fisher states that the adoption of Prohibition has meant an 
increase of six billion dollars a year in the income of the United States. 

We must always keep in mind that fundamentally the liquor question is a 
moral question, a question that all moral leaders seeking to establish the King¬ 
dom of Righteousness on earth, cannot possibly ignore. Thus whilst teaching 
the young that making the most of life means total abstinence, we also have in 
mind the enlisting of all in a national campaign for better business, cleaner 
social and political life. As the social and industrial development of the United 
States was the outstanding achievement of last century, we are hopeful that 
during this century a sober, industrious and God-fearing Canada will take her 
rightful place among the nations. 


SATURDAY MORNING SESSION 

PROHIBITION AND THE COMMUNITY 

Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost 

Washington Representative, Rational Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 

By the will of the great majority of the people, expressed in the regular 
way, and after years of consideration and deliberation, we amended our con¬ 
stitution to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. We pro¬ 
hibited a thing and a system which was the most debauching, the greatest 
crime-producing, health-destroying, heart-breaking factor in our American life. 

Now we are being told that the law is not enforced in certain sections 
and not observed by all. Assuming this to be true, it is no reflection upon the 
law, but it is a serious reflection upon the citizen who is either too unpatriotic 
to observe the law, too apathetic to take a strong stand for law enforcement, 
or too selfish to interest himself in that which, no matter how worthy, may 
not mean much to him personally. 

In our impatience to see laws effective immediately, we are likely to dwell 
too much on the imperfections and too little on the benefits. A Chinese man 
of letters recently said: “We Chinese think in centuries, you think in years.” 
And but recently Jane Addams said: “Give prohibition three generations and 
it will do away completely with drink. Here around Hull House we used to 
see whisky and beer left at saloons by the dray load. The poverty and suf- 

141 



fering were appalling. There is such a difference now that it seems like another 
world.” We are well on the way, but cannot be satisfied with the progress 
already recorded toward actualization of the ultimate goal—prohibition gener¬ 
ally observed and adequately enforced. 

Therefore, if our objective is to be attained, the community conscience 
must again be appealed to and aroused. If you will search your memories, 
and answer the question, Where did the movement for national prohibition first 
begin? you will be reminded that it was in the smaller communities; that the 
sentiment which later swept the nation had its birth there. In community sen¬ 
timent is to be found the real foundation of national action, just as the family 
is the unit upon which local organized society is built. 

Following the illustration a little further, we will realize that if the family 
has the proper social consciences then will society have the proper social 
conscience; if the community has the proper civic conscience, then it must nec¬ 
essarily follow that the nation will have an exalted national conscience. 

When citizens are made to realize how potent their influence in the com¬ 
munity may be, and the necessity for individual and group effort to the de¬ 
sired end, we will have laid a firm foundation for desired conditions in the 
nation at large with respect to law observance and law enforcement. 

How often we reach out, with constructive intent, in an effort to remedy 
some situation in a far off capital, for example, where our influence is nec¬ 
essarily weakened by reason of distance and lack of intimate knowledge, and 
ignore conditions in our local community where our influence should not only 
be more directly effective but more speedily felt. 

It is much easier for an organized group to condemn an executive because 
of some particular action, the intimate details with which they are not in the 
least acquainted, than to face the fact that violations of the prohibition law 
are winked at in its immediate neighborhood. 

Is it not futile for the small, far-away community to spend its energies in 
an effort to perfect conditions in our large centers of population like New York 
and Chicago, and be blinded to continued violations in their own town or 
village; blind to places where intoxicants are dispensed—places which could 
easily be eliminated by the organized action of women, alone, of the com¬ 
munity? If there was demanded in the home a strict observance of the 
prohibition law, how comparatively short would be the time when law ob¬ 
servance would be the rule of the community, and of the nation? 

It is easy, of course, to understand why and how we have become accus¬ 
tomed to working nationally, and have turned our thoughts and activities 
away from the community. In the final effort to establish state and national 
prohibition, it was necessary to nationalize the prohibition sentiment created 
through community education and organization, covering a period of half a 
century. This we brought to bear in the state and the nation to secure sub¬ 
mission of amendments and legislation to make these effective. Writing 
prohibition in the fundamental law in state and nation necessitated a great 
concentration upon the centers of power. Quite naturally the community, hav¬ 
ing succeeded in focusing its thought upon state and nation, lost the sense of 
community responsibility, which has not since been revived. 

The marvelous era of moral growth and civic development, materializing as 

142 


it did in the Eighteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, must be 
followed by an equally marked renewal of conscience awakening, that the full 
benefit of what has been won may be realized. The question, therefore, is: 

Can the community conscience be again aroused? 

Organizing nationally for law enforcement is to a degree spectacular and 
therefore has a great appeal. Many committees, and effective they have 
proved, have been valuable allies in recent years of th National Woman’s 
Christian Temperance Union, that matchless organization which, more than 
fifty years ago, began education, agitation, and organization for the total an¬ 
nihilation of the beverage liquor traffic. The Anti-Saloon League, with its 
aggressive leadership, meeting the enemy on his own ground and besting him; 
the Prohibition party, which pioneered so sturdily in the political field; and 
the Prohibition and Temperance boards of the various churches, helping to 
arouse to a ceaseless activity the church membership—likewise have all together 
aided in reaching the cherished goal. 

The achievement of the Eighteenth Amendment attests the effectiveness 
of these groups, federally. It would seem, therefore, that as we are well or¬ 
ganized nationally, the time has now come for these manifold agencies to 
divert some of the tremendous influence so strongly evidenced, to the arous¬ 
ing of the community conscience and organizing through it to secure universal 
observance of the law. 

What a marvelous thing nationally was the action of the General Fed¬ 
eration of Women’s Clubs, in biennial convention, when the question of going 
on record as opposing any weakening of the Federal prohibition law, was 
proposed! The proposal was seconded by representatives from every state in 
the Union, and when the National President asked for a vote on the question, 
the response was unanimous. To confirm this, the president asked for the neg¬ 
ative vote and there was not a single “Nay” in that great convention, repre¬ 
senting millions of women of the United States. This action was indicative of 
a widespread determination to see this great experiment of the ages com¬ 
pletely and finally successful. Reflect for a moment on the tremendous and 
far-reaching influence of these millions, if directly active in awakening THE 
COMMUNITY CONSCIENCE. 

Devotion to our country can have no higher expression than loyalty to 
our constitution. That great progress has been made cannot be successfully 
challenged. 

Even in the face of great progress there is something more to be done 
before we arrive at that solidarity of public opinion so essential to our com¬ 
plete and final success. What is the great need to complete the task to which 
we have dedicated our lives? Some way, somehow, the citizen must be 
brought to a sterner realization of the fact that law enforcement, and to a still 
greater degree, law observance, is the vital question. 

Total abstinence through education—law observance through community 
effort—these will give us freedom from the age-old burden imposed by the al¬ 
cohol habit. Organization directed towards arousing the community, which 
will be reflected in the national conscience, is the heart of the whole thing. 

Never in the history of this country when the issue has been clearly drawn 
as between observance and non-observance of a basic or fundamental law, has 

143 


the right failed to prevail. The conscience of the country will not permit the 
direct or indirect nullification of any law that has had placed upon it the 
approval of the majority. The Eighteenth Amendment is a part of the or¬ 
ganic law of these United States. Upon its strict observance rests our honor 
and our integrity. This is the challenge which we here and the millions of 
ethers of our fellow citizens throughout the country are today facing, “Pro¬ 
hibition generally observed and adequately enforced.” 


THE BATTLEFRONT IN SWEDEN 

Senator Alexis Bjorkman, Stockholm, Sweden 

Last time—in 1920, in Washington, D. C.—when I had the honor to speak 
in this country to temperance friends from all over the world concerning the 
Bratt system, our Swedish liquor system, I ventured to express, as my opin¬ 
ion, that the system would soon prove to all, who would see and understand, 
that this system is not the way to general sobriety. 

The seven years that have passed since 1920 have proven—year by year 
better and better—that I was correct. 

We shall not deny that the consumption of intoxicants has decreased in 
Sweden, if it is compared with the time before the World War, nor shall we 
overlook that drunkenness has decreased comparatively to somewhat the 
same extent—that is to say, the drunkenness that can be seen in the police 
reports. But it is evident that only a part of the intoxicated are taken care 
of by the police. 

The consumption of brandy was 40 million litres in 1913 and in 1926 it 
was about 30 million litres. The consumption of wines was 3,100,000 litres in 
1913 and 4,500,000 litres in 1926. Malted liquors were consumed in 1913 to 
an extent of 270 million litres and 230 million litres in 1926. 

Arrests for drunkenness were 59,000 in 1913 and 30,000 in 1926. It is 
to be remembered, however, that drunkenness among young people has pro¬ 
portionately increased during the last few years. Out of the total arrests for 
drunkenness the following percentage represents persons under 25 years of age: 

1922, 19 per cent; 1923, 19.9 per cent; 1924, 20.7 per cent; 1925, 21.4 per 
cent, and 1926, 21.5 per cent. 

Only a few persons (about 6,000 in the whole country) can get the 
Motbok (the “right” to buy liquors) before 25 years of age. This because of 
the local authorities’ right to decide the age for buyers of strong drink. 

In the cities and towns where, so to speak, all of the selling of intoxi¬ 
cants is carried on, younger persons who have reached the age of 18, can 
buy intoxicants for drinking on the premises. 

The drunkenness among young people has 'two special causes: First, that 
persons who have the right to buy liquors through the use of the Motbok, il¬ 
legally furnish them to the young or to others who have no Motbok. The 
number of persons having Motboks has steadily increased year by year. In 
1926 the number was 1,088,976 (more than one-sixth of the total popula¬ 
tion); of that number 98,717 were women. 

The other reason is beer. Swedish beer must not contain more than 4 
per cent alcohol by volume or 3.2 per cent by weight, but everybody under¬ 
stands that it is easy to get intoxicated by drinking such beverages. To be 

144 



sure, one has to consume quite much of water, but it is not hard to get rid of 
the water, while the alcohol stays much longer in the body and causes in¬ 
toxication. In Sweden the buying of beer is not controlled or rationed out 
as brandy is.- 

The greatest harm is caused, as I have said, by the Swedish Motbok 
system, through the control—or rationing 'system, which is set up and carried 
on by the Motbok. Every blameless citizen has a right to get a Motbok, when 
he has reached the age that is decided upon, and most men use this right: more 
than two-thirds of all grown-up men have a Motbok. And, of course, when the 
Motbok gives a right to buy liquors, that right must be made use of. 

It is perfectly clear from what I have said, that the Swedish system for 
selling liquors in no way solves the alcohol problem. On the contrary, it seems 
to be very well adapted to stabilize and develop the drink habit. Exper- 
ence, in all times and in all lands, has shown that the liquor problem can not 
be solved through any system of selling intoxicating liquors, but only through 
the abolition of every form for distribution of such liquors. 

Therefore, it is evident that our fight in Sweden, as everywhere else in 
the world where men do understand the alcohol problem, is a fight for pro¬ 
hibition. 

All temperance friends in Sweden are now, since the popular vote of 1922, 
prohibition friends. The fact that we at that time did not get more than 49 
per cent of the votes cast for prohibition was first and foremost due to the 
economical disadvantages which came as a result of the war, even for those 
lands in Europe which were lucky enough not to be drawn into it. 

Next time, when we in Sweden go to great battle, whether it be at a 
plebiscite or at elections to our lower house of parliament, we will prove where 
the real majority in this question is to be found. Until that time comes, we 
will have—just as was done in the United States—to try to curtail and drive 
back as far as possible the liquor traffic in cities, towns, townships and counties. 

The leadership in the Swedish fight for prohibition is with the National 
Dry Federation of Prohibition Friends, a union of the following forces: (1) The 
Swedish Temperance societies. (2) The Swedish Anti-Saloon League, and (3) 
The Central Board of Woman’s Prohibition Work. 

The Swedish temperance societies now count about 250,000 adult mem¬ 
bers, and the free-religious denominations, which are united in the Swedish 
Anti-Saloon League, count about 290,000 adult members; a good part of the 
Sta’te Church also adheres to the Anti-Saloon League. 

In the public vote on prohibition in 1922 the position was as follows: 

For prohibition—888,459 (49.12 per cent of all votes cast). Against pro¬ 
hibition—924,550 (50.88 per cent of all votes cast.) The majority against pro¬ 
hibition being only 36,000 votes. 

The temperance movement is at present represented in the Swedish par¬ 
liament as follows: Drys in the Upper house: 44 out of a total of 150. Drys in 
the Lower house: 109 out of a total of 230. Total: 153, who are members of 
the dry groups in the Parliament; that is, 40 per cent of all the members of 
the Parliament. 

The ways and means through which the prohibition friends in Sweden 
endeavored /to reach their goal, are these: 

145 


Education through thousands of lectures every year and distribution of 
temperance literature among all classes of people: 

Legislation: The private economic interests in the alcohol trade are to 
be eliminated; 

Local as well as state government must be entirely free from all de¬ 
pendence upon the revenues from the liquor trade; 

The people must be given the right to determine by direct vote, whether 
intoxicating liquors shall be sold in the cities, townships or counties; 

Enforcement of existing liquor laws must be made as effective as possible; 

Counteraction against every movement in regard to legislation, that 
would hinder the adoption of prohibition. 

In 1928 elections to all seats in the Lower house will take place. The pro¬ 
hibition friends of Sweden will, without any doubt, work by all their strength 
in these elections in order to bring the number of reliable drys up, so that the 
way speedily may be opened for the realization of their long-cheered aim in 
regard to legislation, and thus the way may come, when the liquor traffic 
in Sweden will be forbidden through the will of the people. 

In closing I will, as a Swedish representative, bring you good temperance 
friends in the U. S. A., thanks for all that we have received from the United 
States. 

During the last hundred years we have sent millions of our best citizens 
to your country. Everywhere in the States they have broken new land and 
have become good American citizens as also have their children in the second 
and third generation. 

But we have received from you, besides, so much of good things, both 
materially and spiritually, in the eighteen thirties, the organization idea in the 
temperance work, through the missionary from America, Rev. Baird, who 
was sent to Europe by the American Temperance Society. Half a century later 
you sent us the prohibition idea through the Order of Good Templars, and 
now, at last, through the Anti-Saloon League, you have taught us to unite all 
prohibition friends in the country to do effective union work. I am glad 
to be here as a representative not only of the Swedish temperance societies, 
but also as a representative for the entire prohibition movement of Sweden. 

The example of a nation, that has not only adopted prohibition, but also 
is making it effective in its life, will help us in a very high degree, not only in 
Sweden, but in Europe, yea, in all the world, to make ourselves free from the 
misery of the alcohol traffic. 

Hail, America! - 

PROGRESS IN SCOTLAND—A MESSAGE AND AN APPEAL 

By Duncan MacLennan 

Honorary Secretary of the Scottish Temperance Alliance 

Eight years ago you good people of the United States closed your sea- 
gates to “Scotch”, but I am going home to testify that you have opened your 
hearts to the Scotch. 

I bring greetings from the Temperance workers of Scotland to our fellow 
workers from many lands assembled in this Congress. A gathering like this 
reveals to us our solidarity, and ought to send us back again strengthened and 
inspired for the great task to which we are all pledged. 

146 



Let me first of all give you a flashlight impression of Scotland’s position 
with regard to the Temperance question. 

It is almost exactly one hundred years since we began to enact any kind 
of prohibition of the liquor traffic. Ail that our forefathers were then able to 
say to the traffic, legislatively, was, “No selling of liquor during the hours of 
Divine Service on Sundays.” A tiny beginning, but once you are able to es¬ 
tablish even the suggestion of a conflict between drink and the service of God 
you are on the right road, and that has proved to be the case with us. Twenty- 
five years later our predecessors were able to say: “No sale at all on Sunday.” 
For more than seventy years past that law has been enforced with the utmost 
stringency. It has been jealously guarded by temperance reformers, and it has 
been an unspeakable boon to our land. Not only so, but in addition today there 
is prohibition of retail liquor sale during sixteen hours daily on all the other 
days of the week. Within these one hundred years the hours for the legal 
sale of liquor across the bar have been reduced from 8,760 in a year to 2,504. 

But that is 'not enough, and for the accomplishment of our further objec¬ 
tive we have a preliminary instrument in our Local Option Act, passed in 
1913, which became operative in 1920. For the purposes of that Act, Scotland 
is divided into 1,215 voting areas. Prior to the passing of the act, 304 of these 
had no public houses—that is, they were saloonless—and they remained so. 
Under the act 29 areas have voted and retain, No-License; and 30 others have 
voted out, through the Limitation Option, one-quarter of the former licenses. 

In the rural areas polls are taken at fixed triennial periods, if demanded 
by ten per cent of the electors. In the city areas a poll may be called for in 
November or December in any year, provided an interval of three years has 
elapsed since the date of the last poll. The options submitted to the electors 
are: No-Change, Limitation of Licenses and No-License. 

The conditions of securing No-License are severe; 35 per cent of the 
voters on the register must vote for it, and so must 55 per cent of those 
who actually go to the poll. Even so, the temperance forces of Scotland have 
made a good start on the way to their country’s redemption, and they will not 
cease to fight until Scotland is completely free from what in the home-land 
has been her greatest curse, and in the face of all the nations her most shame¬ 
covering scandal. 

And here I would just like to say this—as a Scotsman and on behalf 
of all Scotsmen and Scotswomen of right will and Christian outlook, I de¬ 
nounce with indignation the action of the Scottish distillers in sending liquor 
across the seas for consumption in a friendly country which they know has 
banned its use. It is a breach of the good feeling which should subsist 
between two friendly nations, but it is infinitely worse. It is a menace to the 
peace of the world, and a despicable attempt for the sake of gain on the* 
sobriety and purity of the coming generation. 

Several things stand between us and the achievement of our objective. 

One is the traditional hold of liquor on the national life. Dr. Hercod 
told us yesterday that in some of the continental Europeon countries when a 
man enters his wine cellar he has something of the feeling that he might be 
expected to have when he enters a church. In Scotland the days have long 
since gone when a man said grace over his whisky; but there are still many 

147 


people in Presbyterian Scotland today who regard liquor as part of the fore¬ 
ordained scheme of life. It sometimes seems that nothing less than a moral 
earthquake could separate them from their inherited prejudice. But the im¬ 
possible is happening before our eyes. Let me illustrate. The chairman of 
a well known social club in my own city of Edinburgh told me only two or 
three months ago that for the first time in their long history they celebrated 
their anniversary dinner this year without one drop of intoxicating liquor 
being placed on the table. To us that is significant, but much more sig¬ 
nificant is the fact that the Town Council of Glasgow, governing municipally 
about one million people, have officially banned liquor from their banquets. 
The traditional hold of liquor is loosening its grip. The liquor interests are 
compelled now to fight, because we are fighting and because we are making 
advances all along the line. 

I do not want to mislead you, nor to over-state the position. There is 
still much to overcome, but remember, with sympathy and with gratitude, 
that this is in Scotland. We are getting on. 

Another great obstacle between us and victory—and it is this that here 
I want to emphasize—is the insistent, plausible, subtle, well-timed reports that 
reach us of the so-called failure of prohibition in the United States. Some 
of us try to keep abreast of the accredited facts. But as your great fellow 
citizen, Mr. D. L. Moody, who did so much for the spiritual uplift of Scot¬ 
land a generation ago, used to say: “A lie circles round the globe while truth 
is putting on its boots.” We want to see devised as quick a currency for the 
truth as for the lie. But in the meantime we should be glad if Senator Up¬ 
shaw would tell us how to fumigate the lies. 

It is quite true that we are accumulating splendid Scottish facts of Scot¬ 
tish local prohibition. It is quite true that these facts tell us of dried tears, of 
well-clothed and well-nourished children, of happy homes and of clean streets, 
and that these facts are going to tell with cumulative effect in the days to 
come. But it is equally true that in the old land from which I come a great 
many people, many of whom would not care to admit the fact—are holding 
back because of what they think and what they are told, is happening in your 
land. Fundamentally, deep down, no doubt only sub-consciously to many of 
our people, perhaps the most potent immediate factor governing the situation 
in Scotland is the situation in America. If prohibition in the United States 
were presently to be revealed as a clear success, both substantively and as a 
problem of law enforcement, I feel confident in saying this, that prohibition 
would emerge in Scotland as an easy probability. That at least, is my view. 
That is my faith. That also is your challenge—part of the price of your lead¬ 
ership 

That is why I join hands across the seas with Mr. Gifford Gordon and 
say to you great people of the United States—“Hold Fast, America.” That is 
why, with profound admiration, with deep respect, and with personal un¬ 
bounded confidence, I venture to say to you, “America, stand firm. The 
forces arrayed against you are still strong and rich and powerful, but we look 
to you to win through to your final goal.” 

You have written the Eighteenth Amendment into the Constitution of the 
country. May I not emphatically say to my fellow countrymen, when I go 

148 


back, that you are getting it firmly fixed into the constitution of the people, 
and that this magnificent endeavor is on its destined way to full accomplish¬ 
ment? 

In this question at least you have taken the leadership of the world, and 
when you shall have still further succeeded in making the ideal real, as I believe 
you are now in the very course of doing, all the nations will be your debtors, 
and they will rise up and call you blessed. 

I have spoken to you of Scotland’s position. I have feebly voiced the ap¬ 
peal of her idealism. Suffer me one word on her outlook. 

We recognize and we growingly recognize, that this is no mere affair of 
the parish, or the town, or the city. This is no affair merely of the province, 
or even of the state or of the country. This is a world movement. Some of 
us have been endeavoring for some time past to relate our Scottish campaign 
to this wider issue. For although we must all primarily “brighten the corner 
where we are,” we must never cease to remember that the field is the world, 
and that it is our high privilege to join hands with our sisters and brothers of 
all the nations in making this a drink-freed world. 

How good to see this brave array of the flags of the world. May they 
increasingly wave in happy unison. And here, may God set the world in our 
hearts and send us out again to help achieve for humanity the twin boons of 
world peace and world sobriety, so that we may realize within a measurable— 
perhaps within a brief—period of time, this ideal, (surely the will of Christ 
for a torn and broken world— 

Between the Nations—no more War, 

Within the Nations—no more Drink. 


AMERICA’S MESSAGE TO AUSTRALIA 

Miss Graccio Leggo Houlder, of Victoria 

Mr Chairman, English, Canadian, South African, Scotch, Irish and New 
Zealand cousins, and foreign brothers in the world cause of prohibition: 

Two men in conversation the other day, were discussing the “Advance¬ 
ment of Woman.” One remimded the other of a woman’s limitations re¬ 
garding vocabulary. 

“Isn’t it a pity,” he remarked, “the average woman’s vocabulary is so lim¬ 
ited—only five hundred words.” 

“What!” questioned the other, “The average woman’s vocabulary limited 
to five hundred words?” 

“That’s about it.” 

“Well, my wife, then, has certainly a marvelous ‘turn-over’.” 

Had I had time this morning to exhaust my “average vocabulary” to tell 
you the message I have to tell from America to Australia, I would indeed be 
pleased. Over two years ago I came to the United States to get this mes¬ 
sage. I came as a seeker after truth. I came to judge the working of the 
Eighteenth Amendment, that I might carry back to my country a message 
pertaining to its success or its failure. In Australia the wet press would 
have us all believe that the Eighteenth Amendment is a failure, a farce, and 
a fiasco. The only thing for a young speaker like myself who wished to be 
effective in prohibition campaign work to do, was to personally visit America. 

149 



personally investigate and personally collect data as to the facts. And now the 
time is drawing near when I am about to turn my face homeward. I am due 
to “give my message” at the “All Australian Congress’’ to be held in Sydney, 
New South Wales, from June 1 to 11 of next year, and in the name of its 
committee I am charged to invite prohibition leaders and workers attending 
this Congress to make a big effort to visit Australia and be in attendance on 
this most auspicious occasion in the history of the Temperance movement in 
Australia. 

This morning I have but a few minutes in which to tell you the message 
I am taking back home. I must tell it to you in a few words. It can be told 
in two words! Two words! Two wonderful, glowing, dynamic, thrilling words! 
In them I see a mighty moving drama, a song sweeter than any sung, a poem, 
a fine symphony, greater than any yet composed, a picture, to hang on the 
walls of time—with Kansas as its central figure—and a monument erected to 
posterity. I hear in these two words the singing of a mighty hallelujah chorus 
with a grand Amen—“Praise God from Whom all blessings flow”—the mes¬ 
sage I have for Australia—the message Australia waits to hear, told in two 
glorious words— 

Prohibition Prohibits! 

Furthermore, I say emphatically that in my opinion, of all the efforts in all 
the world at all times to control, to eliminate, to abolish the legalized liquor 
traffic, Prohibition in America is the best yet! 

I have heard that someone said “The Eighteenth Amendment was at¬ 
tached to the Constitution by a pin.” But let it be remembered that that pin 
is the “Safety Pin” of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. And to 
make the attachment more secure there followed a strong application of the 
best brand of sealing wax in the form of the women’s vote—the Nineteenth 
Amendment. 

America’s most discriminating women will never, never permit the Eight¬ 
eenth Amendment to be torn from the constitution. Prohibition has come to 
stay! The women of America will see to that. 

There are many factors, many phases of the prohibition movement to be 
studied: many motives determining the outlawry of the legalized liquor traffic, 
but again I say, in my opinion, the supreme desideratum is the welfare of the 
child. 'Compared to this desideratum, all others seem transitory. Alcohol 
constitutes the deadliest enemy of childhood. For many generations the child 
has paid the price of its existence. The last generation paid; this generation, 
in my country, Australia, will have to pay, and tomorrow’s generation, unless 
we do as America did—hear and answer the cry of the child for protection 
against this evil, and so make the childhood of tomorrow free. Prohibition is 
the greatest child welfare movement of the age. Also, prohibition is insep¬ 
arably linked with Safety First. 

“Motor cars or liquor bars—which?” asked America. And America an¬ 
swered, “Motor cars.” 

I shall tell Australia that the efficiency slogan of industry in America is 
“Total Abstinence.” If a man is detected with the odor of intoxicating liquor 
on his breath, he is fired. If he be known to drink, he is never hired. America 
has a marvelous lot of common sense. 


150 


During my American tour I have visited many of your great military hos¬ 
pitals and entertained the soldiers with my Australian pictures. I am commis¬ 
sioned to take back "their love” to the "Anzacs”—our Australian soldiers. I 
am glad to note the fine feeling of friendship your "dough-boys” entertain for 
our "Anzacs” or "Aussies” and I can say with all my heart that the Anzacs 
reciprocate the sentiments. 

America, stand firm! Hold fast to Prohibition! Know no retreat to the 
wet enemy! Where you stand today, we in Australia will stand tomorrow. 
What America has done, Australia will do. Remember, it’s up to you to see 
Prohibition through, for all the world is "listening in” to you. 


THE UNITED CHURCH OF CANADA REGARDING PROHIBITION 

Rev. D. N. McLachlan, D.D., 

General Secretary Board of Evangelism and Social Service, United Church of 

Canada 

This is a great occasion. What is being done by this Congress is challeng¬ 
ing not only the attention of the delegates, but the attention of civilized 
mankind. On the one hand we stand for the removal of a heavy burden that 
has too long rested upon the helpless and weak. On the other hand there is 
unseen, but ever watchful, a powerful organization world-wide and cruel, 
with its back to the wall and determined 1 to exhaust all of its resources of 
money and brain in the battle for its existence. Leading the forces of so¬ 
briety is this Great Republic. It has taken a brave and noble stand. Canad¬ 
ians feel proud of what America has done. We regard ourselves as very close 
to the United States in more than a geographical sense. People of British 
stock are finding it harder and still more hard, to call America a foreign land— 
for what is this great Republic but one of the lion’s whelps grown to lionhood, 
and for distinction’s sake, growing a pair of wings, and lately proving him¬ 
self to be a lion of the air? 

The Executive has been kind enough to ask me to speak a word about 
the attitude of the United Church of Canada to Alcoholism. It is a great 
pleasure to say that long before the Uniting Churches entered into Union, 
they had severally and emphatically declared themselves as hostile both to 
alcoholic usages, and to the legalized traffic in strong drink. At the meeting 
of the first general council setting up the United Church, a significant incident 
took place. No sooner was the constitution of the organization completed and 
the church able to articulate itself, than there came from the floor as by a 
spontaneous outburst, a proposal that The United Church of Canada should 
reaffirm as its own, the traditional attitude taken to alcohol by the Congrega¬ 
tional, Methodist and Presbyterian churches in their previous independent 
forms. This action was taken by the general council, and is so deeply involved 
in the history and spirit of the denominations now constituting The United 
Church, that there is no possibility of any change in this matter. 

The position in Canada is very different from that in the United States. 
This republic, by constitutional amendment, has outlawed the liquor traffic, 
and I may truthfully say that those who look on from the outside are watch¬ 
ing with wistful longing for the complete success of the policy inaugurated by 
the United States. Let me add this also, that the effort to nullify the deci- 

151 



sion made by the United States through illicit importation in your counry, 
finds no sympathy from the reputable elements in society, and you will be 
glad to know that The United Church of Canada has emphatically called for 
the cessation of any regulations which make it easy to break the American law. 

No such Constitutional Act outlawing the traffic is within measurable dis¬ 
tance in Canada. Our position is very different from yours. The distribu¬ 
tion of powers between the Federal and Provincial legislatures forbids any 
likelihood in the immediate future, of securing a Federal act excluding all forms 
of manufacture, importation and sale of liquor within the Dominion of Canada. 

As in all nations, we have a considerable section of the population dis¬ 
trusting state action. These people are not to be classed as belonging to the 
wets. They believe in ecclesiastical action for the removal of the evils of 
alcoholism. The United Church of Canada, and, indeed, I may include all 
Christian denominations, are feeling more and more that the supreme attitude 
of the church is not so much to promote sobriety by political action, but rather 
to create an informed public opinion, and a sustained political conscience, 
which will itself find expression through political organs, and finally become 
enacted in law, thus eliminating alcoholic usages and the trade in alcoholism. 

The United Church of Canada recognizes that all workers in this wide 
field, whether they approach the task from an economic point of view, or in 
the interests of society generally, are our allies whose intimate cooperation 
we seek, and with whom we desire to work in close fellowship. But, as a 
Christian church we are charged in the first degree with ministering to that 
form of life which finds expression in religion. Our work is rather to arouse 
the religious consciousness of people regarding the baneful influence of alcohol 
in all the higher phases of human life, and thus to mobilize in support of right 
laws and wise government the vast power of organized religion. The mem¬ 
bership of the United Church is overwhelmingly in favor of complete Prohi¬ 
bition, although there is, doubtless, a considerable number of members and 
adherents who have some misgivings as to the effectiveness of prohibitory 
laws, unless they command the assent of a large majority of the population. 

The constituency of the United Churcli of Canada is, in the main, of Pro¬ 
testant and Puritan tradition, of English speech and stock. The effort to im¬ 
pose the standards suggested by our own traditions, upon newly arrived people 
whose racial and cultural origins are different from our own, and to accomplish 
this by means of the compulsory power of the State, naturally excites some 
distrust among many of our people. Yet, it remains true that The United 
Church as a body, as voiced by its Courts, has no hesitancy in its statements 
of purpose and policy. That policy has been set forth as four-fold: 

1. To meet the craving for drink by the self-imposed discipline of total 
abstinence: 

2. To meet the pressure from social life by organized resistance to drink¬ 
ing usages: 

3. To meet the tendency towards drinking customs which arise from mis¬ 
taken or ignorant ideas about alcohol by persistent and accurate scientific 
education, and— 

4. To meet the terrific pressure of propaganda and advertisements by the 

wets, by the supreme voice of the people, which is expressed in statutory 
enactment. , 


You do not desire from me any statement of the political phases of the 
movement in Canada. This has been, or will be, discussed by other speakers. 
I may, however, point out that the electors were led to believe that in the 
largest province of Canada—Ontario, there was such a majority of the popu¬ 
lation desiring the free sale of liquor as to require the removal of absolute 
prohibition and sale in that province. This idea led the government to provide 
for “Government Sale of Liquor.” There is no “Government Control” in 
Canada. Out of a population of two and three quarter millions, barely one- 
twentieth, or five per cent, have shown any desire to utilize the opportunity 
of securing liquor. This suggests that the actual demand for the sale of liquor 
was not so much the demand of those who wished to buy, but the persistent 
demand of those who wish to sell. 

As one charged with executive responsibility within the United Church 
of Canada, I can give you the most positive assurance that this large body 
will, with ceaseless vigilance and energy, seek to bring to bear the utmost 
pressure of an awakened conscience and organized opinion, looking to the entire 
elimination from personal, and social life of all avenues to alcoholic beverages. 
It is doubtful if within the great fellowship of ministers, now united in the 
pastorate of The United Church of Canada, there could be found twenty men 
whose support to prohibition would be withheld in any situation calling for 
electoral decision. 

I trust this organization may continue to move wisely and effectively in 
the future as it has in the past, until the day shall arrive when in every nation 
under Heaven the traffic in strong drink will have been removed. 

AS THE BATTLE GOES IN DENMARK 

Lars Larsen-Ledet, 

7 . S. L. W., of the I. 0. G. T., Editor Afholdsdagbladet, Aarhus,\ Denmark 

I come from a country where the habit of drinking has its roots going 
back to the oldest time. 

The Danes, a thousand years ago, believed in a dozen gods, who killed 
each other every day, but arose in the night, ate bacon, drank ale out of long 
horns, and then killed each other again. 

It was the highest ideal of the heathen time, to drink ale and kill human 
beings. The man who did so, got everlasting life, and even dm heaven he was 
served with ale and beer. Only he, who didn’t empty the drinking horn, went 
to hell, where no intoxicating drink was served. 

This shows us that the old Danes were far from being a temperate people. 

Religion changed. But until the last century the belief remained, that 
he who drank the most ale, was the greatest hero. 

Only two and a half centuries ago, one of the kings who (by the won¬ 
derful grace of God) ruled Denmark and Norway, on a certain occasion pro¬ 
posed 35 toasts and drank them all. Every one of his guests, the nobles and 
the higher clergy of Norway, rested under the table, when the banquet was 
over. His Majesty wrote in his diary, that it was the happiest day in his life! 
The diary is now kept in a museum in Copenhagen and is a very interesting 
hook indeed. The king used to write a cross when he had got drunk, two 
crosses when he had got a great drunk, and three indicated a mighty one. 

153 



There are many crosses in the Royal diary, often one, more often two or 
three, and sometimes four. The king had many “happy days.” 

And the “good” example, shown by His Majesty, was followed by the 
people, from the upper classes to the lower. The nobles drank, the clergy 
drank, the common people drank. 

It was in those “happy days” Shakespeare wrote his famous words, 
“There’s something rotten in the state of Denmark.” 

Shakespeare was right. He is still right—but not to the same degree. 

Fifty years ago the temperance idea came to our shores. Men and women 
of the common people—not the kings, not the upper ten, not the clergy—but 
just the common people, awoke. 

Society mocked the first pioneers; they were regarded as fools, as people 
outside of discussion. 

But the idea grew, and today we are represented in all classes of society. 
The temperance movement in our country counts 160,000 members, out of a 
population of 3,400,000. It owns its own daily paper and several weeklies. 

In 1907 we began to vote on the liquor business, and since then we have 
closed the half of the 1,600 saloons in the rural districts, dried up 219 par¬ 
ishes, one-fifth of them all. Besides this all the Faroe Islands, by a vote of 
their own people, have prohibited the sale and manufacture of strong drinks 
and the government has prohibited the supply of alcohol to the natives of 
Greenland. 

During the war the manufacture and importation to Denmark of brandy 
and other distilled liquors was restricted to one-tenth of what it was before, 
and beer with more than three per cent of alcohol was prohibited. The beer 
restrictions were repealed after the war, but the brandy restrictions are still 
in force, and will be so forever. Nobody expects that our national drink 
will come back any time more. 

The last twenty-five years the consumption of pure alcohol has been 
reduced by two-thirds, from 8.28 to 2.66 litres per capita. 

In these last days a Royal Commission has proposed (1) a development 
of the local option rights in parishes and counties, and (2) a state-wide vote 
on total prohibition to be taken, if aked for by 50,000 electors. 

The alcohol capital is fighting furiously for its life. It controls most of 
the big newspapers and many of the electors. 

Nevertheless, we hope it will be possible for us to clean more and more 
of the country and at last have at to enter the water wagon. 

Dear old Shakespeare will then have an hour of joy in his grave. There 
will be no more “rotten” in the birhtplace of Hamlet.. 


SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSION 

THE SUPREME COURT AND THE EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT 

Edward B. Dunrord 

Assistant General Counsel, Anti-Saloon League of America 
The ratification of the Constitution of the United States drafted by the 
convention of 1787, marked a new experiment in government. By the Con¬ 
stitution the states delegated to the national government certain powers with 
a reservation to the states, or the people, of all powers not so delegated. 

154 



Many innovations characterized the organization of thijs new member of the 
family of nations. The most conspicuous of these was the division of power 
between the State and Federal governments and the separation of the legis¬ 
lative, executive and judicial branches with the carefully devised system of 
checks and balances to preserve this status. In the preservation of this equi¬ 
librium the Supreme Court is an important factor. Among the many unusual 
features perhaps none exceeds in importance the jurisdiction exercised by 
the Supreme Court of the United States to review acts of Congress and of 
State Legislatures insofar as the latter may involve questions growing out 
of the Federal constitution. 

The authority of the Supreme Court of the United States to pass upon 
the constitutionality of legislative acts is not expressly given in the Constitu¬ 
tion, but results from necessary implication. In the early history of the 
country a bitter controversy was waged over the existence of the power of the 
court to determine the validity of a law passed by the representatives of the 
people, but since the decision of the court in the case of Marbury v. Madison, 
in 1803, 1 its exercise has never been successfully questioned, although the court 
has refused in some cases to entertain jurisdiction over matters it has char¬ 
acterized as purely political. 2 Review by the court is not confined simply 
to ordinary legislation, but extends even to passing upon the validity of 
amendments to the Constitution itself. 

The decisions of the Supreme Court, therefore, represent a phase of the 
struggle to outlaw the liquor traffic that should not be overlooked in any study 
of the prohibition movement in the United States if a thorough understanding 
of it is to be obtained. 

Whenever an amendment to the Constitution is adopted, or legislation 
passed by Congress, so widely affecting personal and property rights as did 
national constitutional prohibition, litigation inevitably results to test its valid¬ 
ity. Conflicting views upon the same question of law may be expressed in the 
different courts of original jurisdiction. There follows a period during which 
administrative officials are uncertain of the full scope of their authority until 
the question can be settled by the judgment of the Supreme Court of the 
United States, which is final. This is not alone true of prohibition statutes, 
but applies to all Federal legislation. Thus a new act of Congress affecting 
interstate commerce may cause scores of cases to be filed in the United 
States Supreme court. But the authority exercised by the court to render 
final judgment gives stability to the government and promotes a more uniform 
application of the law, which as essential in a nation composed of forty-eight 
distinct states. 

Although the Eighteenth Amendment represented a new experiment by 
the people of the United States in the realm of national government, it was 
after all no new and untried venture in the science of government. Prohibition 
legislation, either in the form of state-wide laws or local option statutes, had 
been in force throughout the greater portion of the United States for many 
years prior to the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment. The addition of 

1. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137. 

2. The Divine Pastora, 4 Wheat. 52; Jones v. L 

Chambers, 14 How. 38; Luther v. Borden, 

Telegraph Co. v. Oregon, 223 U. S. 118; Ohio 

155 


Jnited States, 137 U. S. 202; Kennett v. 
7 How. 1; Pacific States Telephone and 
ex rel Hildebrant, 241 U. S. 565^ 



that amendment simply meant a readjustment of the police power over in¬ 
toxicating liquor between the State and Federal government and the extension 
of the principle from the State as a unit to the larger national unit. Congress, 
in enacting the National Prohibition Act, had the benefit of the experience 
of the states in enacting similar legislation. Almost every provision of the 
National Prohibition Act finds its counterpart in some State law which had 
been tested and its constitutionality upheld by the courts. During the seven 
years since the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment only slightly over 
forty cases, directly or indirectly attacking the Eighteenth Amendment and 
the National Prohibition Act, have necessitated formal written opinion by the 
Supreme Court, and in not a single instance has that tribunal declared a provi¬ 
sion of the amendment or its enforcing statute invalid. 

Despite well established precedents the opponents of prohibition un¬ 
dertook a vigorous legal warfare. They enlisted in the attack many of the most 
eminent constitutional lawyers. The cases which have been decided by the 
Supreme Court may, for the purpose of this discussion, be classified: First, 
those dealing with the validity of the Eighteenth Amendment or with its in¬ 
terpretation. Second, those dealing with the constitutionality of the act passed 
by Congress for its enforcement, known as the National Prohibition Act. 
Third, those dealing with the interpretation of the National Prohibition Act. 
Fourth, those dealing with the relation of the Eighteenth Amendment to other 
provisions of the Constitution. Fifth, those involving matters incidental to 
prohibition enforcement. Sixth, those relating to the effect of the National 
Prohibition legislation on State laws; and, Seventh, those involving questions 
of international law. 

VALIDITY OF THE EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT 
Whether the Subject Was Within the Amending Power 

Among the first objections urged against the Eighteenth Amendment was 
that it related to a subject that was not within the amending power; that it was, 
in effect, attempted legislation in the Constitution and was not within the pur¬ 
view of Article V of the Constitution of the United States providing for fu¬ 
ture amendments. This contention was ably presented by counsel for the 
State of Rhode Island and others in the National Prohibition Cases. In effect, 
the contention was that the power to adopt amendments was confined to sub¬ 
jects covered by the original constitution and did not extend to the supplement¬ 
ing of the Constitution by the addition of new subjects. Therefore, since 
the original Constitution had given to the Federal government no control over 
the subject of intoxicating liquors, the attempt to confer such authority by the 
Eighteenth Amendment was invalid. The court held that the Eighteenth 
Amendment to the Federal Constitution was within the power to amend, re¬ 
served by Article V. of the Constitution, and declared: 8 

“That part of the Prohibition Amendment to the Federal Constitution 
which embodies the prohibition is operative throughout the entire territorial 
limits of the United States, binds all legislative bodies, courts, public officers, 
and individuals within those limits, and of its own force invalidates every leg¬ 
islative act, whether by Congress or by a state legislature, or by a territorial 
assembly, Which authorizes or sanctions what the amendment prohibits.” 

3. Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S. 350. 


156 




Vote Required for the Submission of the Resolution for Constitutional 

Amendment 

In the same cases it was insisted that the Eighteenth Amendment was 
invalid because the resolution for its submission did not receive a two-thirds 
vote of the entire membership of Congress. The Supreme Court held: 4 5 6 7 

“The two-thirds vote in each house of Congress which is required in pro¬ 
posing an amendment is a vote of two-thirds of the members present,—as¬ 
suming the presence of a quorum,—and not a vote of two-thirds of the entire 
membership, present and absent,” 

No Referendum on Amendments to Federal Constitution 
The Constitution of the United States provides that an amendment shall 
become a part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the legislatures of three- 
fourths of the states. In several of the State Constitutions there are provi¬ 
sions, either permitting or requiring proposed amendments to the Federal 
Constitution to be submitted to a vote of the people. In one of these States, 
after the Legislature had ratified the Eighteenth Aemndment, the action of the 
Legislature was submitted to a referendum. The Supreme Court was called 
upon to consider the application of the provision of the State Constitution to 
amendments to the Federal Constitution. The court held: 5 

“Referendum provisions of state Constitutions and statutes cannot be ap¬ 
plied in the ratification or rejection of amendments to the Federal Constitution 
without violating the requirements of article 5 of such Constitution, that such 
ratification shall be by the legislatures of the several states, or by conventions 
therein, as Congress shall decide.” 

When a Constitutional Amendment Takes Effect 
When does a Constitutional amendment take effect? The Revised statutes 
require that the Secretary of State, whenever notice is received by him that the 
necessary number of states have ratified a proposed amendment, shall cause the 
same to be published. In connection with the Eighteenth Amendment, the 
question was raised whether it took effect upon the date upon which the Sec¬ 
retary of State had issued his proclamation or upon the date the last of the 
necessary three-fourths of the istate legislatures ratified. The court held it 
was the date of the ratification by the legislature of the last of the necessary 
three-fourths of the states and not the date of the proclamation by the Secre¬ 
tary of State that controlled. 0 

Power of Congress to Limit Period for Ratification 
The resolution for the Eighteenth Amendment was the first ever submit¬ 
ted by Congress to the state Legislatures which contained a limitation of the 
time within which ratification must occur. Section 3 of the resolution for 
that Amendment required itis ratification within seven years if the amendment 
was to be operative. Article V of the Constitution of the United States 
merely provides for the proposing and ratification of amendments. It is silent 
as to the power of Congress to fix regulationls regarding ratification. Oppo¬ 
nents of the Eighteenth Amendment contended that the section requiring rati¬ 
fication within seven years was not authorized by the Constitution; that Con- 


4. Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S. 350. 

5. Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S. 350; Hawke v. Smith, 253 U. S. 221. 

6. Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U. S. 368. 

7. Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U. S. 368, 375. 


157 



gress had exceeded itis power, and, therefore, the Amendment was invalid. 
The Supreme Court overruled this contention, saying: 7 

“As ratification is but the expression of the approbation of the people 
and is to be effective when had in three-fourths of the states, there is a fair im¬ 
plication that it must be sufficiently contemporaneous in that number of states 
to reflect the will of the people in all sections at relatively the same period, 
which, of course, ratification scattered through a long series of years would 
not do.”... 

“Of the power of Congress, keeping within reasonable limits, to fix a 
definite period for the ratification we entertain no doubt.” 

Power of Congress to Enact Legislation Prior to Date Upon Which Amend¬ 
ment Became Operative 

The Eighteenth Amendment was also the first which had postponed the 
date of iitls operation beyond the date of ratification. Congress had provided 
that the Eighteenth Amendment should take effect one year after ratification. 
The amendment was ratified by the legislatures of the necessary three-fourths 
of the states on January 16, 1919; but by its terms did not become operative 
until January 16th, 1920. On October 28, 1919, between the date of ratification 
and the date of its operation as fixed by the amendment, Congress enacted the 
statute for its enforcement, known as the National Prohibition Act. It was 
insisted that Congress had only such powers as are granted to it by the Consti¬ 
tution, and since by the language of the Eighteenth Amendment it was not to 
be operative until one year after ratification, that Congress had no power at 
the time it passed the National Prohibition Act to enact legislation prohib¬ 
iting the beverage liquor traffic. The Supreme Court answered this contention 
by saying: 8 

“It is not correct to say that the Amendment did not exist until its pro¬ 
hibition went into effect; in other words, that there was no amendment until 
January 16, 1920, although one had been ratified a year before. The moment 
that the Amendment was ratified it became effective as a law. The operation 
of its words a year later depended wholly upon what had happened on or before 
January 16, 1919.... 

“A shorter answer to the whole matter is that the grant of power to 
Congress is a present grant, and that no reason has been suggested why the 
Constitution may not give Congress a present power to enact laws intended 
to carry out constitutional provisions for the future when the time comes for 
them to take effect.” 

Territorial Scope of the Amendment 

The Eighteenth Amendment prohibits transportation of intoxicating liquor 
for beverage purposes and declares it shall apply to the United States and all 
territory subject to its jurisdiction. What is included within this phraseology? 
This question was raised concerning the application of the prohibitions to the 
transportation of beverage liquors aboard foreign and domestic vessels when 
entering the ports of the United States and its possessions, and as to vessels 
of the United State when upon the high seas. The Supreme Court anwered the 
question by saying: 9 

8. Druggan v. Anderson, 269 U. S. 36, 39. 

9. Cunard Steamship Co. v. Mellon, 262 U. S., 100, 122. 

158 



“Various meanings are sought to be attributed to the term ‘territory’ in 
the phrase, ‘the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction 
thereof.’ We are of the opinion that it means the regional areas—of land 
and adjacent waters—over which the United States claims and exercises do¬ 
minion and control as a sovereign power. The immediate context and the 
purport of the entire section show that the term is used in a physical, and not a 
metaphorical sense,—that it refers to areas or districts having fixity of lo¬ 
cation and recognized boundaries. 

“It now is settled in the United States and recognized elsewhere that the 
territory subject to its jurisdiction includes the land areas under its dominion 
and control, the ports, harbors, bays and other enclosed arms of the sea 
along its coast, and a marginal belt of the sea extending from the coast line out¬ 
ward a marine league, or three geographic miles.” 

The Court held the prohibition applied to both foreign and domestic ves¬ 
sels when within the three-mile limit of the United States and its possessions, 
but that it applied to neither domestic nor foreign vessels upon the high seas. 

Compensation of Liquor Interests Not Required! 

The question of the right of the liquor interests to compensation for 
business and property destroyed by reason of the adoption of the prohibition 
policy was raised with reference to the War Prohibition Act which preceded the 
Eighteenth Amendment; the Supreme Court holding in that case that the liquor 
interests were not entitled to compensation. 10 This followed a long line of for¬ 
mer decisions of the United States Supreme Court involving similar state leg¬ 
islation upon the subject in which it had been held that the conduct of the liquor 
business was a privilege and not a right and that the manufacture and sale 
of intoxicating liquor was not an inherent right of citizenship. 11 Following 
these decisions the court ruled under the Eighteenth Amendment that its pro¬ 
hibitions could constitutionally apply to the sale of liquor for beverage pur¬ 
poses manufactured before its adoption. 12 

Meaning of Concurrent Power 

The Eighteenth Amendment provides that Congress and the several states 
shall have concurrent power to enforce it by appropriate legislation. No phase 
of the prohibition legislation has given rise to more legal discussion than the 
meaning of this phrase. It was the first instance in which the Constitution 
had conferred in express terms concurrent jurisdiction over the same subject 
matter. 

In the National Prohibition Cases the nature of the power possessed by 
Congress and the states was fully discussed. It was contended that concurrent 
power meant joint power and that legislation for the enforcement of the 
amendment must be the result of joint action upon the part of the Federal and 
State governments. It was also insisted that the term “concurrent power” 
contemplated the exercise of the authority conferred In different areas, that of 
the Federal government acting within those jurisdictions where Federal 
authority was exclusive and that of the States within their confines. These 


10 . 

11 . 


12 . 


Ruppert v. Caffey, 251 U. S., 264, 302; Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S. 350; Samuels 
v. McCurdy, 267 U. S. 188. _ TT „ __. ,, 

Bartemeyer v. Iowa, 18 Wall. 129; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 123; Kidd v. Pearson, 
128 U. S. 1 ; Giozza v. Tiernan, 148 U. S. 657; Barbour v. Georgia, 249 U. S. 454; 
Crane v. Campbell, 245 U. S. 304; Samuels v. McCurdy, 267 U. S., 188. 

Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S. 350. 

159 



views were not approved by the Supreme Court. In defining ithe true mean¬ 
ing of ithe term “concurrent power” in those cases the Supreme Court held: 13 

“The words ‘concurrent power’ in the declaration in the Eighteenth 
Amendment to the Federal Constitution that ‘the Congress and the several 
states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate leg¬ 
islation’ do not mean joint power, or require that legislation thereunder by 
Congress, to be effective, shall be approved or sanctioned by the several states 
or any of them, nor do they mean that the power to enforce is divided between 
Congress and the several states along the lines which separate or distinguish 
foreign or interstate commerce from intrastate affairs.” ... 

“The declaration in the Prohibition Amendment to the Federal Consti¬ 
tution that ‘the Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power 
to enforce this article by appropriate legislation,’ does not enable Congress 
or the several states to defeat or thwart the prohibition, but only to enforce it 
by appropriate means.” 

CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ENFORCING STATUTE 
Definition of Intoxicating Liquors 

No question in connection with the prohibition legislation has been 
more vigorously contested than that of the power of Congress to define the 
term “intoxicating liquors.” The Amendment prohibits the manufacture and 
sale of intoxicating liquors. It declares that Congress and the several states 
shall have concurrent power to enforce it by appropriate legislation. When is 
an alcoholic beverage intoxicating? Congress, in the National Prohibition Act, 
declared that any beverage containing one-half of 1 per cent or more of alcohol 
by volume should be deemed an intoxicating liquor. It was insisted that this 
definition was arbitrary and included within its prohibition beverages which are 
not in fact intoxicating. The Supreme Court answered this in the following 
words : 14 

“Legislation and decisions of the highest courts of nearly all of the 
states establish that it is deemed impossible to effectively enforce either pro¬ 
hibitory law or other laws merely regulating the manufacture and sale of in¬ 
toxicating liquors, if liability or inclusion within the law is made to depend 
upon the issuable fact whether or not a particular liquor made or sold as a 
beverage is intoxicating. In other words, it clearly appears that a liquor law, 
to be capable of effective enforcement, must in the opinion of the legislatures 
and courts of the several states, be made to apply either to all liquors of the 
species enumerated, like beer, ale, or wine, regardless of the presence or degree 
of alcoholic content; or, if a more general description is used, such as dis¬ 
tilled, rectified, spirituous, fermented, malt or brewed liquors, to all liquors 
within that general description, regardless of alcoholic content; or to such of 
these liquors as contain a named percentage of alcohol; and often several such 
standards are combined so that certain specific and generic liquors are alto¬ 
gether forbidden as such other liquors as contain a given percentage of alcohol. 

“A test often used to determine whether a beverage is to be deemed in¬ 
toxicating within the meaning of the liquor law is whether it contains one-half 
of one per cent of alcohol by volume. A survey of the liquor laws of the states 

13. Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S. 350. 

14. Ruppert v. Caffey, 251 U. S. 264, 282. 


160 



reveals that in sixteen states the test is either a list of enumerated beverages 
without regard to whether they contain any alcohol, or the presence of any al¬ 
cohol in a beverage, regardless of quantity; in eighteen states it is the presence 
as much or more than one-half of one per cent of alcohol; in six states, one per 
cent of alcohol; in one state the presence of the ‘alcoholic principle;’ and in two 
states 2 per cent of alcohol.” 

'The decision of the courts as well as the action of the Legislatures make 
it clear—or at least, furnish ground upon which Congress reasonably might 
conclude—that a rigid classification of beverages is an essential of either effec¬ 
tive regulation or effective prohibition of intoxicating liquors.” 

While the foregoing statement was made with reference to the War Pro¬ 
hibition Act, a similar position was taken by the court with reference to the 
power of Congress under the Eighteenth Amendment : i5 

“Congress did not exceed its powers, under U. S. Const., Eighteenth 
Amendment to enforce the prohibition therein declared against the manufac¬ 
ture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes, by 
enacting the provisions of the Volstead act of October 28, 1919, wherein liquors 
containing as much as onedialf of one per cent of alcohol by volume, and fit for 
use for beverage purposes, are treated as within that power.” 

Power of Congress to Regulate Nonbeverage Liquors as an Incident of 
Prohibition Enforcement 
Medicinal Liquors 

The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the 'manufacture, transportation 
and sale of intoxicating liquor for beverage purposes. To what extent 
did this give power to Congress to regulate the distribution and use of liquor 
for nonbeverage purposes? This question was before the Supreme Court 
in a number of cases involving'the constitutionality of the prohibitions of the 
National Prohibition Act and its supplement, regulating the kind and quantity 
of liquor which a physician may prescribe for the same patient within a period 
of ten days. The Supplemental Prohibition Act of November 23, 1921, had 
prohibited the manufacture or prescribing of malt liquors for medicinal pur¬ 
poses. The authority of Congress to impose such an absolute prohibition upon 
malt liquors was challenged. The court said: 18 

“Neither beer nor any other intoxicating malt liquor is listed as a medicinal 
remedy in the United States Pharmacopoeia. They are not generally recog¬ 
nized as medical agents. There is no consensus of opinion among physicians 
and medical authorities that they have any substantial value as medicinal 
agents; and while there is some difference of opinion on this subject, the 
question is, ait the most, debatable. And their medicinal properties, if any, 
may, it appears, be supplied by the use of other available remedies. That the 
opinion is extensively held that the prohibition of prescription of malt liquors 
is a necessary and proper means to the suppression of the traffic in intoxicating 
beverage, likewise appears from the legislation in many states, under which 
such prescriptions are not permitted. 

“We find, on the whole, no ground for disturbing the determination of 
Congress on the question of fact as to the reasonable necessity, in the en- 

15. Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S. 350. 

16. Everard’s Breweries v. Day, 265 U. S. 545, 562. 

161 



forcement of the Eighteenth Amendment, of prohibiting prescriptions of in¬ 
toxicating malt liquors for medicinal purposes.” 

The power of Congress to limit the frequency of prescriptions and the 
dosage was also questioned in cases relating to spirituous and vinous liquors. 
The court held: 17 

“Restricting prescriptions by physicians of intoxicating liquor to not to 
exceed a pint for use by the same person within any period of ten days cannot, 
in view of the diverging opinions of physicians as to the medicinal value of 
such liquor, be regarded as arbitrary or without a reasonable basis, and is an 
admissible measure for enforcing the prohibition ordained by the Eighteenth 
Amendment to the Federal Constitution.” 

Liquor for Industrial Purposes 

A similar question was raised regarding the power of Congress to regulate 
the use of alcohol and liquor for industrial purposes, but again the constitution¬ 
ality of the •statute was upheld. The court said: 18 

“The power of the Federal Government, granted by the Eighteenth 
Amendment, to enforce the prohibition of the manufacture, sale and transpor¬ 
tation of intoxicating liquor, carries with it power to enact any legislative 
measures reasonably adapted to promote the purpose. The denaturing in order 
to render the making and sale of industrial alcohol compatible with the en¬ 
forcement of prohibition of alcohol for beverage purposes is not always ef¬ 
fective. The ignorance of some, the craving and the hardihood of others, 
and the fraud and cupidity *of still others, often tend to defeat its object. It 
helps the main purpose of the Amendment, therefore, to hedge about the mak¬ 
ing and disposition of the denatured article every reasonable precaution and 
the penalty to prevent the proper industrial use of it from being perverted to 
drinking it.” 

Statute Creating Separate Offenses as to Same Liquor Constitutional 

Under the National Prohibition Act the same liquor may give rise to a 
number of prosecutions. It was contended that this was a violation of the 
Fifth Amendment. The court said: 19 

“The contention is that there was double punishment because the liquor 
which the defendants were convicted for having sold is the same that they 
were convicted for having possessed. But possessing and selling are distinct 
offenses. One may obviously possess without selling; and one may sell and 
cause to be delivered a thing of which he has never had possession; or one 
may have possession and later sell, as appears to have been done in this case. 
The fact that the person sells the liquor which he possessed does not render the 
possession and the sale necessarily a single offense. There is nothing in the 
Constitution to prevent Congress from punishing separately each step leading 
to the consummation of a transaction which it has power to prohibit and pun¬ 
ishing also the completed transaction.” 

The subject of prosecution by both the state and Federal governments as 
involving double jeopardy will be discussed later. 

17. Lambert v. Yellowley, 272 U. S. 581 ; Hixson v. Oakes, 265 U. S. 254. 

18. Selzman v. United States, 268 U. S. 466. 

19. Albrecht v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 333. 


162 



CONSTRUCTION OF ENFORCING STATUTES 
Status of Liquor Stocks 

Aside from constitutional questions involving validity there always arise 
whenever new legislation is enacted, many questions of interpretation. Thus, 
did the owner of warehouse receipts covering liquors stored in bonded ware¬ 
houses at the time the law went into effect have the right to withdraw such 
liquor for domestic consumption in his own home? This was decided in the 
negative by the Supreme Court. 20 It was held, however, that liquors pur¬ 
chased before the law went into effect and stored in a private warehouse, which 
were duly reported to administrative officers as required by the statute 
could be removed to the private dwelling of the owner for consumption there¬ 
in. 21 When the National Prohibition Act was enacted the Supreme Court 
had not passed upon the constitutionality of a statute prohibiting the posses¬ 
sion of liquors for personal use acquired before the law went into effect. The 
question had been left open. 22 Congress, therefore, did not attempt to make 
illegal the possession in the home of stocks acquired before the law became 
effective. The Court has since held constitutional a state law making the pos¬ 
session of liquors so acquired illegal. 23 

Effect Upon Internal Revenue Laws 

What was the effect of the adoption of the National Prohibition Act upon 
the former statutes regulating liquor for the purpose of taxation? Many of the 
Internal Revenue laws carried heavier penalties than those imposed by the 
National Prohibition Act. It was also insisted that it was inconsistent to tax 
a commodity which was outlawed. The Supreme Court, however, held that 
intoxicating liquors are subject to taxation, notwithstanding their manufacture 
and sale for beverage purposes is prohibited and punished. 24 The taxing power 
may be used as a means of discouraging a prohibited traffic, but when the 
imposition is a penalty as distinguished from a tax summary proceeding by 
administrative officials to collect by distraint without opportunity for notice 
and hearing will not be sustained. 25 Some of the regulatory provisions of the 
internal revenue laws were held by the court to have been impliedly repealed. 26 
Congress was later held to have revived many of them by the Supplemental 
Prohibition Act as to offenses committed after the date of the passage of that 
act. 27 

Forfeitures 

As both the Internal Revenue and Prohibition statutes contain provisions 
for forfeiture the question arose in the interpretation of the prohibition stat¬ 
ute in connection with the pre-existing Internal Revenue laws, as to which 
could be invoked where property had been used in violation of law. The Su¬ 
preme Court held that the government could proceed under either law to con¬ 
demn forfeited property, it being only necessary to allege and prove the ele¬ 
ments of the offense as defined by the particular statute under which the pro- 

20. Cornelli v. Moore, 257 U. S. 491 

21. Street v. Lincoln Safe Deposit Co., 254 U. S. 88. 

22. Barbour v. Georgia, 249 U. S. 454, 460. 

23. Samuels v. McCurdy, 267 U. S. 188. 

24. United States v. Yuginovich, 256 U. S. 450, 462; United States v. One Ford Coupe 

Automobile, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 180. 

25. Lipke v. Lederer, 259 U. S. 557. 562; Regal Drug Co. v. Wardell, 260 U. S. 386. 

26. United States v. Yuginovich, 256 U. S. 450, 464. 

27. United States v. Stafoff, 260 U. S. 477. 

163 



ceeding was brought; 28 but where the government elects to institute a criminal 
prosecution against the offender under one statute, it must invoke the forfeiture 
under the same statute. In other words, there cannot be a criminal prose¬ 
cution under the National Prohibition Act and a forfeiture proceeding for 
the same act under the Internal Revenue Law. 29 

Seizure by State Officers as Ground for Forfeiture in a Federal Court 

In a case in which state officers seized a motor boat illegally transporting 
liquor and turned it over to 'the Federal government, the court was called upon 
to determine whether the seizure would be utilized as a basis for forfeiture. 
The Court held that the seizure by State officers of property employed in the 
unlawful transportation of intoxicating liquor, although not authorized by 
the National Prohibition Aot, may be adopted by the Federal government so 
as to justify a forfeiture and the possession of the vehicle by the prohibition 
director was sufficient to give jurisdiction to the Federal court. 20 

Administrative Authority Under Permit System 

Under the National Prohibition Act the control of the distribution of al¬ 
cohol and liquor for non-beverage purposes is provided by what is known as 
the permit system. The manufacturer or dealer desiring to engage in a busi¬ 
ness using alcohol or liquor in the process of its operation is required to ob¬ 
tain a basic permit resembling a license which is good for a period of twelve 
months, or in some instances until revoked. In addition a permit must also 
be obtained for each transaction involving purchase or transportation other 
than upon prescription of a physician. The authority of administrative offi¬ 
cers to pass upon applications for permits and to revoke permits once issued 
was the subject of much litigation until the decision of the Supreme Court. The 
question was as to the discretion vested in the commissioner in the adminis¬ 
tration of the permit system. The Supreme Court upon this point declared: 31 

“The dominant purpose of the act is to prevent the use of intoxicating 
liquor as a beverage, and all its provisions are to be liberally construed to 
that end. It does not provide that the commissioner shall issue any liquor per¬ 
mit, but merely that he may do so. It specifically requires the application to 
show ‘the qualification of the applicant,’ and authorizes the Commissioner to 
prescribe ‘the facts to be set forth therein.’ These provisions, as well as the 
purpose of the aot, are entirely inconsistent with any intention on the part of 
Congress that the Commissioner should perform the merely perfunctory 
duty of granting a permit, to any and every applicant, without reference to 
his qualification and fitness; and they necessarily imply that, in order to pre¬ 
vent violations of the act he shall, before granting a permit, determine, in the 
exercise of his sound discretion, whether the applicant is a fit person to be 
entrusted with such a privilege. This is emphasized by the provision that if 
the Commissioner refuses an application, his action may be reviewed by a 
court of equity in matter of fact and law; there being no substantial reason 
for this provision if he is imperatively required to grant a permit upon the mere 
presentation of an application in due form.” 

28. United States v. One Ford Coupe Automobile, 71 L. F.d. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 180. 

29. Port Gardner Investment Co. v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p 193. 

30. Dodge v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 212. 

31. Ma-King Products Co. v. Blair, 271 U S. 479. 

164 



Procedural Questions 

Cases involving procedure in the trial of cases arising under the Na¬ 
tional Prohibition Act have also engaged the attention of the court. It has 
been held that prosecutions for first offenses under the National Prohibition 
Act may be instituted upon an information filed by the prosecuting attorney 
without the intervention of a grand jury. 32 Such action must be upon leave 
of court first obtained; the affidavit of the district attorney affords sufficient 
verity to justify probable cause for the prosecution and a reference to sup¬ 
porting affidavits by private individuals does not invalidate the information 
as indicating that it is presented otherwise than upon the oath of office of the 
United States Attorney : 8 3 

An affidavit verified before a state notary public is insufficient to support 
a warrant of arrest under authority of a Federal Court but a false arrest does 
not necessarily deprive the court of jurisdiction of the proceedings. The fail¬ 
ure of the defendant to object to the jurisdiction when giving bond does not 
constitute a waiver of his right. The defect may be reached by a motion to 
quash the warrant after the accused has given bail, but a motion to quash di¬ 
rected solely to the information does not raise the question of the validity 
of the warrant and is ineffective after properly verified affidavits have been 
filed. 84 

The Court has also held that the form of bond required of permittees by 
the Commissioner for faithful compliance with the statute are for indemnity 
only and are not forfeiture bonds. 85 

The record of sales of intoxicating liquor required by the statute was held 
to apply to persons permitted to make sales only, and not to persons attempting 
to make unlawful sales so that an indictment charging a conspiracy to sell in¬ 
toxicating liquors without making a permanent record was insufficient. 38 

Under the law as it stood prior to the Reorganization Act of March 3, 1927, 
the Court held that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue is a necessary 
party to an action brought to test the validity of regulations issued for the 
enforcement of the law. 37 

The National Prohibition Act declares the premises upon which liquors are 
illegally manufactured, kept, sold, or bartered to be a nuisance and authorizes a 
proceeding in equity for its abatement and for restraining the individuals re¬ 
sponsible. The provision is constitutional. 88 The court has held that the ac¬ 
quittal of a defendant upon a criminal charge of maintaining a liquor nuisance 
is not a bar to a proceeding in equity to abate the nuisance; 39 that notice is not 
a necessary prerequisite to the granting of a temporary injunction; 40 and 
that the Constitution does not require a jury trial in proceeding for the abate- 


32. 

33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 


39. 

40. 


Brede v. Powers, 263 U. S. 4; Albrecht v. United States, 71 L. Ed.. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. 
Op. p. 333 

Albrecht v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op., p. 333. 

Albrecht v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 333. 

United States v. Zerbey, 271 U. S. 332. 

United States v. Katz, 271 U. S. 354. 

Gnerich v. Rutter, 265 U. S. 388. . . . , oeo TT c . 

Lewinsohn v. United States, 278 Fed 421 Certioran denied 258 U. S. 630 ; Duignan v 
U S., 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. 653; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 123; 
Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S. 1 ; Eilenbecker v. Plymouth County, 134 U. S. 31 
Murphy v. United States, 272 U. S. 630. 

Druggan v. Anderson, 269 U. S. 36, 40. 

165 



merit of a liquor nuisance; 41 also that--a United States District Court has juris¬ 
diction to cancel a lease upon petition of the owner of the premises in an in¬ 
junction proceeding where the evidence shows the existence of a nuisance. 42 

Right of a Federal Prohibition Agent to a Removal of a Prosecution Instituted 
Against Him in a State Court 

The revised statutes of the United States provide that whenever any civil 
suit or criminal prosecution is commenced in any state court against any officer 
acting by authority of any Revenue Law of the United States on account of 
any act done under color of 'his office, he may petition .the United States Dis¬ 
trict Judge for the removal of the cause to the Federal Court for trial. The 
National Prohibition Act declares that the officers charged with its enforce¬ 
ment shall have all the power and protection in its enforcement that is con¬ 
ferred by existing laws relating to the manufacture and sale of intoxicating 
liquors. In several instances in which prosecutions were brought against 
Federal Prohibition agents in state courts the Supreme Court was called upon 
to construe the language of these acts to determine whether the agents were 
entitled to removal. The Court held that where the petition for removal recited 
facts sufficient to show that the offense charged grew out of acts committed 
in the discharge of the duties of office that the agent was entitled to such re¬ 
moval, and if the petition for removal was defective it could be amended, 4 * 
but where the nature of the offense charged was such as to indicate that it 
did not solely relate to acts done in the discharge of his official duty that he 
was not entitled to removal. 44 Thus a removal of a murder charge was held 
to be authorized, while removal of charges of conspiracy to obstruct justice 
and perjury was disallowed. 

RELATION OF EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT TO OTHER PROVI¬ 
SIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION 


Search and Seizure 


The Constitution of the United States, Article 4, guarantees against un¬ 
reasonable searches and seizures, and Article 5 against compelling a citizen to 
give evidence against himself. Closely associated with the question growing 
out of the enforcement of the prohibition statutes arc those connected with the 
law relating to search and seizure. The opponents of prohibition have sought 
to invoke the provisions of the 4th and 5th Amendments as a means of 
thwarting the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment. 

Under what circumstances may a search for intoxicating liquor be law¬ 
fully made without a warrant? The National Prohibition Act provides that 
when any officer of the law shall discover any person in the act of transporting 
intoxicating liquors in any vehicle in violation of law, it shall be his duty to 
seize the liquor and the conveyance, and arrest the person in charge. What 
was intended by the term “discover in the act?” Did it mean that a seizure with¬ 
out a warrant was limited simply to cases in which the illegal transportation 
was open and obvious, or did it confer the right upon the officer to search 


41. Lewinsohn v. United States, 278 Fed. 421; Certiorari denied 258 U. S. 630: 

v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 653. 

42. Duignan v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p 653 

43. Maryland v. Soper, 270 U. S. 9 

44 Maryland v. Soper, 270 U. S. 36, also 44. 

166 


Duignan 



without a warrant whenever there was reasonable cause to believe the law 
was being violated? The Supreme Court declared: 43 

“The guaranty of freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures by 
the 4th Amendment has been construed, practically since the beginning of the 
government, as recognizing a necessary difference between a search of a 
store, dwelling house, or other structure, in respect of which a proper official 
warrant readily may be obtained, and a search of a ship, motor boat, wagon, 
or automobile for contraband goods, where it is not practicable to secure a 
warrant because the Vehicle can be quickly moved out of the locality of juris¬ 
diction in which the warrant must be sought.” 

“The measure of legality of such a seizure is, therefore, that the seizing 
officer shall have reasonable or probable cause for believing that the automo¬ 
bile which he stops and seize? has contraband liquor therein which is being 
illegally transported.” 

It is lawful for an officer to arrest without a warrant a person commit¬ 
ting a misdemeanor in his presence and to seize the evidence of crime. 46 The 
seizure by an officer without a warrant of liquor abandoned in an open field 
is not unreasonable, 47 but the search of a dwelling house by an officer and the 
seizure of liquor without a search warrant is a violation of the 4th Amendment 
and liquor so seized may not be introduced in evidence against the accused at 
the trial where a timely challenge is interposed. 48 

In cases in which seizures have been made upon warrants first obtained 
the Supreme Court has been called upon to pass upon what constituted prob¬ 
able cause for the issuance of search warrants; the adequacy of the description 
in search warrants, and the extent of the premises that may be searched under 
warrants; also the character of use of the premises sufficient to make it a pri¬ 
vate dwelling within the meaning of the act. Thus, the fact that an employe 
slept and cooked in a room on one of the floors of a garage was held not to 
constitute it a private dwelling within the meaning of the law. 49 

In a case in which the right of a prohibition agent to execute a search 
warrant was challenged it was settled that a prohibition agent is a “civil of¬ 
ficer” of the United States to whom a search warrant may lawfully be directed 
for execution. 50 

It, is also established that the sufficiency of the evidence upon which the 
search warrant was issued is a judicial question which cannot be submitted to 
a jury for determination in a criminal trial, 51 and that where a petition for the 
return of seized property has been overruled the question of probable cause for 
the issuance of the second warrant is res adjudicata in a subsequent prosecution 
against the one from whose premises the property was taken. 62 

The fact that officers charged with the execution of a search warrant ex¬ 
ceeded their authority by destroying the liquor seized except a small sample 


Carroll v. United States, 268 U. S. 132, 153, 156. . _ , 

United States v Lee, No. 752, decided May 31, 1927; Angello v. United States, 269 
U. S. 20, 30. 

Amos r v V 'XJrdted d Sutesf’2 2 5 6 5 5 U.’ S.’ 313; Byars v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. 

Ct. Adv. Op. p. 331. 

Steele v. United States, 267 \J.S. 498. 

50. Steele v. United States, 267 U. S. 505. 

51. Steele v. United States, 267 U. S. 505. 

Steele v. United States, 267 U. S. 505, 511. 

167 


45. 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 


52 . 



preserved as evidence, did not in a criminal trial render the sample of such 
1‘quor inadmissible. 53 

It has also been held that evidence seized by state officers, acting under 
a state warrant is admissible in a trial in a Federal Court for a violation of 
the National Prohibition Act. 54 However, where, by agreement, Federal agents 
accompanied state officers in the execution of a state search warrant issued on 
information and belief, which is insufficient under the Federal law, it was held 
that the search was illegal and the evidence inadmissible in a prosecution in 
a Federal court. 55 

Seizure of American Vessels on High Seas 

A decision of the Supreme Court had established that the National Pro¬ 
hibition Act by its terms did not apply to American vessels when on the 
high seas. 56 In another case the question arose whether the customs officers 
could seize, beyond the twelve-mile limit, a vessel registered under the laws of 
the United States engaged in smuggling liquor into the United States in vio¬ 
lation of the revenue laws. The court sustained the right of the government 
to a forfeiture of the vessel under the circumstances in that case, saying: 57 

“If vessels violating the revenue laws and thereby incurring liability to 
forfeiture could escape seizure by departing from or avoiding waters within 
customs districts the liability to forfeiture would be of little practical effect 
in checking violations; and it is most improbable that Congress intended to 
leave the avenues of escape thus unguarded. The terms it has used are easily 
broad enough to meet the situation effectively,... and no reason is suggested 
or perceived for cutting them down as respects domestic vessels. If Congress 
were without power to provide for the seizure of such vessels on the high sea, 
a restrictive construction might be justified. But there is no want of power in 
this regard. The high sea is common to all nations and foreign to none; and 
every nation having vessels there has power to regulate them and also to seize 
them for violation of its laws.” 

In another case in affirming a conviction it was said: 58 

“Officers of the Coast Guard are authorized, by virtue of Revised Statutes 
3072, to seize on the high seas beyond the twelve mile limit an American vessel 

subject to forfeiture for violation of any law respecting the revenue_From 

that power it is fairly to be inferred that they are likewise authorized to 
board and search such vessels when there is probably cause to believe them 
subject to seizure for violation of revenue laws, and to arrest persons thereon 
engaged in such violation-The failure of the government to institute there¬ 

after proceedings for forfeiture of the motor boat and the liquor did not, by 
retroaction, render illegal either the seizure or the search.” 

The court held, however, that the right of seizure under existing statutes is 
limited to seizures for violation of the revenue laws. The law applicable to 
foreign vessels is discussed later. 

Double Jeopardy 

Under the concurrent power clause of the Eighteenth Amendment both 

53. McGuire v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 292. 

54. Center v. United States, 267 U. S. 575 ; Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U. S. 465 

55. Byars v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 331. 

56. Cunard Steamship Co. v. Mellon, 262 U. S 100 

57. Maul v. United States, No. 655, decided May 31, 1927. 

58. United States v. Dee, No. 752, decided May 31, 1927. 

168 



the State and Federal government may prosecute for offenses relating to in¬ 
toxicating liquor. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution declares that no 
person shall for the same offense be twice put in jeopardy. In a case in which 
there was a prosecution involving the same liquor in a State Court for an of¬ 
fense against the state prohibition law, and a subsequent prosecution of the 
individual in the Federal court for a similar offense under the national law, 
the question arose as to whether this was a twice placing in jeopardy for the 
same offense. The Supreme Court said : 5 9 

“We have here two sovereignties, deriving power from different sources, 
capable of dealing with the same subject-matter within the same territory. 
Each may, without interference by the other, enact laws to secure prohibition, 
with the limitation that no legislation can give validity to acts prohibited by 
the Amendment. Each government, in determining what shall be an offense 
against its peace and dignity, is exercising its own sovereignty, not that of the 
other. 

“It follows that an act denounced as a crime by both national and state 
sovereignties is an offense against the peace and dignity of both, and may be 
punished by each.” 

Power of the President to Pardon for Contempt of Court 

Article 2, Section 2, of the Constitution declares that the President shall 
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United 
States except in cases of impeachment. Tihe section of the National Prohibi¬ 
tion Act providing for the abatement of liquor nuisances by injunction, em¬ 
powers the courts to summarily punish for contempt any person guilty of 
violating an injunction. In a case in which a defendant was committed by a 
district court for the violation of an injunction issued under the National Pro¬ 
hibition Act, the question arose concerning the validity of a pardon granted 
him by the President. It was insisted that contempt of court is “sui generis ” 
and is not an offense against the United States within the meaning of that 
term as used in the Constitution. The Court, however, declined to accept this 
view and sustained the pardoning power of the President. 00 

QUESTIONS INCIDENTAL TO PROHIBITION ENFORCEMENT 
Liability of Income from Illicit Traffic to Taxation 

The statutes of the United States provide a tax upon gains, profits and in¬ 
come derived from the transaction of business carried on for gain or profit, and 
income derived from any source whatever. Was an individual who had made 
profit from illegal traffic in liquor liable to taxation under this act? This ques¬ 
tion was before the Supreme Court in a case in which the defendant was in¬ 
dicted for failure to file an income tax return. The defendant interposed the 
defense that part of his income was derived from illegal transactions, and 
to require him to file an income tax return would be to compel him to incrim¬ 
inate himself in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. The 
Supreme Court said: 61 

“We see no reason ... why the fact that a business is unlawful should ex¬ 
empt it from paying the tax that if lawful it would have to pay.” 

59. United States v. Lanza, 260 U. S. 377; Herbert v. Louisiana, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. 

Adv. Op. p. 111. 

60. Ex parte Grossman, 267 U. S. 87. 

61. United States v. Sullivan, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 726 

169 



and held that a defendant could not simply by his own declaration of the illegal 
nature of some of his profits refuse to file any return whatever. 

EFFECT OF THE NATIONAL PROHIBITION ACT UPON STATE 

PROHIBITION LAWS 

Many interesting cases arose upon this subject under the concurrent 
power clause of the Eighteenth Amendment. Was it necessary that state and 
Federal legislation be identical in terms? Were state laws in effect when the 
national law became operative, repealed, and was a definition of intoxicating 
liquor in a state law whicih was more restrictive than the National Prohibition 
Act valid? These questions have all been answered by the Supreme Court. 
Thus it has been said: 82 

“Each state, as also Congress, may exercise an independent judgment 
in selecting and shaping measures to enforce prohibition. Such as are adopted 
by Congress become laws of the United States, and such as are adopted by a 
state become laws of the state. They may vary in many particulars, includ¬ 
ing the penalties prescribed, but this is an inseparable incident of indepen¬ 
dent legislative action in distinct jurisdictions.” 

In Pennsylvania when the National Prohibition Act became effective there 
was in force a state statute prohibiting the sale of spirituous liquors without 
a license, however small the percentage of alcohol in the beverage sold. The 
National Prohibition Act prohibits only the sale of liquors containing as much 
as one half of one per centum of alcohol by volume. A prosecution was 
brought under the state law for the sale of spirituous liquors without a license. 
The defense was made that the state law was in conflict with the National 
Prohibition Act because of the difference in definition, that it was a license 
law enacted before the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment and was not 
appropriate legislation for its enforcement. The Court said: 63 

“The Brooks law (license law) as thus construed, does not purport to 
authorize or sanction anything which the Eighteenth Amendment or the Vol¬ 
stead Act prohibits. And there is nothing in it which conflicts with any pro¬ 
vision of either. It is merely an additional instrument which the state supplies 
in the effort to make prohibition effective. That the state may, by appropriate 
legislation, exercise its police power to that end, was expressly provided in 
Sec. 2 of the Amendment, which declares that ‘Congress and the several states 
shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation/ 
That the Brooks law, as construed, is appropriate legislation, is likewise clear. 
To prohibit every sale of spirituous liquors except by licensed persons may 
certainly aid in preventing sales for beverage purposes of liquor containing as 
much as one-half of one per cent of alcohol; and that is what the Volstead Act 
prohibits. If the Brooks law, as construed, had been enacted the day after the 
adoption of the Amendment, it would obviously have been ‘appropriate legisla- 
tiori/ It is not less so because it was already in existence.” 

It is established that the states may impose greater restriction than those 
provided by the Federal law but the states cannot sanction what the Federal 
law prohibits. The National Prohibition Act permits the possession in the 
home of liquors acquired before it became effective, 64 but a state statute mak- 
62. United States v. Lanza, 260 U. S. 377, 381 
63 Vigliotti v. Pennsylvania, 258 U. S. 403. 

64. Street v. Lincoln Safe Deposit Co., 254 U. S. 88. 

170 


ing such possession illegal is constitutional. 05 Likewise a state statute pro¬ 
viding an absolute forfeiture of vehicles used in illegal transportation of liquor 
is valid notwithstanding the National Prohibition Act exempts from forfeiture 
the interest of an innocent lienor. 80 


Special Statutes for the Protection of Indians Not Repealed 

The effect of the National Prohibition Act upon special statutes enacted 
for the protection of the Indians has also been considered by the Supreme 
Court. In this case it was held: 07 

“The provision of the Act of 1892, and its amendments of 1897 and 1918, 
making criminal possession of intoxicating liquor in Indian country, were not 
repealed by the National Prohibition Act.” 

QUESTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 


The enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment and National Prohibition 
Act have also given rise to several questions of International law. A treaty 
entered into between the United States and Great Britain on May 8th, 1871, 
gave the British subjects the right to tranship merchandise under customs bond 
through the United States from one British possession to another. Could 
beverage liquors be so shipped after the adoption of the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment? The Supreme Court, after pointing out the differences in view ex¬ 
pressed by several Presidents upon whether the treaty was in force, held that 
irrespective of it the transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage pur¬ 
poses was prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 08 
Seizure Under Hovering Acts of Foreign Vessels Engaged in Smuggling 
The efforts of persons operating vessels under foreign registry to smuggle 
liquor into the United States in violation of the Eighteenth Amendment and 
the seizure of such vessels by the coast guard of the United States has re¬ 
quired an examination of the municipal and international law relating to such 
cases. The court in a prior case had recognized the three mile limit as the ex¬ 
tent of the territorial waters of the United States. 09 This had been defined as 
the limit of the ordinary jurisdiction of the United States over criminal of¬ 
fenses. Under the customs statutes of the United States, however, which 
were patterned after the British Hovering Acts of 1736, there had existed for 
many years a provision authorizing the customs officers of the United States 
to board vessels when within four leagues, or 12 miles of the coast to inspect 
them for dutiable articles. After the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment, 
vessels within 12 miles of the coast, but beyond the three mile limit, were seized 
by customs officers of the United States while engaged in smuggling liquor into 
the United States by means of small boats. The contention was made that 
the seizure was a violation of international law. The District Court held the 
vessel subject to forfeiture, saying: 70 

“The evidence shows conclusively that the master intended to introduce 
and did introduce the liquors into the United States by the participation of 
small boats which came to the vessel for transference. Such practices by con- 

65. Samuels v. McCurdy, 267 U. S. 188; Raymond Moore v. State of Idaho, 264 U. S. 569. 

same case below 36 Idaho 565, 212 Pac. 349. 

66. Van Oster v. Kansas, 272 U. S. 465. 

67. Kennedy v. United States, 265 U. S. 344. 

68. Grogan v. Walker, 259 U. S. 80. 

69. Cunard Steamship Co. v. Mellon, 262 U. S. 100, 122. 

70 United States v. Henry L. Marshall, 286 Fed. 260; 292 Fed. 486. 

171 


certed action were fraudulent and a violation of the statute in question.... 
The vessel... actively assisted in the unloading, and by the use of motor boats 
or other craft caused the fraudulent introduction of the merchandise into the 
commerce of the United States." 

The Supreme Court refused to grant a writ of certiorari for a review 
of the case, thereby sustaining the action of the trial court. 71 

Validity of Seizures of Foreign Vessels Under Anti-Smuggling Treaties 

The principal maritime nations have entered into treaties with the United 
States which pledge their cooperation for the suppression of liquor smuggling. 
The treaties are similar in terms. They provide that whenever there is reason¬ 
able cause to believe that a vessel has committed, is committing, or attmpt- 
ing to commit an offense against the laws of the United States it may be 
seized by officers of the United States and taken into port for adjudication. 
Such seizures are not to be made at a greater distance from the coast of the 
United States than can be traversed in one hour by the suspected vessel or by 
the small boat operating from it. In a seizure which was made under the terms 
of the treaty with Great Britain four questions were presented to the Supreme 
Court for its decision: 72 

First, whether the seizure of the vessels was in accordance with the treaty; 
second, whether the treaty prohibits prosecution of the persons, subjects of 
Great Britain, on board the seized vessel brought within the jurisdiction of 
the United States upon the landing of such vessel for illegal importation of 
liquor; third, whether the treaty authorizes prosecution of such persons not 
only for the substantive offense of illegal importation or attempt to import but 
also for*conspiracy to effect it; and, fourth, whether such persons without the 
United States conspiring and cooperating to violate the laws with other per¬ 
sons who are within the United States and to commit overt acts therein, can 
be prosecuted therefor when thereafter found in the United States. 

In this case the Supreme Court sustained the conviction of the conspir¬ 
ators where the evidence showed the seizure was made within 5.7 nautical miles 
from the Farallon Islands, and the small boat used to establish contact with the 
shore could 'traverse the distance within one hour. 

The case may be said to be authority for the following propositions re¬ 
garding the treaty: That it does not change the territorial jurisdiction of 
the United States to try offenses against its importation laws. If the ship 
could not have been condemned for such offense before the treaty, it cannot 
be condemned now. It did, however, extend the distance within which seiz¬ 
ures may be made and if an offense is committeed within the jurisdiction of 
the United States the vessel may be seized and brought in for adjudication; 
that the right of seizure of the vessel under the treaty carries with it by nec¬ 
essary implication the right to prosecute the individuals found aboard; that it 
authorizes a prosecution for conspiracy as well as for the substantive offenses 
concerning which the conspiracy was formed and that a conspirator whose 
part in the offense against the laws of the United States was performed beyond 
the confines of this country may be prosecuted if he subsequently comes within 
the jurisdiction of the Court. 

71. Albury, claimant of the schooner Henry L. Marshall v. United States, 263 U. S. 712. 

72. Ford v. United States, 71 L. Ed. U. S. Su. Ct. Adv. Op. p. 610. 

172 



CONCLUSION 

The record of the Supreme Court upon prohibition legislation is in keep¬ 
ing with the splendid traditions of that tribunal to which is committed the 
delicate and difficult task of preserving a written constitution as a vital force 
m the life of the Republic; of construing and applying with other parts of that 
historic document changes in the fundamental law as they are made by the 
people; of protecting personal and property rights against governmental usur¬ 
pation while seeing that necessary powers to promote the general welfare as 
they are granted by the representatives of the people shall be applied and 
made effective. _ 

BRITISH WOMEN PLAY THEIR PART 

Miss Monica Whately 

(Prospective Labor Candidate for Hythe, England) 

We have in Great Britain today two lines of thought among th’ose who 
are working for temperance. We have those who believe that the only way 
to bring about real temperance is by national prohibition, and they will not 
consider any other remedy. We have others, who while they number among 
their members, many strong advocates of prohibition, feel that real tem¬ 
perance can be brought about in Great Britain only by the universal wish of 
the people, and that this wish can best be expressed through local option. 

It is for this reason that I am working for the passing into law of “The 
Oxford Liquor Popular Control Bill.” In this bill, which has the support of 
many members of Parliament of all parties, voting areas will have a chance 
of expressing their wishes as to how the drink trade shall be controlled by 
voting on three options: 

No Change. Reorganization. No License. Those who are content with 
the way the drink trade is carried on at present, as a private concern for the 
purpose of building up large financial profits, and for that reason doing all 
they can to stimulate sales, will have an opportunity of voting for “No Change” 
and there will be no change in that area for the present. 

Others, who while not desiring National prohibition but desiring a reform 
of the drink trade, will have an opportunity of voting for the second option, 
“Reorganization.” 

If “Reorganization” is passed in the area, the manufacture, and sale of 
drink will be taken out of the hands of the private trades, and will instead be 
put under the control of a disinterested board of management, who will be 
there to supply the demand, but not to create a demand for the purpose of 
building up financial profits. Those of us who are supporting this bill are of 
opinion that under no circumstances should the management of the trade be 
carried out by a government board, for we feel the less Parliament mixes 
in the drink trade the better, and for that reason we have decided that the 
manufacture and sale of drink in reorganization areas shall be absolutely in 
the hands of a disinterested Board of Management responsible to but not con- 
irolled by Parliament. 

Under the third option of the Bill, those who can carry a “No License” 
vote will have prohibition in their area. This Bill, while not forcing prohibition 
on the whole country, enables those who are educated up to the extreme reform 
to obtain it in their own reality. 


173 



Compensation will be paid in all areas which vote for “Reorganization 
or “No-License” out of a central fund, which will be built up by a levy on 
the Trade, which already exists, and this will be doubled, by 'the profits on 
the sale of drink in Reorganization areas, and by the sale of saloons, proper¬ 
ties, etc., etc. in Reorganization and No-License areas. 

Polls under this bill will take place every four years until the expiration of 
the time limit of fifteen years, when all licenses once more become the ab¬ 
solute property of the state. 

We realize the great evil of our saloon is due to> the fact that the saloon 
does not belong to the man who serves the drink, but is in almost all cases, 
the property of the brewer. The publican is the servant of the brewer, he 
is not there merely to supply the demands of the people, but to do his best to 
stimulate sales. Otherwise he loses his job. 

He 'also receives from his employer a percentage of the amount of drink 
he is able to sell. I feel that a bill such as I have just outlined will do much 
for the cause of temperance. I believe that reorganization of the trade will 
be a great step in showing our people the need of temperance and I most 
earnestly pray that this bill will be the first step towards national prohibition in 
Great Britain which I passionately believe. 

Some of you know I am a prospective parliamentary Labour candidate, and 
in my work which takes me all over the country I see the terrible effects of 
intemperance on the working people, and I believe that drink is just as much 
a dope to the workers of England as opium is to the people of the East. 

I remember when on a speaking tour in the mining areas of South 
Wales, meeting a man employed by the Drink Trade to speak against any 
Temperance reform. He told me he thought it was a very hard life, that the 
miners’ wives who spent their day in their miserable homes, deprived of any 
of those things which make life possible, should as well, be unable to forget 
their sufferings over their glass of beer in the saloon in the evening. I said 
that I believed that it was just because they could forget their sufferings for 
even a short time, those sufferings to a great extent continued. Personally 
I do not want the workers to forget for one moment the conditions under which 
they are compelled to live, for the conditions are a disgrace to a so-called Chris¬ 
tian country. I have visited the homes of the miners in Scotland, when 
whole families are crowded into one room, with the only water supply out 
in the yard, stone floors the only place to keep the coal, which is under the 
bed, the windows broken, the walls falling down. In one house, and in one 
room I talked with a miner who had been unemployed for three years. His 
wife was a young woman of thirty who had six children, one of whom was 
living. In the same room there lived another miner, his wife a girl of twenty- 
two, with her two children and a grown-up sister. Each of these women' was 
shortly expecting another child, and so you had in that one room two adult 
men, three adult women, three living children, and two more little lives to 
come. I could not help wondering what chance they would have in that 
already over-crowded room. 

Since coming to your country I have seen how your workers live. I have 
been over the very worst slums they could show me in New York and Chicago. 
I have just returned from a visit to your mine fields in Illinois, and I can only 

174 


say your people are living in palaces, compared to the workers in Great 
Britain. Can you be surprised that I desire the same decent standard of living 
tor my people, a standard which I truly believe, if not brought about entirely 
has been very much helped, by prohibition. 

In Great Britain today we have terrible unemployment, and many who 
are working are in receipt of a wage which barely buys the necessities of life. 
Yet we spend two billion dollars a year on drink. Alas! the workers’ share 
must be being spent, at the expense of the necessities of life. 

When the mother or father drink beer, the children must go without 
milk. When I hear the lies that are spoken about prohibition by its enemies, 
I am reminded of a story about my great-great uncle, Archbishop Whately, 
the famous author of Whately’s “Logic.” One day the Archbishop was walk¬ 
ing in the streets of Dublin, he saw a small boy building a castle of mud. 
“What is that?” said -the Archbishop. “That,” said the small boy with 
pride, “is Dublin cathedral, and this is the pulpit.” “Well,” replied Archbishop 
Whately, “if you have built the Cathedral and the pulpit, why don’t you put 
in the Archbishop?” “Because,” replied the small boy, “I haven’t got enough 
mud.” 

I feel that the mud which has been thrown at prohibition is running out. 
Soon the whole world will realize that economically a wet country will not 
be able to compete with a dry, and America with the magnificent courage 
with which she handled this great question, will see she has given a lead to 
the world, a lead which will make it possible for us who follow, to- give to our 
children, and the children who are to come, a safer, saner and happier life than 
we have had ourselves. 

[NOTE:—The following statement has been signed and filed in connection 
with the foregoing address. 

The undersigned delegates from England desire to enter their respectful 
protest against the impression given in the address by Miss Monica Whately 
under the title “British Women Play Their Part,” that the bill recently in¬ 
troduced into the British House of Lords by the Bishop of Liverpool, is 
supported by the Temperance forces of England. So far as the bill proposes to 
give to the people -the power to vote “No-License” it has been welcomed, but 
the Reorganization proposals, under which the traffic can be taken from pri¬ 
vate hands and placed under the control of a public body, have met with the 
strongest opposition, and persistence with them cannot but cause division 
among the temperance party with unhappy consequences. We deeply regret 
that this contentious subject should have been introduced, without notice, 
to the attention of this World Congress. 

Edward Oliver, Grand Chief Templar, I. O. G. T., England. 

J. W. Hopkins, Past Grand Chief Templar, I. O. G. T., Eugland. (Mem¬ 
ber of Executive, United Kingdom Alliance.) 

M. I. Walker, (Member of Executive, National British Women’s Total 
Abstinence Union). 

Mary Atkinson, Past Grand Vice Templar, I. O. G. T., England.] 


175 


SATURDAY EVENING SESSION 

THE ANTI-ALCOHOL FIGHT IN LATVIA 

John E. Davis, of Riga 

My fatherland, Latvia, is one of those new states on the shores of the 
Baltic sea, which were founded after the World War. Acknowledging that the 
alcoholization of the Latvian people by the former Russian and German gov¬ 
ernment through brandy and beer is very noxious for the existence and fu¬ 
ture development of the newly founded state, and wishing to make the country 
free from the curse of alcoholism, the Latvian Parliament in 1924 promul¬ 
gated the “Law for combatting drunkenness.” The chief articles of the law 
are as follows: 

Part I. 

1. In places of sale of alcohol, it is prohibited to sell and to consume 
alcoholic beverages from 10 o’clock p.m. till 9 o’clock a.m., but on Sundays and 
other festive days, as well as on the days of popular voting, elections and the 
calling out of recruits, the whole day; on Saturdays and on the eve of other 
festive days from 12 o’clock on. Restrictions on sale at other hours during the 
time allowed by this law are decided by the councils of individual towns, spots 
or communities. 

2. It is prohibited to the factories and manufactories of alcoholic bev¬ 
erages, storehouses, shops and other places of sale, to advertise intoxicating 
drink to outsiders, through puffs, posters, special lighting, exhibitions in show 
windows or otherwise, except signboards containing the name of the concern 
and the firm. Likewise, is prohibited every kind of advertisement for any 
alcoholic beverages and their places of sale through newspapers or other 
kinds of printed matter and in public places such as street cars, railways, exhi¬ 
bitions, etc. 

3. In places of sale of alcoholic beverages for immediate consumption, 
dancing, variety performances, and similar amusements are prohibited. In 
such places music may be admitted only by the consent of the local communal 
authorities. 

4. It is prohibited to pay out wages, as well as to conclude contracts, 
between employers and employed in places of sale of alcoholic beverages, to 
persons who are not employed there. 

5. It is prohibited to use alcoholic beverages on all festivities or banquets 
arranged at the expense of state or community, as well as in the buildings of 
state and communal institutions. 

. It is prohibited to use the alcoholic drinks in all localities of teaching 
and educating institutions, in organizations existing in connection with these 
institutions and in their localities, as well as in parties of these institutions 
and organizations. 

7. It is prohibited to sell intoxicating beverages and consume them at 
exhibitions, markets, parties of various organizations, theatres, groceries, 
boats if internal waters and coast service ships, and at railway stations. 

Part II. 

The second part contains the penalties for violating the law, which can 
amount to 6 months imprisonment and to paying of Ls5000 (or $910.00). 

176 


Part III. 

1. Communal institutions which systematically fight drunkenness receive 
for this purpose subventions from the state budget. 

2. Independent of attention to enforcement by police officers—the boards 
of city, spots’ and community councils may appoint special curators, to whom 
the same as to the police are imparted the rights to prosecute at law the 
culprits. 

3. The subvention sums come from a special fund for the fight against 
drinking. 

4. The communal institutions may spend the sums mentioned in para¬ 
graph 1 in arranging anti-alcohol exhibitions and lectures, instituting and sup¬ 
porting asylums for persons given to drinking, people’s houses, teashops, 
libraries and reading rooms, subsidizing orchestras and choirs for similar ends, 
under the condition that in all these enterprises no alcoholic drinks are con¬ 
sumed. 

5. According to this law all intoxicating and ardent drinks containing 
beyond 1 54% of alcohol are considered alcoholic. 

As you see, ladies and gentlemen, except Finland where there is prohi¬ 
bition, there is in no other European state such a strong law against alco¬ 
holism as in Latvia. Nevertheless, this law in Latvia is only the first step to 
prohibition, but we yet have to go a long and troublesome way to it. 

As the law against drunkenness styles as alcoholic all intoxicating drinks 
containing beyond 1/4% alcohol, and strongly restricts the time and places 
of sale of them, some members of Parliament interested in the alcohol capital 
have initiated in Parliament an amendment to the above mentioned law ac¬ 
cording to which alcoholic drinks would be intoxicating only when -containing 
above 4% alcohol and the restrictions of the time and places of sale of them 
would be modified. If the Parliament should adopt such an amendment to 
the law for combatting drunkenness, the sale of beer would be again as free at 
any time and place as the sale of milk, lemonade, fruitwater and other non¬ 
alcoholic beverages. It is clear that in this case the whole law for combatting 
drunkenness would be in great part nullified. In consequence of this, in Lat¬ 
via, there is now going on a desperate struggle between the fighters of al¬ 
coholism and its protectors. To lose our hard conquered gains would be a 
heavy defeat to the abstinents and a great satisfaction to the brewers, spirit 
manufacturers and publicans. The abstinents have serious reason to fear 
because the complement of the members of the present Parliament is enough 
benevolent to the publicans and to the manufacturers of alcoholic drinks. 
There are also such members of Parliament who, -one after another, easily fall 
into the nets of the alcohol capitalists. It can happen ahat the groups inter¬ 
ested in alcoholization of the people may attract the needed number of depu¬ 
ties, and then the law for combatting drunkenness must drop. 

According to its constitution, “the object of the World League Against 
Alcoholism is to attain by the means of education and legislation, the total 
suppression throughout the world of alcoholism.” In harmony with this goal, 
the League recognizes that the problem of alcoholism is no longer merely a 
ocal, state or national problem, but it is a world problem, and that to the 

177 


solution of that world problem, the efforts of the World League Against Al¬ 
coholism are being directed. Taking into account this goal of the World 
League, I take the liberty to direct the attention of the Assembly to Northern 
Europe, especially to the states around the Baltic Sea where now is going on 
a decisive combat for making Europe dry. As in America, so also in every 
other part of the world, the fight against alcoholism can go only from North 
to South, never in the contrary direction, because the southern wine-growing 
countries are materially interested and not just to fight against, but for al¬ 
coholism, is really what they are doing. Now to counteract the World League 
Against Alcoholism they have founded the World League of wine-growing 
countries, in order to paralyze the anti-alcohol movement in the northern non¬ 
wine-growing states. 

The same importance that the United States of America has for combat¬ 
ting alcoholism in American continents, the northern Europeon states have 
for making dry Europe. We know that there are now efforts to make U. S. A. 
wet again, not only by the southern countries through their wines, but still 
more by northern lands of Europe through their sprit. If you make dry the 
northern European states, the sprit smuggling in America (which our ad¬ 
versaries declare a natural result of prohibition) will cease immediately. As 
the soil in North Europe is already well prepared for dry efforts, we must 
strive with all forces there next to attain prohibition. 

To fight after a common plan against alcoholism the Northern European 
states, viz: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Esthonia, Latvia, Denmark, and Ice¬ 
land have founded the Northern European Union Against Alcoholism. Some 
of these states have begun a struggle surpassing their forces. Therefore, they 
cannot endure to hold out the combat and keep the front. But a breach 
in the united front and defeat in the fight against alcoholism in any one country 
is at the same time also a sensible loss in the anti-alcohol fight of the whole 
world. We have only to remember what sensation was produced in the whole 
world by the abolition of prohibition in Norway. There will be similar 
heavy blows to the abstinence movement not only in Latvia, but also in the 
whole of Europe, if in Latvia should take place the modification or nullifica¬ 
tion of the law for combatting drunkenness. We must know that nowhere 
in the world is the fight against alcoholism so difficult as in Latvia, because 
no other country has been so destroyed and plundered during the war and the 
Russian communism period as Latvia. Therefore, the Latvian abstinence 
workers alone have not sufficient means to fight against the almighty alcohol 
capital. I have come the long way from Riga to Winona Lake with the sole 
aim of telling you, ladies and gentlemen, that Latvia is seriously threatened 
by the enemy and of asking from you advice what is to be done. 

Concluding my address upon the anti-alcohol fight in one of the North¬ 
ern European states, Latvia, I beg the Congress to accept the following reso¬ 
lution : 

“The Congress acknowledges that for ‘making Europe dry’ the fight against 
alcoholism is to be chiefly concentrated and supported in Northern Europe, 
especially, in the countries which form the Northern European Union against 
alcoholism.” 


178 


THE APPEAL TO YOUTH 

By Rev. Henry Carter 

Hon. Sec. Temperance Council of Christian Churches of England and Wales 

Eight years have pas'sed since I last visited the United States, to share in 
the founding of the World League Against Alcoholism. In those eight years, 
events have moved fast in the sphere of social service and achievement with 
which we are directly and immediately concerned. I shall have another op¬ 
portunity to explain the situation in Great Britain, and to indicate the advance 
made in England and Wales in the years since the late war. 

I do not propose to discuss in detail today the American Prohibition situ¬ 
ation. It would be presumptuous for me to do so, for you are much more in¬ 
timately acquainted with it than I can possibly be. 

My task is to emphasize the direct responsibility of the youth of a nation 
lor the achievement and the maintenance of a high standard of civilization, 
particularly, of course, in relation to the drink question. Obviously, this has 
a direct bearing on the situation in America, for you decreed nation-wide pro¬ 
hibition for the sake of the America of the future. 

Great social achievements, after the first stage of enthusiasm has passed, 
usually experience a period of hostile challenge by the vested interests which 
were checked or defeated. This is so in regard to Prohibition in the United 
States at the present time. It is plain that the liquor trade, throughout the 
world, has united its forces to discredit and overturn American Prohibition if 
it can do so. 

On whom, then, does the responsibility rest, for carrying Prohibition to 
complete success? I answer that it rests with those for whose sake it was 
decreed; that is, it rests with youth. If I might presume to address a word of 
fraternal counsel to the American Prohibition Movement, it would be this: 
Call the youth of the churches, and the youth of the nation into the field to 
make prohibition completely and permanently effective. 

Two Points of View Regarding Youth 

But here it is necessary to be explicit. I am going to speak directly of 
the youth movement in the Methodist churches of England, which I was priv¬ 
ileged to originate two years ago. This English movement aims at victory 
over our national drink habit and drink trade “in this generation.” “In this 
generation” is our slogan. In presenting this slogan to youth, two consid¬ 
erations are dominant: 

FIRST: It is useless, at any rate, as far as England is concerned, to re¬ 
gard the national responsibility of youth as merely that of obedience to the 
law. I do not ask English youth merely to obey, but to fight—to fight the 
drink trade. The parallel to this, as regards America, would be to give a new 
significance to the old commandment “Thou shalt not.” “Thou shalt not” 
would not simply refer to a Prohibition law which youth, like the adults of 
the nation, ought to obey. “Thou shalt not” would be a mandate which youth 
would hurl at the liquor trade outlaws, who seek to overturn prohibition. 

I should not ask youth to consent to be prohibited from consuming liquor, 
but to prohibit the bootleggers and lawbreakers in general. 

SECOND: As far as England is concerned, it would be a profound mis- 

179 


take for us to ask youth to enter militantly into the temperance fight for 
personal advantages. 

Considerations which are solely or mainly prudential are certain to be 
rejected by youth, adventurous and aspiring. A speaker of national reputa¬ 
tion, addressing a body of undergraduates at an English University recently, 
appealed to them to be total abstainers, citing as a main reason the fact that 
insurance companies in Britain offer financial advantages to habitual abstain¬ 
ers, on the ground, established actuarily, that the total abstainer is a “better” 
(that is, a longer) life. I felt that at this point the speaker was not carrying 
conviction. At the close of the meeting an undergraduate said to me, “Why 
should I be an abstainer so as to live five years longer, or to save insurance 
premiums? I am not keen to do either. Why did not he ask us to abstain to 
help our country?” 

I expect that English youth and American youth are much alike in this. 
Personally I never ask young men or women to abstain from strong drink so 
as to get in on business. I ask them not only to abstain from drink but also 
to challenge the drink interests for the sake of a worthier civilization. He who 
is for alcohol is against civilization. Therefore, whoever is moved by the 
dream of a loftier civilization ought to fight alcohol. 

The English “Young Methodist Temperance Movement’’ 

It is time for me to explain the English movement of which I speak. Be¬ 
cause the youth of England are adventurous, and because they are responsive 
to the call of the ideal, I conceived the idea about three years ago of chal¬ 
lenging the youth of my own church, the Wesleyan Methodist Church of 
Great Britain, to enlist in a decisive fight against our national drink habits 
and drink interests. The response has been amazing. Acting in conjunction 
with our Sunday School department, and the Wesley Guild, which is very like 
your own Christian Endeavor, we have organized campaign assemblies of 
young Methodists in every great center of population throughout Great Bri¬ 
tain. These mass meetings have been quite different from any held in Britain 
before. Note these points: 

1. The chairman is always a young man or woman at the beginning of a 
business or professional career. 

2. Whilst, of course, older people are not excluded from these meetings, 
we always expect that three-fourths of the audience will be between fifteen and 
thirty years of age. Naturally, this implies careful preparatory organization. 

3. Each meeting is definitely educational in its character. Usually there 
are two speakers, one of whom takes as his subject the “Indictment of the 
Drink Evil;” his fellow speaker takes as his subject “The Challenge to Youth.” 
(By the way, we never speak of an “Appeal to Youth” but of a “Challenge 
to Youth.” Do not plead with youth to do something for its own sake, chal¬ 
lenge youth to do a great thing for the nation and mankind.) 

4. Following these two addresses, the first of which has described the 
drink evil, whilst the second has summoned youth to a moral battlefield, I 
then ask the whole body present to stand for an act of common prayer and de¬ 
cision. Prayers with response are offered, and then the whole audience is in¬ 
vited to poin in the spoken acceptance of what we call the “Obligation.” The 
obligation is worded thus: 


180 


By the help of God, I enter here and now into the two-fold ob¬ 
ligation of abstinence and service. 

I will abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors as beverages, 
that body, mind and soul may serve Christ’s Kingdom at their highest. 

I will serve as I have opportunity, studying to make my service 
effective, and I will set temperance reform in the forefront of my 
claim and duty as a citizen.” 


This twofold obligation to abstain and to serve brings to a definite point 
all that has preceded. You will note especially that those who accept the ob¬ 
ligation thereby pledge themselves to carry the fight against drink into the 
sphere of citizenship. This is exceedingly important, for in Great Britain 
young men become parliamentary voters at the age of 21; and by an act of 
Parliament, passed in 1918, women became parliamentary voters at the age 
of 30, and it is generally agreed that before long women will have the vote at 
the same age and on the same terms as men. 


When I tell you that over 100,000 young men and women of the Meth¬ 
odist churches have taken this obligation, to carry the fight against drink into 
the sphere of citizenship, you will see that something very significant and po¬ 
tential has happened. 


5. But these mass meetings of youth do not conclude at that point. 
We know that it is necessary to keep in close and constant touch with the 
finest and keenest of those who accept the obligation. Accordingly, just 
before each meeting closes, an opportunity is given to sign on for “active 
service.” Those who do so pay a minimum subscription of one shilling per 
year, in return for which they receive, six times in the year, a specially written 
journal entitled “On Active Service.” Those who sign in this way become 
members of what we call “The Active Service Order.” We are in touch 
with them each second month through the journal “On Active Service,” the 
purpose of which is to make plain the contemporary temperance situation, 
and to indicate the ways of service immediately open to the “A. S. O.’s,” 
(that is, to members of this “Active Service Order.”) 

I am glad to tell that, in this way, we have already enrolled over 20,000 
“A. S. O.’s.” 

Active Service for Youth 


What are these A. S. O.’s doing to make good their pledge to serve? 
Their first business is to increase the number of abstainers. They are called 
upon to discourage drinking customs, and to persuade others to abstain. 
Many circulate temperance literature. Thousands are engaged in temperance 
instruction as Sunday School teachers, lay preachers, officers in our new Brit¬ 
ish Youth movements—the Scouts, the Girl Guides and the Boys’ and Girls’ 
Life Brigades. At each parliamentary election these A. S. O.’s are pledged 
never to vote for a drink candidate. These are some of the modes of Active 
Service. 

Already this Young Methodist Temperance Movement has caught the eye 
of other churches, and I think it is exceedingly likely that similar movements 
will be founded shortly in other Christian denominations in Britain. It has 
also caught the eye of. keen party politicians, some of whom are already 

181 


aware that our A. S. O.’s are determined to fight and to beat the drink inter¬ 
est in politics. 

This year, we have held two A. S. O. summer schools. One was for min¬ 
isterial probationers of the Wesleyan Methodist Church—young preachers who 
have finished their college course, and are just beginning active ministerial 
service. The other summer school was for young laymen and women. It 
included under-graduates from our universities, school teachers, and young 
business men and women. Both these schools were thrilling in their deter¬ 
mination to lead new England victoriously against this old enemy. 

If I have made my meaning clear, you will have seen that this new 
Movement of Youth is educational and idealistic. It presents the facts of 
science and of social life to the youth of today, and it challenges them to 
apply this new knowledge in the name of God to the deliverance of their 
country. 

You will be able to judge whether this Young Methodist Temperance 
Movement points the way to any new lines of work in America and in other 
countries represented in this congress. 

At the A. S. O. summer school, which I conducted just before sailing 
for America, one great English poem became a kind of battle song. It was 
written by William Blake in the eighteenth century, and is generally known 
by the title “Jerusalem.” It concludes with these stirring lines: 

“I will not cease from mental strife, 

Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand, 

Till we have built Jerusalem 
In England’s green and pleasant land.’’ 

Jerusalem, God’s dream city of the ages! It shall yet stand on every 
shore, and youth shall be its builders. 


PROHIBITION, WHY, HOW, WHITHER 

By Raymond Robins 

We are met at a time of crisis for the age-long struggle against alcohol¬ 
ism and the liquor traffic, here in the United States, and throughout the world. 
A century of education and legislation in this country culminated in the passage 
of the Prohibition Amendment to the Federal Constitution. This victorious 
advance toward a sober America is now in question. There is claimed to have 
been a recession in public sentiment and a more or less complete failure in the 
enforcement of the prohibitory laws. In wide circles confidence in the realiza¬ 
tion of a sober nation is being undermined. This condition in the United 
States is a menace to the movement to outlaw the liquor traffic in all lands. 
It is well for this international congress of the leaders in the world-wide 
struggle against drunkenness and alcoholic waste to review the history of our 
common cause in the land where it has been most advanced, and to consider 
with understanding the realities of the present condition and work out a 
program for the future. 

I shall proceed with this discussion by asking four principal questions 
and attempting to answer them. It is charged in this country that there is 
an increase in crime and lawlessness and that this condition is due to the pol- 

182 



icy of prohibition. The fact charged is true; the reason- given for its cause 
is false. There is an increase in crime in the United States. This is true, 
however, in all the nations that participated in the Great War. We are the 
only one of these in which the liquor traffic is outlawed. Therefore the crime 
and lawlessness of this hour must have another and a more universal cause. 
We do not have far to seek. The present wave of crime and lawlessness 
is an aftermath, a backwash of the Great War. Millions of the youth of 
great nations, taught to disregard the life and property of the alien, now 
allow their appetites and greed for gain free dominion under a wave of force 
and disregard of public law in their own lands. 

It is easy to talk about this being a government of laws rather than of 
men. A democratic, self-controlled law-abiding community is not a small 
thing. It has come from the blood and travail of a thousand years. It does 
not rest alone upon black words on white paper in public statutes. It rests 
upon the incarnation in every generation of living men and women, of an 
understanding faith in those principles of social order, and a willingness, if need 
be, to suffer for that faith. Not before in modern times has the authority of 
public order by self-government been so strained as in the aftermath of the 
Great War. In our country the place of greatest strain is in the enforcement 
of the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act. Does not the menace to 
the authority of the democratic ideal of social control in all lands demand of 
every citizen who cares for our social order, special regard to law enforcement 
at this time, regardless of personal opinion as to the wisdom or unwisdom of 
particular laws? To choose what laws and parts of the Constitution we will 
obey is selective anarchy and will end in the destruction of the foundations 
of order and authority. 

Obedience to a constitutional law is the foundation of democratic liberty. 
Is the prohibition amendment to the Federal Constitution and the Vol¬ 
stead act for its enforcement a valid exercise of the law-making power in a 
democratic society? What is a valid law in a democratic society? There are, 
I think, three tests of such validity. The first is, vitality in public opinion 
through the force of social facts. The second is the crystallization of that 
opinion into specific statute.' The third is that in principle and method of en¬ 
actment, such statute be affirmed by the courts of the land. How fares the 
Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act when submitted to these tests? 
First, vitality in public opinion as the result of social facts. And here I ask my 
first principal question— Why did Prohibition come? First, prohibition came 
because of the close of the frontier and the end of escape from social pressure 
through emigration and the occupation of new lands, together with the urban 
movement making for great centers of population. For six thousand years or 
more there has been a westward movement of mankind seeking escape from 
political, economic, religious pressures, and for freedom of opportunity. This 
movement closed a generation ago. I participated in the last advance west¬ 
ward of this age-long movement of the race. In the spring of 1899 I stood 
on a cliff looking out over Behring Sea. The ice mountains had come down from 
the Arctic ocean and ranged themselves along the shore. The bitter winter 
had frozen the salt sea more than a mile out from the land. In the arctic 
at times the intense cold does the same magic that intense heat does down 

183 


in the desert sands of the tropics. Standing there, looking out across those 
ice mountains and that frozen sea, I saw painted on the low western horizon, 
the spires and domes of Vladivostok. I saw that city as clearly that morning 
as I have since seen it when in the harbor not a mile distant. I turned away 
thinking I had just witnessed a wonderful phenomenon in nature, but I did not 
apprehend its meaning then. I know it now. I was standing there looking 
into the oldest east, into Asia, into that continent from which our fathers 
swarmed thousands of years ago. And the movement has been westward 
and ever westward. Western Asia, eastern Europe, western Europe, the Brit¬ 
ish Isles, and then across the surging Atlantic until the thin line reached the 
rugged New England and the smooth Virginia shores. Then their sons 
picked up that line and carried it across the Alleghenies and the Blue Ridge, 
and their sons carried it across the prairies to the Father of Waters, and their 
sons carried it over the great plains to the foothills of the Rockies, and their 
sons carried it across the continental divide until the feet of the pioneers met 
the waves of the Pacific. There it rested for a generation, and then we men of 
the last advance carried that line north and west until, when we finished we 
could look into the Arctic Ocean on the north and into the Behring Sea on the 
west. And this was the close of the frontier, the end of the westward move¬ 
ment of the race seeking escape from the conditions of life in the older settled 
places of mankind—seeking new opportunity and new lands to make a social 
order more to their hearts’ desire. What is the eager hearted boy or girl 
with the old spirit of quest in their souls thinking about tonight? Are they 
thinking about the frontier, of pioneering new lands? They are not. They are 
thinking about Chicago and New York, St. Louis, Denver and San Francisco, 
London, Paris, Berlin, Rome and Moscow. Population has turned back upon 
itself and is moving towards the cities and the industrial centers of the world. 
There is no longer escape by immigration, by running away; we must master 
conditions at our own doors and clean up the back yards of every community, 
if humanity is to go forward and our civilization is to survive. Here in the Unit¬ 
ed States we began as 97% rural in our population; tonight we are 54% urban, 
and each decade marks a progressive increase in the urbanization of our pop¬ 
ulation. There are vast social implications in this fact. A man drunk driving a 
team of oxen on a rough country road is a wholly different social fact from 
a drunken hand at the steering wheel of a motor car in the crowded street of a 
modern city. The old right, if there ever was one, of personal liberty to get 
drunk, is now lost in the community right to security, the right to live. 

Second. Prohibition came because of the vast extension of general edu¬ 
cation, universal suffrage and the rise in the standard of living and means for 
recreation of the Group of Toil. This present generation has witnessed the 
greatest diffusion of knowledge increase in political power and rise of living 
conditions among the masses of the people of any generation in the history 
of mankind. The people now know that alcohol is a poison, that it does 
nothing but injury to body, mind and soul. The investigations of men of 
science in all lands have -reached a common agreement on this fact. It has 
been proved that the least amount of alcoholic stimulation deflects the ac¬ 
curacy and reduces the speed of the message sent by the brain through the 
nerves to the muscles of the body, so that a fine marksman shoots a little 

184 


off as the result of a few drinks or, a master draftsman draws his lines a 
little less true, the thinker loses the logical efficiency of his mind and the 
moral leader the master of conscience in his soul. We now know that al¬ 
cohol poisons and degrades the three-fold life of man and is the substance that 
realizes in the human brain that text of terror—“Strong delusion that they 
should believe a lie.’ We now know that this deflection of accuracy, and 
speed, this delusion of mind and betrayal of soul is to a degree in proportion to 
the sensitiveness and high nervous organization of the individual, more in the 
intellectually keen and sensitive, and less in the slow and stupid personality, 
so that when a man says he can take half a dozen cocktails and not feel it, 
he may be telling the truth, but it is certainly not complimentary. In the 
matter of suffrage, the inclusion of women within its privilege and power has 
brought into effective reaction that half of the race that has borne the bur¬ 
dens of drunkenness and alcoholic waste through the ages, and in all past time 
without adequate means of relief. 

The rise of the standard of living and the means of wholesome recreation 
for the group of toil is possibly the most far-reaching of these three facts 
of social change and amelioration now under consideration. Thirty years 
ago I was working twelve hours a day, seven days a week for one dollar a 
day. Those conditions of labor leave neither the time, the resources, nor the 
spirit for intellectual interest, or healthful recreation. After the day’s work 
we went down to the saloon, threw three or four beers under our belts, and 
a whisky or two, and thought we were happy when we were just woozy and 
stupefied. Yet before you judge too harshly our evil ways, please remember 
that this side of 25, youth will have its joy, its release from gloom and monot¬ 
ony, even if it has to find it at the bottom of the third quart pot. An eight-hour 
day, with a five-day week, and four dollars a day for common labor, has 
brought the movies, the radio, and the motor car into the life of the group of 
toil. No longer does labor need the narcotic of alcoholic poison to find relief 
from the curse of Adam, and the saloon as the working man’s club is as great 
an anachronism in 1927 for producing happiness, as the cave man’s club for 
furnishing food 

Third, we are living in a vast engineering and mechanical power world. 
The diffusion of artificial power, power of tremendous potency, has changed 
the whole social implication of individual responsibility in action. This power, 
under control of a clear head and a steady hand, capable of vast service and 
benefit, is transformed by a drunken hand at the throttle, into mighty engines 
of destruction. I was born in a 12-mile an hour world—we are now living 
in a sixty-mile an hour world with the promise of one hundred and fifty miles 
an hour as a- moderate speed before our curtain falls. More than thirty years 
ago we introduced the rule of abstinence from alcohol for engineers in the lo¬ 
comotives on the railroads of the United States. This was not done to limit 
the personal liberty of such engineers, it was done to protect the lives and 
property of the traveling public. That rule which was necessary then for 
engineers has become by this wide diffusion of mechanical power, necessary 
for all people as a protection and safeguard for the property and life of every 
citizen. 

Fourth. Last and most potent of all the reasons why prohibition came, 

185 


was the effects of the liquor traffic and the saloon itself, upon the welfare of 
the people. To understand this influence we must distinguish between the 
tavern of the old days and the American commercialized saloon. The old tav¬ 
ern, run by a man and his wife and family, furnishing food, shelter, social fel¬ 
lowship, and drink on the side, was a fairly tolerable social institution. Abra¬ 
ham Lincoln sat around a tavern stove and swapped stories with his friends and 
acquired that profound knowledge of the life and thought of ordinary folks 
that made him one of the wisest politicians as he was the greatest statesman of 
his age. But a generation or so ago, the more greedy and commercially 
minded brewers and distillers decided that they were not making the money 
that was possible from the liquor traffic. They began to buy up every de¬ 
sirable corner in the cities and towns of this countrjq they put ex-convicts 
behind the mahogany and brass rails—and some folks that ought to have been 
convicts but were not yet—and told them to “get the booze across. Don’t lose 
your license, but get the booze across and we will pay you a percentage on 
your sales.” This commercialized saloon became the center for organized rot¬ 
ten politics, organized commercial gambling and organized prostitution, and 
it became the enemy of the home and the church and of the school—a stench 
in the nostrils of all decent folks—and they rose against it and outlawed the 
saloon and the liquor traffic. The saloon is gone. And in my judgment, 
friends, the saloon, in spite of all the wet press and politicians in Christendom 
will never return to the United States. These are the forces, social, eco¬ 
nomic, educational and moral that developed the agitation and equipped the 
agitators and brought prohibition to the United States. 

I now ask my second principal question— How did Prohibition come? 
It is reiterated in the wet propaganda that Prohibition was a war measure, that 
it was slipped over on the people when the boys were in the trenches, that 
it was the hidden work of a fanatical minority. Nothing could be more com¬ 
pletely false to the facts. The first nation-wide conference to oppose drunk¬ 
enness and the evils of the liquor traffic met in Boston a little over, a century 
ago. The question was agitated more or less steadily from then until the 
issue of slavery took the front of the stage and all other social problems 
were obscured by the death and life battle over that issue. Before slavery 
had assumed first importance and more than three quarters of a century ago, 
a man who became the foremost American and is not unknown to interna¬ 
tional fame, had this to say about the evils of drunkenness and the liquor 
traffic: 

“Turn now to the temperance revolution. In it we shall find a stronger 
bondage broken, a viler slavery manumitted, a greater tyrant deposed: in it, 
more of want supplied, more disease healed, more sorrow assuaged. By it no 
orphans starving, no widows weeping. By it none wounded in feelings, none 
injured in interest, even the dram-maker and dram-seller will have glided into 
other occupations so gradually as to have never felt the change. And what a 
noble ally this to the cause of political freedom: with such an aid its march 
cannot fail to go on and on, until every son of earth shall drink in rich fru¬ 
ition the sorrow—quenching draughts of perfect liberty. And when the victory 
shall be complete—when there shall be neither a slave nor a drunkard on 
the earth—how proud the title of that land which may truly claim to be the 

186 


birthplace and the cradle of both those revolutions that shall have ended in 
victory. How nobly distinguished that people who shall have planted and 
nurtured to maturity, both the political and moral freedom of the species.” 

This statement was made at a meeting on Washington’s Birthday in the 
town of Springfield and the speaker was—Abraham Lincoln! After the final 
solution of the slavery problem had been achieved and the years necessary 
tor recovery from the greatest civil war of history had passed, the liquor issue 
again began to be a matter of intense public concern. In the mo'St perfect 
Anglo-Saxon fashion, we began with small units, and after trying the ques¬ 
tion back and forth—some communities reversing their liquor policy not once 
but many times—with the units slowly increasing; first districts, then towns, 
then municipalities, then counties and finally states were added to the list, 
until 32 sovereign commonwealths had become dry by constitutional amend¬ 
ment or state-wide 'Statutory prohibition. Only when it became manifest that 
the liquor traffic, always an outlaw in fact—criminal in its methods and ever 
a traitor to the communal law—would not' permit those communities to be 
dry that so voted, but with fraud and violence forced the evils of drunken¬ 
ness and the liquor traffic upon dry municipalities, counties and states, only then 
did the movement for national prohibition begin to have vitality. It grew out 
of practical necessity rather than fanatacism or dogma. The organized forces 
of the liquor traffic, rich, arrogant and deeply intrenched in both political 
parties, fought every step of the way against the prohibition policy and a 
sober America. When the Eighteenth Amendment was first introduced into 
the Congress it was a matter of amusement and sneers. Step by step, election 
after election, it made headway until it was passed through the federal con¬ 
gress by many more than the necessary two-thirds required by the Constitu¬ 
tion. In the last hours of its passage through Congress the liquor lobby 
secured the adoption of a rider by which this amendment would have to be rati¬ 
fied by the necessary three-fourths of the states within seven years from its 
passage in the congress or become null and void. In the whole con¬ 
stitutional history of the United States no other amendment had ever been 
limited in time for its ratification. The liquor lobby in the corridors of the 
capitol laughed over the way they had hamstrung this amendment by 
getting this rider adopted and said that they could always hold more than a 
fourth of the state legislatures against its ratification. Within two years from 
its passage by Congress, this amendment had been ratified by the necessary 
three-fourths of the states and was part of the fundamental law of this na¬ 
tion. It has been ratified by 46 of the 48 states of this republic. For the en¬ 
forcement of this amendment an act known as the Volstead law was passed 
by the Congress. President Wilson vetoed this act in a vigorous message. 
The Congress was controlled by the party of the president. He was the war 
president and supposed to dominate the legislative branch of the federal gov¬ 
ernment. But the public opinion in favor of a sober America was so great that 
this Volstead Act was passed over the veto of the president by 176 to 55 
in the House and 65 to 20 in the senate. 

From the beginning of the struggle against the liquor traffic the principle 
and method of prohibition has been subjected to review and decision by the 
courts of the land. Local, superior and supreme courts of the States; dis- 

187 


trict, circuit and supreme courts of the nation have heard and decided these 
questions. Uniformly the courts have upheld this legislation, and in the last 
great judicial battle over the Eighteenth Amendment the most noted lawyer 
of the nation, Elihu Root of New York, was the counsel for the liquor in¬ 
terests. In an unanimous decision the Supreme Court of the United States 
upheld the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act at all points. No 
other question has had so long a discussion in all sections of the nation—been 
so completely tried out by local and state experience—so overwhelmingly 
written into the supreme law of the land, or finally so uniformly upheld from 
the lowest to the highest courts of the United States. 

I now ask my third question—Has Prohibition come to stay? Here let 
me say that prior to the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment I was not a 
prohibitionist and that I opposed the adoption of this amendment. But I 
have ever been among those citizens who believe that the people of this country 
have the right to the kind of social conditions and government the majority 
of the people want. I believe that the people have the right to change their 
minds, and when they so will, to change the constitution and laws of the 
land. But they must maintain the public law so long as it is the law, and 
the changes must be made in accordance with the constitution. Nullification 
by non-enforcement is treason. Nor are the legal methods of change or re¬ 
peal unreasonable in theory or impractical in practice. Four times within my 
personal experience in public affairs we have amended the fundamental law of 
this Republic. I was a young man when the Supreme Court of the United 
States handed down the decision in Pollock vs. the Farmers Loan and Trust 
Company. It is known as the Income Tax case. By a divided court—one 
judge changing his opinion over night—legislation which had been legal for 
a hundred years was declared unconstitutional and void. At once there began 
an agitation for an income tax amendment to the Constitution. Radical lead¬ 
ers of that time sneered at us for our childlike faith in American institutions 
under the power of public opinion to change constitution and laws. They 
declared that this decision had been bought by Wall Street, that it was absurd 
to think that we could get an income tax amendment through the rich man’s 
club—the Senate of the United States. Within twelve years there was an 
amendment passed by Congress and ratified by the necessary number of 
the states, giving the federal legislative full power for taxation of incomes. 
The next was the amendment providing for the popular election of United 
States Senators by direct vote of the people. Evils had grown up in the meth¬ 
od of electing Senators by the legislatures of the several states, culminating 
in the election to the Federal senate by bribery of William Lorimer, a Re¬ 
publican boss of Illinois. A movement began to amend the constitution in 
this particular. This was a change that was supposed to alter the fundamental 
character of the government established by the founding fathers. It was bit¬ 
terly opposed by the party “machines” and by the conservative citizens of 
the land. Within ten years the amendment had been passed by the required 
two-thirds of each house of the congress and ratified by three fourths of 
the states. The third was the amendment granting women the suffrage on 
equal terms with men. There again we had an organized and militant oppo¬ 
sition supported by all the conservative forces of public opinion. And yet 

188 


tonight every woman in the United States enjoys the same rights and power 
to influence and change constitutions, laws and public officials that is possessed 
by men. Finally came the prohibition amendment. The facts prove that the 
claim, that public opinion is against prohibition, and yet, none the less, 
modification or repeal of the amendment is impossible, is utterly false. The 
Constitution of the United States has been and will be amended to meet the 
changing social, economic and moral conditions in American life. But the 
liquor traffic—always lawless and violent—prefers nullification and violation 
to the ordered processes of law and government. 

To change or repeal Federal laws or amend the Constitution, it is neces¬ 
sary to get action by the federal congress. What are the facts? Each con¬ 
gress since the passage of the Volstead Act has been “drier” than the pre¬ 
ceding Congress. The government of the United States is a government by 
political parties. Every four years each party holds a national convention and 
adopts a platform specifying its more important policies and purpose. No 
national convention of any party has resolved for the repeal or modification 
of our Prohibition policy. At the last national convention of the Republican 
party, there was a delegate from the state of New York, the Honorable Nich¬ 
olas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University, who had held the front 
pages of metropolitan newspapers with his diatribes against the Eighteenth 
Amendment. He was there from the drop of the gavel at the opening meeting 
until the final adjournment, yet on this question he was as silent as the grave. 
I attended the last national convention of the Democratic party that has ir¬ 
reverently been called the “Madison Bear Garden Convention.” I was there 
for sixteen days and two nights, and all through those weary hours the Hon¬ 
orable Alfred E. Smith, governor of New York, the leading nullificationist 
and wet leader of the Democratic party, was a leading candidate for its nom¬ 
ination for the presidency and spoke before the convention. Yet, on this 
question, he uttered no single word. The able governor of New Jersey who 
had prided himself on being “as wet as the Atlantic Ocean” when talking to 
wet audiences in his own state was a leading delegate to this convention, but 
spoke not one word on the great issue of liberating the people from the 
thraldom of the Eighteenth'Amendment. The handsome and gifted Governor 
Ritchie, of Maryland, worthy scion of a long line of distinguished ances¬ 
tors, who has had a great deal to say of the betrayal and wrong of the Eight¬ 
eenth Amendment and the Volstead Act in his own state and before wet gath¬ 
erings throughout the country, was a prominent delegate in this conven¬ 
tion—yet here, where he could get a national pronouncement on this “Greatest 
Issue before the people”—he also was utterly dumb. Why this silence by 
national leaders of the wets in a national convention except that they feared 
repudiation by the rank and file of their own party? In the last national 
election in which the whole federal administration and policy for the following 
four years is determined, it was given out that the Democratic candidate was 
wet and the Republican candidate for the presidency was dry. This issue was 
sought to be brought to the front in the supposedly wet state of Illinois. 
Candidate Davis was induced to use the slogans of the wets in a notable speech 
in Chicago, during the campaign. Bill board advertising pictured his hand- 
face and then submitted just two ideas in a great national campaign. 

189 


some 


The one was—“I stand for personal liberty.” The other—“I stand against 
unlawful search and seizure.” With this appeal he met the ides of Novem¬ 
ber and when the votes were counted, dry Calvin Coolidge had defeated wet 
John W. Davis by a record majority in the state and had carried Chicago and 
Cook County in the most sweeping Republican victory since the civil war. 
In Ohio dry Democrat Vic Donahey running against wet ex-governor and 
ex-mayor of Cleveland, Harry Davis, Republican, was victorious by a large 
majority, while running on the same ticket, wet John W. Davis lost to dry 
Calvin Coolidge by more than a quarter of a million votes. In this same 
election Kentucky for the first time since the civil war, gave its electoral 
votes for dry Coolidge against wet Davis, and elected to the U. S. Senate dry 
Republican Sackett over wet Democratic Stanley. The last congressional elec¬ 
tion resulted in an overwhelmingly dry congress. Despite all the wet agi¬ 
tators and the wet press of the country there is nothing in the vital election 
returns to indicate a substantial change of opinion on the question of prohibition 
by and largely throughout the United States since the passage of the Federal 
Amendment. From the realities of politics there is no probability of repeal 
of the Eighteenth Amendment or of the Volstead Act. By every practical 
political test, Prohibition has come to stay! 

I now ask my final principal question— Where do we go from here? First, 
The campaign for light wines and beers is a pretense and a sham, a mere 
barrage or smoke screen to bring back and legalize the saloon and the liquor 
traffic. No man has ever devised a scheme for legalizing light wines and beers 
that would not increase the number and power of the bootleggers and crim¬ 
inals, after having surrendered to them. This country will never allow nulli¬ 
fies and outlaws who love their selfish appetites more than the Constitution 
and the law to dictate the policy of the government. 

Second. Government ownership, manufacture and sale of intoxicating 
liquors will never become the policy of this Republic. As a people we are op¬ 
posed to bureaucracy on the one hand and the invasion by government of the 
economic field on the other. No other government owned industry could pos¬ 
sibly have as corrupting an influence upon the whole fabric of government as 
would the liquor traffic. Senator Borah has well said that such a policy would 
bring back all the evils of the old system, corrupt the whole order of social 
control, build the most far reaching and vicious bureaucracy—and that bu¬ 
reaucracy drunk! 

Third. The progress of invention, the diffusion of mechanical power ma¬ 
chinery among the people, the speed and accuracy necessary to success in mod¬ 
ern production for the maintenance of the standard of living and wages, and 
for increased consumption; dooms alcoholic waste as the enemy of the indus¬ 
trial, as well as social and moral welfare of the people of the United States. 
All the forces of modern industrialism, as well as the spirit of the age, aid in 
the overthrow of the liquor traffic as the foe of health, progress and economic 
power. “The stars in their courses fight against the Sisera” of drunken¬ 
ness and the Demon Rum. 

Fourth, The American people have undertaken the greatest moral and 
social adventure in the history of mankind. They have set out upon the high¬ 
way that leads to a sober America. As yet the American ^ people have not 

190 


been among those who, putting their hands to the plough, look back. Their 
ample heritage did not arise from surrender to selfish panderers to base ap¬ 
petites, outlaws and criminals. 

Fifth. There is a growing and encouraging belief that the collective 
human being living in all ages and inhabiting all climes, is to have a youth 
nobler than his childhood and a maturity diviner than his youth. All the 
processes of life make for progress rather than for reaction. We grow old and 
the ardor dies in our human hearts, the flames of adventure grow dim, the 
fires of our faith wax cold. But we go hence, and Youth with the quest in 
its heart, with new adventures of the soul, takes the torch from our failing 
hands. This is the miracle of the resurrection. This death and birth three 
times in every hundred years of the human race, is a perpetual guarantee 
against the permanence of ideas or institutions inharmonious with the Di¬ 
vine Will—with the ordered destiny of mankind. Institutions have an end, 
but the people is eternal. 

Sixth. Friends of this great cause, let us reform our ranks and march for¬ 
ward. Let us begin again the many sided education that will reveal the curse 

of alcoholic poison in all its varied forms. Let us send forth battalions into 
the political, the economic, the educational and the religious forces of the life 
of America and throughout the world. Let us demand of all citizens obedience 
to the Constitution and the public law. Let us make this demand effective at 
the ballot box and in the courts of the land. Let us marshall all of our 
political resources and concentrate on the next national election. America 
believes in law and order. America has ever repudiated the nullifiers. Amer¬ 
ica is at the dawn of a new era. Let us have faith, and march on, “blazing 

out the way up which all the peoples of the earth shall come in God’s ap¬ 

pointed time!” 


SUNDAY MORNING SESSION 

THE RATIO OF RESPONSIBILITY TO OPPORTUNITY 

Rev. Jonathan B. Hawk, D.D., 

Associate Editor Sunday School Publications, Methodist Booh Concern, 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

A favorite tenet of the faith of the average American is that his country 
is a land of destiny, that the people of this continent are especially destined 
to unparalleled prosperity and material wealth. He believes that in some way 
God has presided over the destinies of the Republic and is giving it the leader¬ 
ship of the world. It is neither here nor there that other nations think the 
same of themselves. 

If America is especially favored in her geographical position, her natural 
resources, her providential history, her racial heritage, she is likewise respon¬ 
sible to God for the use she makes of her endowment. In the church schools 
of America there are 17,500,000 pupils. They are led by two million teachers. 
There are thousands of pastors, priests, and rabbis in American churches and 
synagogues. If the mind of God is to be discovered by these students, and His 
will become their will, the teaching responsibility of the people of God, and 
especially those in strategic places such as the ones mentioned, becomes evi¬ 
dent. 


191 



Upon great moral and social issues like the prohibition question, the light 
and truth will guide our people only when we take pains to discover and 
teach it. Great progress has been made in discovery. The social and scien¬ 
tific aspects of the liquor problem have been quite well defined. Its bearing, 
in politics, industry, business, and morals, has been revealed. The influ¬ 
ence of alcohol on physical and moral character is known by all serious students 
of the question. But while we have made great advances in this country in 
discovery, we have not done so well in teaching. 

The results of our exploration and discovery in this field are not well 
known. We 'have allowed a generation of men and women to grow up in all 
but utter ignorance of the known facts about alcohol as a racial problem. 
The boy or girl who was ten years old when the Eighteenth Amendment went 
into effect is a man or woman of twenty now. He is virtually ignorant of the 
saloon and the harmful effects of fhe liquor traffic in all its aspects—scien¬ 
tific, social, political, and moral. He knows nothing of the insolent spirit with 
which the liquor interests rode rough shod over womanhood, childhood, the 
home, the church, and every sacred interest of mankind. 

Before prohibition we diligently taught all these things in our church 
schools, in the public schools, in the colleges, and in the religious and reform 
press. The daily press carried our stories of temperance reform and achieve¬ 
ment. The result was a generation of well-informed citizens. Our legislators, 
state and national, came from this enlightened citizenship. The result was that 
the Eighteenth Amendment was adopted by the greatest majority in Congress 
of any amendment since the famous Bill of Rights and was ratified by a 
larger number of states than was any other amendment in our history—not 
excepting the nineteenth. This constitutional law received a larger number 
of votes in the legislatures of the several states than have ever been cast for 
any other such law by the legislatures of our several states. 

The reason is not far to seek. We taught the people the truth about al¬ 
cohol. If we desire to make the prohibition law effective, we must have its 
enforcement in the hands of men of courage and conviction who also believe 
in it because of what they know about the alcoholic beverage traffic. 

But a measure, to be effective, must have more than a copper-riveted, 
fool-proof constitutional and statutory law back of it. It must have more 
than an honest and powerful enforcement personnel and machinery. It is' 
also imperative that the measure be undergirded by an enlightened, aggres¬ 
sive, and irresistible public sentiment. This cannot be created by statute. 
It cannot be imposed by police authority. It is not something handed down 
by presidents, kings, parliaments, congresses or legislatures. A dynamic, 
militant sentiment on this or any other great moral issue is the result of patient, 
thoroughgoing teaching. All the resources for creating a healthy, normal, 
permanent public sentiment need to be mobilized for this task. 

Among these the church school in all its phases and 1 forms, and with its 
specialized leadership stands preeminent. The Christian education leadership 
is under the bond of duty and divine commission to place the facilities, re¬ 
sources and personnel of the church at the service of this great social re¬ 
form. This done, adequately, religiously, and persistently, nothing can with¬ 
stand the enlightened sentiment which will be created. 

192 


Some of the channels through which we may ; work arc indicated in the 
outline suggested herewith: 

How Can the Church School Best Promote the Movement Against Alcoholism? 

1. Local school 

a. Carefully selected and trained teachers. 

b. Place in regular Sunday program. 

c. Contests, pageants, music, recitation, dialogue. Circulation of tem¬ 
perance literature, display of teaching posters. Getting of readable 
temperance items, news and facts into the daily press. Use of movie 
films. Organizing the church school into temperance society with 
officers to promote, plan, carry out temperance education through 
study courses. 

2. Denominational organization: Conference, synod, convention, yearly 
meeting or assembly. 

3. Interdenominational. 

a. National Associations. 

b. International Council. 

c. World Sunday-school Association. 

4. Geographical: Township, county and parish, state, province, nation. 

5. In schools. 

a. Institutes. 

b. Daily Vacation Church Bible Schools. 

c. Week Day Schools of Religion. 

d. Standard Training Schools. 

e. Summer Conferences. 

6. By courses of study. 

a. In the International Uniform Lessons- 

b. Graded material and instruction in the International Graded and 
Group- lessons, 

c. Special elective courses of study. 

(The Methodist Episcopal Church has one—The Liquor Problem, 
Richardson; Alcohol in the New Age, Picketts) 

d. Observance of World Temperance Sunday. 

7. Cooperation with other organizations to encourage, assist, and share re¬ 
sponsibility, and overcome resistance. 

a. Intercollegiate Prohibition Association (Washington, D. C.) 

b. Social Hygiene Association. 

c. Denominational Temperance Boards and social agencies. 

d. Public schools: 

They have ceased giving temperance instruction in many states. 

The Christian superintendent of schools in a large city is indiffer¬ 
ent to temperance instruction, thinking it is not necessary now. 

No better agency for scientific temperance education is to be found 
than the schools where our youth spend five days a week. 


193 


INTERDENOMINATIONAL EDUCATION AGAINST ALCOHOLISM 

Rev. Robert W. Gammon, D.D., 

Associate Secretary, Congregational Education Society, Chicago, III. 

We have come to a new day i'n our fight against alcohol and the issue is 
critical. The evils of the saloon were open to the world even before the 
traffic was outlawed in America. It came to the place where even the wets, 
when they were sincere, admitted that the world was not justified in putting 
up with those evils any longer. The stench of the traffic in those days smelled 
to high heaven. 

I lived in Chicago in the days of the open saloon. We had 7,000 sa¬ 
loons in the city and about 2,000 blind pigs. The bootlegger and the blind pig 
are not inventions of prohibition days. There were more of them under license 
than under prohibition. They have been with us ever since the day that reve¬ 
nue began to be collected on the sale of intoxicants. 

The saloons in those days were nearly always associated with the other 
two members of the trinity of evil—the gambling den and the house of vice. 
Whole sections in the cities of America were given over to the control of these 
three evils. Moreover, the whole body politic was corrupted by the liquor 
traffic then. The great political conventions 1 in village, in city, in state and in 
the nation were controlled by it. 

Our problem now comes from the fact that we have a multitude of young 
voters and near-voters who cannot remember those days, and Who have no 
idea of what it meant to have a lawful liquor traffic or one partially lawful. 
They have no idea what the open saloon was like. The outlawing of the 
trade has changed the whole situation. Multitudes of districts in our great 
cities that belonged to the under-world in those days, have now been cleaned 
up and have become respectable. Then, young people as well as older people 
were so accustomed to the liquor traffic that they thought little about it. Now, 
if any drinking is in evidence it makes a stir because it has been outlawed. 
It is probably well within the bounds of the truth to say that there is not 
a tenth of the drinking in the country that there was in saloon days. 

I have just spent a week in an Idaho town, where four days were given 
to a rodeo. During the four days only one drunken man appeared upon the 
street, and liquor drinking was not in evidence. Two or three evil women 
were seen about, but in general the whole proceeding was a sort of a Sunday 
Sdhool affair in comparison with the rodeos that I witnessed in the west thirty 
years ago. Not long ago a professor of sociology in a great university in¬ 
vestigated West Madison street on a Sunday afternoon. This was during 
saloon days, a hanging out place for drunks, bums, bar flies, and all the 
refuse of the liquor traffic. A thorough investigation on this Sunday afternoon 
not only of the street itself, but of the nearby alleys, disclosed not one drunk 
man. Instances like this could be multiplied over and over again from the 
testimony of ’reputable witnesses. 

Our great crop of new voters does not understand how completely the 
situation has improved. They are being led astray by wet papers. Some¬ 
body complained that she had been “kidded by experts.” That is the situation 
with a lot of our young people, and adults as well. Many people who are 

194 


normally dry have been led to believe that the world has gone to the bow-wows 
by the falsehoods of the wet pressi. 

This means that we need an educational movement on the part of the 
drys to cultivate new voters, and to keep the old ones up to the times, so that 
the dry cause may have behind it an overwhelming public sentiment. The 
Anti-Saloon League made a marvelous contribution toward the overthrow of 
the liquor traffic. It was geared up to do a special piece of work and did it 
magnificently. It is still carrying on with great effect. Has not the time 
come, however, for some readjustment in its educational function, that will 
enable it to become the clearing house of the churdhes for the highest edu¬ 
cational efficiency ? It has come about in the last few years that great denom¬ 
inations such as the Presbyterians and the Methodists have organized com¬ 
missions on temperance and morals, whose primary object is education. Has 
not' the time come for all these commissions to unify their work through the 
educational department of the Anti-Saloon League to the end that a new litera¬ 
ture shall be continually produced and the program of education carried for¬ 
ward with the greatest effectiveness possible through our churches? We 
can beat the liquor traffic if we use the forces at our command. The fact is, 
that practically every Protestant church in America can be made a station 
which will be a center of agitation for the dry cause. This means that in a 
certain sense every Protestant minister will be a leader in this work, and that 
he will have about him a group of strong laymen and laywomen to‘help in 
the task. The churches of America have enough new voters year by year 
under their influence to hold prohibition in the center of the stage of American 
life, and they can make this vote dry if proper educational methods are 
undertaken. We have lost much by the fact that we have been so slow in 
making this adjustment. Many of our ministers and other church leaders 
thought that the job was done when the Eighteenth Amendment was adopted 
In reality we have just begun to fight. Let us find a way to get together in 
educating the new voters, and we can win the battle gloriously. 


THE SOLIDARITY OF HUMAN INFLUENCE 

Bishop Thomas Nicholson, D.D., of Detroit 
President Anti-Saloon League of America 

“And these all, having obtained a good report through faith, received not 
the promise; God having provided some better thing for us, that they, without 
us, should not be made perfect.”—Hebrews XI, 39, 40. “Faith—a confident 
assurance of that for which we hope; a conviction of the reality of things we 
do not see.”—Weymouth. 

The heroes here enumerated made their record through faith. For the 
most part the things promised were not realized during their life time. The 
individual did not obtain in any large measure the things for which he strove. 
God has given us a better chance. He permits us to see the fulfillment of the 
promises made to these old worthies. We can see that the faith of the ancients 
was not in vain. 

It is permitted to few men to see what Howard Russell has seen, the ful¬ 
fillment of his plans and purposes in so marvelous a way during his lifetime. 

We have had a long list of martyrs of the prohibition movement. We can 

195 



recall the story of George C. Haddock in the early days of the movement; 
John Mahan at Muscatine, Iowa. Most of us here remember that at our last 
biennial meeting of the Anti-Saloon League of America we held a memorial 
service. There was exhibited at that service a chart with more than fifty 
names upon it of men who had died, martyrs to the fiendish liquor traffic. 
1 have an increasing sympathy with the officers who are sent to enforce the 
law. There are times when they need our criticism, but in the main they need 
our sympathy and backing more than our criticism. And what shall we 
say of those now in the thick of the conflict, those giving their lives to the 
cause—Anna A. Gordon, the worthy successor of Frances E. Willard, the 
heroes and warriors of the Anti-Saloon League—what of the constant stream 
of attacks such as are found in the daily press against Wayne B. Wheeler? 
They are false and ridiculous and hard to bear; they are a libel on our boasted 
civilization. 

At the beginning of the next chapter the writer to the Hebrews says: 
“We are surrounded by a great cloud of witnesses.” There is a difference of 
opinion as to the exact meaning of that passage, growing out of the fact that 
the same word which is translated “witnesses” is also the word which means 
“martyrs.” We do not know whether the writer means the ordinary group 
of witnesses or whether he had in mind the great sweep of the Roman am¬ 
phitheater with its seats rising row on row, filled with a blood-thirsty crowd 
assembled to enjoy the spectacle of suffering and death of the Christian 
martyrs. No matter which it may be, the implication is the same—that in 
the eternal sphere these victories of faith have their satisfaction. We in our 
earthly sphere have the privilege of completing what they began. Our faith 
is 'Strengthened for larger achievements by the fact that we can see the certain 
progress of society out of barbarism into a larger and a better -life. The writer 
to the Hebrews makes a certain great, inescapable truth lie at the basis of 
all human civilization and of all progress, namely, the Universe is a moral 
order, with God as its originator and director. In the twelfth chapter of First 
Corinthians, Paul shows that the church and community are not like the drops 
in a pool of water, nor are they like the pebbles in a. pile’of stone or of sand. 

They are not unrelated similars. There is a multitude of distinct individuals, 

and they act and react upon each other. They produce the social framework of 
society. No member of the body exercises the same function as the other, but 
no member is complete without the other. There is a unity in the living or¬ 
ganism. We are all members, one of another. 

This figure of the different members of the body perfectly unified by one 
will and one directing intelligence is a wonderful illustration of what the ideal 
society should be. 

Human life is, therefore, not to be considered in detached fragments. It 
is a connected whole. “No man liveth unto himself and no man dieth unto 
himself.” Just as the separate members of the body depend one upon the 
other, so the single life can never attain its highest reaches without a recog¬ 
nition of its corporate capacity. It is equally true that a single generation 

cannot attain by itself alone, nor can a single nation work out its destiny 
alone. 

Mrs. Browning, in “Casa Guidi Windows” has this significant passage: 

196 


“We who are the seed of buried creatures, if we turned and spat 
Upon our antecedents, we were vile. 

Bring violets rather. If these had not walked their furlong, 

Could we hope to walk our mile? 

Yet, if we, self-balked, stand still, a-strewing violets all the while 
These moved in vain. So rise up henceforth with a cheerful smile 
And having strewn the violets reap the corn, 

And having reaped and garnered, bring the plough 
And draw new furrows neath the healthy morn, 

And plant the great Hereafter in this Now.” 

W'hat gives us such a perennial interest in Hebrew history? There seems 
to be no lack of personality or of purpose in the lives of Abraham, Moses, 
and David, but the chief significance of Hebrew history is that it reveals a 
people surrounded by enemies, beset by manifold difficulties, compelled to 
contest every inch of soil with indomitable will, yet revealing the fact that the 
supreme energy behind all their exploits, the inspiration of their feats of valor, 
the very source of the vision of their prophets was the sense of the omnipotent 
God unifying them through successive generation's. He guided the nation 
to “one far off divine event.” The desire and the yearning, the feverish un¬ 
rest, the heartbreaking sobs of deathless hope heard above the crash of na¬ 
tional disaster, all combined to give the world an unequaled literature, but 
far above all the literature rises the fact that this people led by the Divine 
Spirit prepared the world for the Christ of God. He was the unifier of the 
generations. He was to make this people a blessing to all nations. In Him all 
the forces of human nature mass and are unified. He commands and de¬ 
velops all the power of our common humanity. He is “God in Christ Jesus” 
yesterday, today and forever the same. 

God working in us, therefore, is the great boon of civilization. It is 
the hope of glory. Through Him we are assured that human life is not 
fragmentary. Subject as it is, to the purposes of the ever continuing God, 
it moves steadily, age after age, to the assertion of rights and the assumption 
of responsibilities which reveal a new heaven and thus enable us to create a 
new earth. The work of the ancient worthies is not completed without us. 

Paul said to Timothy, “the things which thou hast heard from me among 
many witnesses, commit thou to faithful men, who shall be able to teach oth¬ 
ers also.” Life never can be lived at its best without a recognition of its far 
reaching purposes in history. Paul had what has been called a “plan of the 
ages.” He saw clearly this great principle of the solidarity of the race. 

A discerning man once walked into a piano factory. He saw a young 
woman sitting at a table. She was poking holes in a piece of light steel. He 
talked with her a moment and asked what she was doing. She said “Nothing 
but this drudgery of poking holes in this stuff all day long. It is dreary 
work.” But as he went on through the factory he found that this young 
woman was really making one of the most important pieces of the piano—a 
part of the sounding board, on which the very perfection of the piano de¬ 
pended. The cure for her feeling of drudgery was to realize that she was 
a vital part of the production of the world’s beauty as expressed in music. 

197 


Alfred Noyes, writing about the men who fell on Flanders Field makes 
them say: 

“We have no more to pray; 

To all men’s praises we are deaf and blind; 

We cannot even help, if they betray 

Our hope, to make earth better for mankind.... 

“What can be done, we know. But never fear, 

If they fail now, we shall not see or hear.”... 

They crowded all their youth into an hour 

And for one fleeting dream of light, they died. 

Oh, if we fail them in that awful trust, 

How should we bear those voices from the dust? 

There is a decided tendency in our day to drift back into a smug material¬ 
ism, to live in luxury and multiply personal pleasures—pleasures too of a fleshy 
nature. It is the “bread alone” type of life which Jesus repudiated. 

The generation which lives for the present alone, for selfish personal 
pleasure, which lives on the “Eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die” 
principle, can never achieve or leave any permanent monuments. 

See at how great a cost our liberties have been purchased. The Con- 
tinenta’ Congress more fully than any other body which up to that time had 
assembled, represented the victories won at great cost from arbitrary power for 
the enlargement of human rights. Among the delegates in that Congress 
were the descendants of the men wtho stood in the brilliant array upon the 
field of Runnymeade where the Magna C'harta was wrested from King John; 
here, too, were the grandchildren of the statesmen who had summoned 
Charles I before Parliament had compelled him to assent to the Petition 
of Rights which transferred power from the Crown to the Commons. Here 
were the descendants of men who had established representative government 
among the English-speaking peoples. These were they who had sprung from 
those Ironsides who charged and fought with Oliver Cromwell at Naseby and 
Marston Moor. Here, too, were those whose fathers had followed the white 
plume of Henry of Navarre and who had, in an age of bigotry, intolerance 
and the deification of absolutism, secured the great edict of liberty from French 
despotism. Moreover, here were those whose ancestors were the countrymen 
of William of Orange, the Beggars of the Sea, men who had survived the 
cruelties of Alva, those who had broken the yoke of proud Philip of Spain, 
who had two centuries before, made a declaration of independence and founded 
a federal union which was a model of freedom and strength. The principles 
of free, responsible, constitutional government had been impressed upon our 
Revolutionary fathers by these hundred years of struggle. For each principle 
they stated, they could point to the grave of an ancestor who died for it. 
When they signed the Declaration of Independence, they took their lives in 
their hands. Many of them, like Robert Morris, gave their fortunes and their 
all in the struggle. 

And can we forget George Washington and Abraham Lincoln? Who paid 

198 


them for their sacrifices? Washington suffered as great detraction in his day 
as has Woodrow Wilson suffered in ours. He outlived it and did receive some 
meed of recognition, but Lincoln died by the assassin’s hand before his vic¬ 
tory was really and finally completed. Who paid him for all that he suf¬ 
fered? He lived to enjoy practically none of the fruits of his sacrifice. 

Every great forward movement has its martyrs. It is so in the material 
world. Think for instance of the number of lives sacrificed in the air ser¬ 
vice. The navigation of the air is now an assured fact, but it has its full toll 
of martyrs. They without us do not find the completion of their lives. At 
the tomb of the Unknown Soldier in our Arlington Cemetery are the words of 
our immortal Lincoln: “Let us here highly resolve that these dead shall not 
have died in vain.” This is civilization’s great challenge to us. It is the 
challenge of Jesus Himself. We are plainly told that He is not complete 
without His body which is the church. “We follow after and fill up that 
which is behind of the afflictions of Christ.” 

What is the present situation with regard to the prohibition amend¬ 
ment? The will of the people has been asserted in unmistakable terms. 
Men through a hundred years have studied, investigated, meditated, planned. 
The verdict of the nations is that the liquor traffic is a stupendous evil. It can¬ 
not be regulated. It will not be controlled. It must be annihilated. 

The United States has taken the lead in the abolition of this age-old curse 
of the human race. As one of the British Premiers has said “What they un¬ 
dertake, they see through.’’ 

We are in a contest with all the forces of greed and of appetite, of cupidity, 
and of selfishness around the world. Every effort is made to throw us off the 
track. Let us remember how the Church fell when it departed from its moral 
and spiritual mission and mixed in politics for its own preferment. It was 
an evil day when the church acclaimed Constantine as a Christian Emperor. 
We will not become the ally of any political party. We will not compromise 
with any on the prohibition question. We will not shilly-shally. We insist 
that the liquor question is one of such moral, social, and economic importance 
as to make it one of major significance. It affects individual life; it affects 
home life It touches the community, the church, the state. It complicates our 
international relations. We are at the parting of the ways. We will not 
be diverted, even to another great reform, until we have seen this one safely 
through. There is no discharge in this war. We have enlisted for the du¬ 
ration of the conflict. If we fall in the fight, they who come after us must 
carry on. 

We have great problems. The mere opportunist lives to keep himself 
in power; the statesman lives to promote a great cause. I was talking with 
Bishop McDowell not long since about a certain United States Senator, who 
is a very able man. He has made a reputation as a fearless prosecuting at¬ 
torney. He cleaned up one of the worst gangs in the history of a great city, 
but he has lived and rested on that record. My colleague said: “If he had 
thrown himself into a great moral, cause like the abolition of war or the 
overthrow of the liquor traffic, he would have been one of our greatest men 
and I confidently believe he would have been president. As it is, he has held 

199 


office; he has played safe, but he has paid the price. He has missed his 
great chance.” 

Unless we carry on, unless we leave a better world, and help to incarnate 
God’s purposes, we live in vain. 

We could quote indefinitely the stories of hero upon hero of our own 
day who has fought or is still fighting some great entrenched wrong. Some¬ 
times it seems as if Truth were “forever on the scaffold, Wrong forever on 
the throne,” but “behind the dim unknown, standeth God within the shadows, 
keeping watch above His own.” 

“Blind -unbelief is sure to err, 

And scan His purposes in vain. 

God is His own interpreter, 

And He will make it plain.” 

Zechariah spoke to the Hebrew captives in Babylon: “Your fathers, 
where are they? And the prophets, do they live forever?” His idea was, the 
fathers and the prophets are gone, but the truth they spake abides. Their 
children are to incarnate it and make it live. Accordingly he challenges these 
captives to shake off their lethargy, to go back to Jerusalem, and to rebuild 
the temple. We know the story of Ezra and Nehemiah. 

How then shall we honor our heroes? Shall we content ouselves by 
making pilgrimages to their tombs? Shall we let it end with pious talk about 
them? Shall we build rich monuments to them? No, let us rather turn to 
the remarkable passage in Hebrews: “These all, having had witness borne to 
them through their faith, received not the promise; they were sawn 
asunder, they were slain with the sword, they were driven into the 
dens and caves of the earth—” but apart from us they cannot 
be made perfect. These words which close this great chapter on the 
victorious heroes of faith present in a new form the metaphor of a grain 
of wheat Which falls into the earth and dies that it may bring forth much 
fruit. What is the meaning to us of the martyrs, prophets, seers, and 
sages, whose whole life was a living death, who wrought without salary or 
earthly compensation, who struggled against wrong and outrage, and who 
sealed their testimony with their lives? Is it that we may live in slothful ease 
and sinful indulgence? No; they all died in faith, but they wrought revolu¬ 
tions and achieved reforms and opened the way toward progress in human so¬ 
ciety into the glory of which we have entered. Are we to rest in endless ease, 
spend money extravagantly, bearing no burdens, enduring no wrongs, suffer¬ 
ing no hardship? Nay, these cannot be made perfect without us. We must 
fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ for his body’s sake, 
which is the Church. Our fathers, where are they? They are bending from 
their elevated seats as if incapable of taking their eternal repose until they 
see us at tasks worthy of the heritage they left us and they look to see us vic¬ 
torious in the fight. We have a solemn obligation and a great debt to pay 
to them. 

Remember the great lines of John McCrea’s poem “In Flanders Fields*:” 

“To you from falling hands we throw 

200 


The torch; be yours to hold it high. 

If ye break faith with us who die 
We shall not sleep.” 

So I say to you, the generations who have gone before, throw the torch 
Jo this generation—be ours to hold it high. 

SUNDAY AFTERNOON SESSION 
ADDRESS 

Rev. A. J. Finch 

Superintendent Colorado Anti-Saloon League 

Prohibition is no longer simply an American Issue—it is a World problem. 
The United States of America is indeed the battle ground, but every liquor in¬ 
terest in the whole wide world is an ally of America’s liquor gang in this con¬ 
test. In fact the real headquarters of these wet interests are to be found in 
Paris. Here is centered the interests of the wine growers of Southern Europe, 
the beer barons of Germany and England, and the distillers of Scotland and 
Ireland. They have raised an enormous fund of more than a billion dollars, 
and are ready, according to their own public announcement, to spend the last 
cent of it, if need be, in the United States of America, to overthrow our Pro¬ 
hibition law. They can well afford to do this, for billions of dollars are at 
stake. 

When the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect and the Volstead Law 
began to operate, it not only closed 176,000 liquor saloons in America, but it 
also destroyed the largest market which the European liquor interests had. 
This question is becoming a real economic problem to those countries which 
are all closely allied to the liquor interests. Today in Northern France there 
are huge wine cellars, extending for twenty miles under ground, that are 
packed to the doors with high priced wines. The owners are waiting and hop¬ 
ing for the day when America can be induced to let down the bars, so that 
they can unload on the American public. 

When Mr. Caillaux was in Washington two years ago, attempting to 
settle the French debt to the United States, according to newspaper dispatches, 
he said to Mr. Mellon and the Debt Commission, “If it were not for your Pro¬ 
hibition law, France could easily pay her debt to the United States. We 
speeded up drinking in France last year, but, in spite of that fact, we had a 
huge surplus of high priced wines for which there was no market.” 

On the one side, then, of this Prohibition question is arrayed the greatest 
combination of capital that has ever fought against established law, and on 
the other is to be found, the forces of the church and every lover of civic 
righteousness, who will never yield one inch in this battle for the home. 

Let us, however, pass on to the method of attack and note the exact con¬ 
dition which confronts us at this hour. 

The World War taught men the value of propaganda. The liquor people 
have been apt pupils, and are using every agency which they can secure to 
help them in their struggle. Today in America the Metropolitan Press has 
practically gone over to these wet interests- Need I mention the great 
.papers of large circulation, extending from one end of this country to the 

201 



other, that are using their news columns and editorial spaces to support these 
defiers of law and nullifiers of the Constitution? Need I call your attention to 
the great news gathering agencies that are always willing to send out any 
wet news, but never fail to suppress the facts that are in favor of Prohibition? 
These agencies have apparently adopted the policy that constant repetition 
will make the people believe most anything. 

Following are some of their favorite arguments: 

They constantly tell the reading public that more liquor is being con¬ 
sumed in America today than ever before. Such is not the fact, and they 
know it and we know it, but to the unthinking mass they are getting across 
with their message. 

The evidence all points in the opposite direction. In 1918, the last wet 
>ear, there were two hundred and seventy-eight institutions in this land of 
ours whose doors were open for the curing of alcoholics. In 1925 two hundred 
and thirty-six of these institutions had closed their doors, because there was 
no longer anyone to patronize them. In my own city of Denver, Colorado, 
twenty years ago there was a large Keeley Institute at the corner of 18th 
and Curtis streets that was crowded to the doors with patients there taking 
the Keeley cure. After prohibition came, the number of these patients grew 
less and less, until four years ago the property was sold, the old building was 
torn down, the brick was crushed into pavement—and from the center of 
that lot today there rises a gasoline filling station and around the sides are 
stalls for the parking of cars. The men who used to congregate there to 
be cured of alcoholism are now buying gasoline for their flivvers. 

Another of the favorite propaganda arguments of the newspapers and the 
wet crowd is that the young people of America are going straight to per¬ 
dition because of the Prohibition law. Never was there a greater slander 
hurled at the youth of any land than this! In spite of the statements of my 
fellow townsman, formerly our Juvenile judge, I want to express my opinion 
—that never before in the history of the world have there been as many 
fine, clean, upward looking and forward marching young people as at this hour. 

Again the facts, when dispassionately examined, bear proof to my as¬ 
sertion. 

In 1918 there were enrolled in the colleges and institutions of higher 
learning of this nation two hundred and fifty-four thousand students. In 
1925 this enrollment had increased almost four fold. In spite of this great in¬ 
crease in number, the college presidents of America unanimously state that 
there is less drinking in college today than ever before in history. In the 
language of the President of Chicago University, “Young men or women 
in college who drink cannot keep up with the procession, they soon fall by 
the wayside.” 

Professor Fisher of Yale University, in his masterly volume, “Prohibition 
At Its Worst,” points out that since 1913 the New York Justice courts have 
kept a record of the finger prints of first offenders for drunkenness. In 1918, 
the last wet year, there were twenty-four such offenders for every ten thou¬ 
sand of population—while in 1925, only seven years later, there were only six 
offenders for each ten thousand of population. This record taken from the 
worst city on the American continent, as far as the enforcement of the Pro- 

202 


hibition law is concerned, speaks volumes for the nation as a whole. Every 
other wet argument can be answered in the same fashion. 

There is one question, however, which the wets are loath to bring up. 
It was their favorite argument in the old days. How many times in the past 
have they run the changes on this—“the abolishment of the liquor traffic 
spells ruination to business.” The business prosperity of America is without 
question of ia doubt in the mind of any reasonable man, largely due to the prohi¬ 
bition law. Roger Babson, in a recent statement sent out to the business world, 
said: “Any return of the beverage liquor traffic to America will mean the worst 
panic the world has ever seen.” Herbert Hoover, in his annual report to the 
government last year, made the statement that the American business world had 
increased its income by more than one-half billion dollars because of increased 
efficiency, and this increased efficiency was largely due to the Prohibition law. 
Professor Feldman’s recent survey of the economic features of this question is 
an overwhelming argument for National Prohibition. Some definite, con¬ 
crete examples may be of value to us in this discussion. 

They tell me that the amount of life insurance carried by a nation is 
largely indicative of that nation’s prosperity. Just a few nights ago I read 
an official statement that there was in effect in America today eigthy billion 
of life insurance. This means nothing to you, unless you realize that sixty to 
seventy per cent of that life insurance has been written since the Eighteenth 
Amendment went into the Constitution of the United States. The last wet year 
the life insurance companies of this nation sold two billion, one hundred thirty- 
tour million of life insurance; in 1924 they sold thirteen billion five hundred 
million of life insurance; in 1925—fifteen billion, six hundred million; in 1926, 
sixteen billion two hundred million. Where will they go in 1927 the Lord 
only knows. 

The United States Bankers’ Report furnishes a marvelous statement re¬ 
garding increased savings. In 1918 there were ten million savings bank de¬ 
positors: in 1925 that number had gone to more than forty-three millions and 
the savings bank deposits had nearly quadrupled. In 1918 there wasn’t a single 
Labor Bank in the nation, and today they are scattered from coast to coast. 

Another one of the old arguments of the wet crowd, which we hear very 
little about today, was that we could not run the government without the 
revenue which we secured from the liquor interests. In fact not so many 
months ago a United States Senator arose in the halls of the Senate in 
Washington and lamented the fact that we no longer had the income from 
the liquor interests to help us pay the national debt. Henry Ford says, “You 
cannot have the liquor traffic and the automobile.” Bear these two state¬ 
ments in mind. The last wet year the wet interests paid in Federal taxes 
something like four hundred forty-three million dollars, and in 1924 the au¬ 
tomobile industry paid in Federal- taxes five hundred fifty-five million dol¬ 
lars. If you cannot have them both—which will you take? 

In face of these overwhelming facts, regarding the benefits of prohibition— 
in face of this well defined attack on our law—in face of all the issues at 
stake—what shall be the answer of Christian America at this hour? The 
eyes of the whole world are upon us! There isn’t a land under the sun where 
the best citizenship is not looking to us with hope and bravely expecting us 

203 


1c hold that which we have secured at such cost. If we are to hold it—if 
America is not to take a backward step—if the white flag of prohibition is 
to continue to be unfurled to the wind it will be because we take decided ac¬ 
tion and follow well defined plans of work. 

Permit me to suggest that we must undertake a campaign of education 
that will reach the millions of boys and girls in the high schools and colleges 
cf America with the real facts about the operation of the Prohibition law. 
They need to be taught its economical effects, its social effects, its political 
effects, as well as its physiological effects. 

We need, also, to get to the great masses of America the actual truth re¬ 
garding this law, in order to offset this pernicious wet propaganda. In ad¬ 
dition to all this there must be a very strenuous effort made to reach the peo¬ 
ple who have come to our shores from foreign lands. Not so many decades 
ago our own folk were not so enthusiastic about the Prohibition of the liquor 
traffio. The country was won over by practical demonstration. The for¬ 
eigner in our midst can be reached, if we will set ourselves to the task. 

In the next place, if we are to hold this Prohibition law, it must be some¬ 
thing more than a joke. In many of our states the punishment for its viola¬ 
tion is a joke. The penalty should be made adequate to the crime. In my 
own state of Colorado the possession of liquor is a crime, punishable- by a 
severe sentence. Two years ago we passed what is known as the Anti-Still law. 
This law provides that any person who owns, has in his possession or is found 
operating a still, if declared guilty, shall be sentenced to the State penitentiary 
for from two to five years. The judge has no alternative, he must sentence 
him to prison. Under that law over two hundred of our citizens have gone to 
the penitentiary during the two year period. The Federal Prohibition de¬ 
partment declares that the law is so efficient that it has closed more than 
sixty per cent of the stills in the state. A ten dollar fine will not stop a man 
from running a still, but a felony charge with a prison sentence is the de¬ 
terrent that 'they give earnest heed to. 

Again—if we hold this law—it is going to call for the practice of a real 
sacrificial spirit. America has almost forgotten what sacrifice means, and 
what sacrificial giving means. 

Just a few years ago the very air throbbed with sacrifice. We lost sight 
of everything but the spirit of giving that the world might be made safe for 
the common man. From every hamlet, city and countryside American youth 
poured forth by the thousands that they might give their all for the World. 

One of those boys, who was out yonder on the front lines in France, 
only eighteen years of age, came back with shattered nerves and weakened 
body. A few years ago he came into my study one night and laid down the 
following and said: “Dad, I wrote this last night, see what you think of it?” 
and here is what he had written: 

Last night I lay dreaming of a star shell’s gleaming, 

And in its white glare I saw again my Buddy on the wire. 

He seemed to say, “Have you forgotten in your play 

Four years since I went away?” 


204 


The booming guns no longer sing their song, 

But you still carry on— 

That’s w'hy I’m wearing poppies today. 

A muttered curse, a whispered prayer, 

Thoughts that burn and tear— 

Just a bit of bloody clay, a blur alone out there. 

That’s why I’m marching today. 

A Mother’s heart that’s cold, 

A Father’s head that’s bowed with care— 

A blue star turned to gold, 

That’s why the flags are flying today. 

Are we going to carry on? 

DEBORAH IN THE BATTLE 

Ella A. Boole 

President 'National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (United States) 

Some points in the Bible story of Deborah can well be applied to the 
work of women in the campaign to secure full benefit of the prohibition law. 

Deborah was a prophetess, a judge in Israel by divine appointment. Her 
work was cooperation with Barak, and without 'his help the forces could not 
have been marshaled. Her leadership was inspiring, it was suceesful, and she 
did not cease her efforts until the enemy of Israel was destroyed. 

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union was organized as the result 
of a divine call to service. The evil of drink was omnipresent. The saloon 
wielded tremendous political power. Women were the greatest sufferers. 

At their very first convention they announced their purpose to work for 
the closing of all the saloons by law. They assembled an army of total ab¬ 
stainers. They carried on a campaign of education. They taught the children 
ir. juvenile societies, in Sunday schools and in the public schools. They laid 
sure foundations, and it is an outstanding fact that prayer and depending 
upon God furnished the power with which the movement gathered momentum. 

But men were needed with their political methods and their votes. The 
Prohibition party had bravely stood for the policy, the principle, and for party 
administration. But more help was needed, and the Anti-Saloon League 
was called into being. All these organizations were essential to winning the 
fight for prohibition in the Constitution. But the battle was not ended when 
this was secured. 

The peculiar work that can be done by women is still needed. Ballots of 
women added to the ballots of men doubled the voting strength. Increased 
membership in the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union adds to the volume 
of those who conscientously are obeying the law. Education or law observ¬ 
ance safeguards the children in the home for they are the voters in the next 
generation. 

The ideals of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union are a protection 
In the American home and count for its conservation. The W. C. T. U. en- 

205 



courages by pointing out the benefits of prohibition. It inspires enthusiasm 
by presenting the convictions of organized women. 

The campaign for membership is a campaign for law observance. The 
Wall of Defense which will be built at Minneapolis of bricks, each representing 
ten new members, will show the hosts of women who are responding to the 
call for service. 

We see the drink habit driven from some of its strongholds. The sports¬ 
man does not use an intoxicant, the industrial worker no longer needs it. 
The capitalist knows it blasts business. Safety first on all railroads, in au¬ 
tomobiles, and in airplanes demands total abtinence, and we call upon men 
and women everywhere to help capture the world of society for law observance. 
Drink is no longer needed in the working world, and women can win the social 
world in a campaign to make clear that drink is not essential to a good time. 

Other women’s organizations have heard the call. The National Wom¬ 
an’s Committee for Law Enforcement is rallying women’s organizations in 
the churches, and they are outspoken in demanding faithful enforcement of 
the law. The Federation of Womens’ Clubs demands that this law, as every 
other law, be enforced, and all the time the educational work of the Woman’s 
Christian Temperance Union goes on. 

And victory will come when the patriotic men and women of the nation, 
standing side by side at the ballot box, unite in electing officials from President 
down who themselves obey the law and conscientiously fulfill the conditions 
of their oath of office. 

It is not surprising in the face of a world-wide Challenge to religion 
to the home, the ordered state, to civilization itself, that prohibition should 
be challenged also. The women of America stand in the front ranks of the 
defenders of the faith handed down to us by the heroic men and women who 
made and kept us a nation and who sacrificed that prohibition should be placed 
in the Constitution. 

Believing in humanity at large women know that America can best 
serve the world by keeping the flame of liberty ablaze on her own hearth¬ 
stone, and by showing to all the world that the liquor traffic can be outlawed. 
They realize there is greater danger from indifference and lethargy on the 
part of the good than from the assaults of the deceived or the disloyal. Thus 
believing, the women of the nation are in the forefront not only for the preser¬ 
vation of the nation and the protection of its flag, but to help demonstrate 
that on American soil American law shall rule. They are determined that 
the flag shall never again protect the legalized saloon under whatever name 
it may appear. 


A VOICE FROM CUBA 

Rev. Sylvester Jones, 

Missionary of the Society of Friends, and Committee of Cooperation in Latin 

America 

It may seem strange to some that a native born citizen of the United 
States should be here to speak for Cuba. Indeed, I would that it might be 
some of that large group of native sons who are unselfishly and with ability 
devoting themselves to furthering the moral and social welfare of their home- 

206 



land, which is the youngest of the family of sister republics on the Western 
Hemisphere. However, as a justification for doing what otherwise might 
seem presumptuous, I will say that within 90 days it will have been 27 years 
since I took up my residence on the island of which Christopher Columbus 
said: “It is the fairest land that human eyes have ever looked upon.” 

There is another way in which I may, as a citizen of the United States, 
speak with freedom, and I trust with authority concerning the problem of al¬ 
coholism in Cuba. I refer to the influence of my country and the industrial 
enterprises operating from my country on social and moral conditions in a 
country well nigh helpless before what is to them the colossus of the north. 
The Cuban is a lover of liberty. He is sincerely patriotic. He does not resent 
the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which de¬ 
prives him of his customary beverages while traveling or residing in the United 
states. He does resent the Platt Amendment, which was imposed upon him 
and made a part of his own constitution by the authority of the big stick. He 
is coming to resent the economic domination which is imposing upon him cer¬ 
tain habits of life that are contrary to his own wishes. We are faced with 
the strange anomaly of Prohibition United States accentuating, to put it mildly, 
the problem of alcoholism in Cuba. 

To explain this further, let us look at the background. The Cuban was 
moderate in his use of alcohol. He would, of course, have been better off 
if he had not drunk it at all, but if he drank it was far better for him to' drink 
slowly as an accompaniment of conversation around the table of the cafe than 
to drink for inebriety as did the Americans. With the passing of time industrial 
changes came. Americans invested vast capital in industrial and agricultural 
enterprises. In round numbers these investments amount to $1,500,000,000. 
Conditions changed radically. The easy-going life vanished. The wheels of 
industry brought their unending grind. The laborer no longer drank and ate 
as an accompaniment to conversation. He drank to get a “kick,” to free him¬ 
self from the intolerable monotony of the day’s work. The amount of hard 
liquor consumed increased, until, according to government reports, in 1919 
eleven million gallons of rum, containing from 47 to 70 per cent of alcohol, were 
consumed in the island, or an average of about three gallons for every man, 
woman and child. To show how his was brought about, -let me relate to 
you an incident in this industrial life. For many years I lived in Eastern Cuba. 
While there I saw American enterprise and capital cause to spring up in the 
virgin forest, what was then, and for aught I know, is still the greatest sugar 
mill in the world. Its capacity is more than a million bags of sugar, each 
weighing 325 pounds. Later my work took me to another part of the island. 
After an absence of ten years I returned for a visit to this great sugar mill. 
In conversation with the assistant manager I took occasion to congratulate 
him on the great industrial enterprise in which he was associated. “But,” I 
said, “I want to ask you a question, sir. You have absolute control of these 
great estates, and these sugar mill towns. I find that the sale of alchoolic liq¬ 
uors has greatly increased in recent years. At almost every crossroad there 
is a canteen and liquor sales here at the company store are much larger than 
foimerly. Why do you not arrange to at least diminish the sales of alcoholic 

207 


liquors?” “Well,” he replied, “I’ll be frank with you, Mr. Jones, we can 
dominate the workmen better if we give them plenty of liquor.” 

Fellow citizens of the United States, shall we fill our coffers, already 
overflowing, at the cost of the manhood of Cuba? 

Again, while the Cuban is intensely patriotic, and rightly so, none is more 
ready than he to follow American leadership in things which he considers 
right and true. I remember the thrill with which the Cubans received the 
news that day in January, 1919, that Nebraska, the 36th state, had ratified the 
amendment to the Federal Constitution prohibiting the manufacture and sale of 
intoxicating liquors throughout the territory of their great neighboring re¬ 
public. The Cuban newspapers carried great headlines announcing the 
fact, and they commented favorably upon it. Bills were introduced in the 
Cuban congress dealing with the liquor problem in Cuba. Conditions were 
favorable for action that would at least tend to diminish the consumption of al¬ 
coholic beverages. Then something happened. To explain this I will say 
that loans made to the Cuban government and floated by New York bankers 
are in part guaranteed as to principal and interest by a small tax on Cuban 
alcoholic liquors. When enthusiasm ran high for legislation limiting liquor 
sales a report purporting to come from Washington was published. I do 
not know whether it was true or not. I hope it was false, but true or false, the 
result was the same. The report published said that government at Wash¬ 
ington, under authority of the Platt Amendment, would look with disfavor 
on any legislation that would tend to decrease the income from taxes on in¬ 
toxicating liquors in Cuba. I ask you, true or false, will American citizens 
stand for that sort of thing? 

Prohibition in the United States has brought special problems to Cuba. 
The American bar has vanished in this country only to appear in Havana and 
other Cuban cities in its worst form. With ‘his foot on the brass rail, the 
Cuban will now ’’take ’er straight” a la American, or I should say “a la tour¬ 
ist!” Not all tourists are boozers. Far from it. But there are far too many. 
You may have heard of the Casino. I will not be unkind enough to ask if any of 
you have ever patronized it. Since coming north I have read in the Chicago 
papers that an additional $13,000,000 is to be spent in enlarging the enter¬ 
prise. I happen to know that already it is necessary to carry constantly a 
stock of $50,000 in liquors in order to meet the demand and you may know 
that the turnover is frequent. Fellow citizens, by adopting prohibition in 
the United States you have gotten us into this mess, and you must now help 
us get out of it. 

In the anti-alcoholic movement in Cuba we can count on the support of 
the physicians, especially the younger men. Recently at a mass meeting held 
in the auditorium of Cuban National Red Cross Building, Dr. Alfredo Recio, 
head of the Municipal laboratories of Havana made the following statement: 
“The tourist trade brings us millions of dollars every season, but if in order 
to draw American tourists we must debauch our Cuban people, then 
away with the tourist trade.” A sentiment that was cheered to the echo. 

In the same address Dr. Recio told of his experiences in previous years 
as a physician at the National hospital for the insane. He declared that his 

208 


investigations showed that fully 70 per cent of the patients were there be¬ 
cause of the use of . alcoholic liquors, either directly or indirectly. 

Another group upon whom we can count in the struggle against alco¬ 
holism is the public school teachers. Recently the association of Normal 
School Teachers passed a resolution asking the Department of Education, to 
put Temperance instruction in the Normal schools of the government. Certain 
textbooks are already in use upon the subject. 

The growing Protestant churches are an increasing force for temper¬ 
ance. They recently inaugurated a campaign of total abstinence pledge-sign¬ 
ing. Practically all the members are total abstainers. 

The most active group in the anti-alcoholic struggle has been the women 
as represented in the W. C. T. U. They have recently brought speakers from 
the States who have done valuable work. Their child welfare department has 
made a telling appeal to the Cuban people. They have published a text book 
on temperance for use in the higher grades of the schools and a complete 
outline of temperance and health studies for the primary grades. Ten thousand 
copies of a Spanish translation of Alcohol in Experiment and Practice, by 
Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, have been published. Poster contests have 
been held with striking success. Materials have been regularly furnished for 
temperance teaching in Sunday Schools. Medal contests have been held. 
Verily the women, who have suffered most, are doing most. But they can not 
do the work alone. There must be a mobilization of all the forces of right¬ 
eousness for a great campaign of education. The truth must be gotten to 
the people. 

I close with the words of a clarion call of a Cuban youth written a few 
weeks ago to the youth of the United States. He says: “America paved the 
way for our political freedom. Will you now bind upon us the chains of a 
new slavery? Let the best of America join with the best of my country to 
bring a new and greater freedom.” 


THE ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE AND THE WORLD LIQUOR 

PROBLEM 

Rev. Francis Scott McBride, D.D., 

General Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of America 
Whether the prohibition of the liquor traffic will be successful will depend 
largely upon the work done by the organizations seeking to solve the alco¬ 
holic liquor problem. Prohibition will not just “happen.” Prohibition in 
no unit will be enacted or enforced without the marshaling of the forces 
within that unit which favor prohibition. 

The purpose and program of the successful organizations will be two-fold: 
The making of prohibition sentiment and the mobilization and utilization of 
the public sentiment created. They go hand in hand. Public sentiment must 
be aroused into action. The program embraces the never-ending task of 
education and agitation, and the more militant yet none the less necessary 
work of legislation and enforcement. 

Even the legislative and enforcement work is largely educational. It must 
reach every class and community. The enforcement efforts must concur with 
and conform to the processes of orderly government. No organization should 

209 



desire or attempt to substitute for the government, or in any sense become a 
so-called “super-government.” The Anti-Saloon League has wisely guarded 
against such. The futile efforts of the wets to misrepresent in this regard 
emphasize the wisdom of the League’s course. It is our enemies who falsely 
charge the Anti-Saloon League with being a “super-government.” 

However, on the other hand, we will never surrender the right of petition, 
or cease to exercise the rights of citizens individually or collectively. We rec¬ 
ognize the right of the citizen to have efficiency through governmental chan¬ 
nels. We favor the placing in office of men who will keep faithfully the* oath 
they take, and claim the right of citizens by processes recognized in the Con¬ 
stitution to put out of office those who fail to seriously carry their govern¬ 
mental obligations. Poignantly, we are for “backing up” those who make 
good and “backing out” those too cowardly, craven and conniving to conform 
faithfully to their oath of office. We ask and have a right to ask that prohibi¬ 
tion shall have a chance to succeed by being administered by those who are 
favorable to the enforcement of the prohibition policy. To neglect these duties 
and thus withdraw from the field of conflict would please too well our enemies 
—the wets. We will never surrender orderly government to those who 
cry out “super-government!” The wet “super-government” bogie man will 
not be able to terrorize us in our task. Good citizenship cannot submit to eva¬ 
sion and inefficiency. 

The 'solution of the world liquor problem calls for a fighting organization 
in every government unit over the world. The liquor organizations are mili¬ 
tant. They know how to fight. If we are to overcome we must fight through 
to victory. The wet interests will quit when compelled. We must refuse to 
submit to liquor domination and doom. While a single nation is left that will 
open its arms to the liquor traffic, it will tarry. 

There are at least two ways in which the Anti-Saloon League can con¬ 
tribute toward the solution of the world liquor problem: 

First: Cooperation 

Second: Demonstration. 

(1) Cooperation: The relationship between the World League Against 
Alcoholism and the organizations composing it is something like that ex¬ 
isting between the state and national organizations making up the Anti-Saloon 
League of America. The State League has its local problems. It builds 
the state organization. It secures its finances largely within the state. It or¬ 
ganizes the state constituency and carries on its definite state program, but 
joining hands with the other states it cooperates to make up the Anti-Saloon 
League of America. The national problem is a common, one. Neither nation 
alone nor state working alone can solve it. The world problem is unlike 
onr national only in that we are different nations and cannot secure or en¬ 
force any law except through the citizens of the nation affected. 

The Anti-Saloon League’s Field 

In a similar way to the Anti-Saloon League of America, only with more 
diverse problems, the Anti-Saloon League joins the World League Against 
Alcoholism to cooperate in the international campaign looking towards world¬ 
wide sobriety. The prohibition movement is inherently altruistic. However, 
we help ourselves when we help other nations to make their fight. The co- 

210 


operation we give in the international movement, reacts effectively and favor¬ 
ably upon the home program. Our own problems are involved. The many 
thousand miles of border-line and of indented coast line call for international, 
help. The radio, flying machine, and other marvelous present-day inventions 
huddle the countries of the world together as close-up neighbors. Every day 
it becomes clearer that we cannot have prohibition anywhere as it ought to 
•be until we get it everywhere. 

The World League Against Alcoholism is the international agency to se¬ 
cure cooperation in this work. It is not a part of the program of the Anti- 
Saloon League of America to go into Canada, Mexico, South America, any 
division of Europe, or elsewhere, to coerce them into Prohibition. On the 
other hand, it is clear that if these units of government are to succeed in 
throwing off their liquor yoke, the great impetus must come from within 
rather than from without. When it comes it will be prohibition with the 
people back of it. Prohibition must be the product of public opinion. 

The Anti-Saloon League, however, cannot escape its obligation toward 
the program of the other countries now wet to outlaw liquor, but its gov¬ 
erning board has too much sense to include among the^le that of going into 
other countries to force our prohibition ideals upon them. The Anti-Saloon 
League is a national organization. The by-laws state the duties of the Super¬ 
intendent to be, “to give his entire time to the organization and work of the 
League and the superintendency of its activities' throughout the entire United 
States.” 

The World League’s Part 

Neither is it the plan or purpose of the World League to carry on a 
movement that will compel any country to go dry. The purpose is, rather, 
to give such overhead assistance as will inspire the nations themselves to build 
organizations that will fight their own battles. The field of work of the 
World League, of necessity, is largely one of education, information and in¬ 
spiration. 

The success of the prohibition movement in any country will depend 
upon that country itself. It must enlist its resources for the battle and war. 
It must carry on its own legislative program. With this momentous program, 
the Anti-Saloon League of America offers hearty cooperation with the World 
League Against Alcoholism, serving as it does as a keystone to bind together 
the national prohibition organizations in a cooperative, anti-alcoholic move¬ 
ment such as will be able to drive the death-dealing liquor traffic from the 
face of the earth. 

(2) Demonstration: Experience is a good teacher. The different units 
of government are passing through their different stages in the world pano¬ 
ramic prohibition fight. The United States, the largest nation of the world 
to adopt the prohibition policy, .owes it to the world to give a good demon¬ 
stration. Under prohibition, not prohibition itself but the American people 
are on trial. “We, the people, of the United States,” must make good. The 
eyes of the world are looking on. 

Organization Necessary to Defeat Nullification 

The organized wets are doing everything they can to destroy prohibition. 
They are spreading their propaganda world-wide. It is significant that the 

211 


Chicago Tribune finds space for all wet propaganda bearing on American 
prohibition in its Paris edition. The demonstration under prohibition must 
thwart these efforts of the wets to nullify the prohibition amendment and back 
up constitutional government. Nullification must be broken. This requires 
organization. The issue is of sufficient importance to make it necessary and 
worth while to build the closest organization of good citizens ever effected. 
The Chicago Tribune recently announced that from now on it will advocate* 
openly the repeal of the Volstead Act, that this purpose will be placed upon its 
masthead and that in the future this will be a chief part of its program. A 
new announcement but not a new program for them! With this purpose in 
mind, it has decided first to try to weaken and destroy the Anti-Saloon League. 
It is making its campaign editorially, in its news columns, and has also gone 
into' the legislative game. 

A few weeks ago I stopped off for a day at Springfield, Illinois. The 
legislature was in session. That day there was introduced into the house of 
representatives a resolution asking that the Anti-Saloon League be inves¬ 
tigated. The resolution made a series of false, definite charges concerning 
the League. I found that the resolution was prepared by the Chicago Trib¬ 
une and brought to Springfield by the Tribune’s press representative. A wet 
member, rumored to be the chief bootlegger of the assembly, was secured to 
introduce it. The next day’s Tribune carried headlines proclaiming the 
resolution indicating a sentiment in the Legislature. The whole program 
was a definite legislative effort of this wet newspaper to discredit the Anti- 
Saloon League. 

Why all this? The League stands in the way of the wet program. This 
newspaper can be delivered in the morning to more than 30 million people— 
about one-third of the population of our country. This, however, where the 
purposes of the paper are known, is not damaging. In Illinois and Indiana 
the first thing a candidate for public office needs to do to win is to secure the 
opposition of the Chicago Tribune. The fact that the Chicago Tribune has 
taken up the wets’ fight is a convincing reason why prohibition will be per¬ 
manent and the League will live to see the victory complete. 

It is, however, time for the decent, fair-minded, honest-thinking folk of the 
country to rise up in their might and throw off the yoke of such newspaper 
tyranny. The Hearst papers have recently paid a great tribute to the Anti- 
Saloon League by charging the organization with the possession of too much 
power. They and other wet journals and wet interests are becoming frantic 
because of the danger of one man at Washington with a few assistants, with 
the prohibition sentiment of the country back of them, becoming too powerful 
in our national life. It is the power of public sentiment that alarms them, 
The thing that Hearst and his political cohorts are trying to do is to sneak 
Jim Reed into the White House while the good people of the country are off 
guard. If he can intimidate or weaken the prohibition forces, his task will 
be easy. 

Why are the wets urging Jim Reed or A1 Smith for president? The 
president appoints the members of the United States Supreme Court. He ap¬ 
points also the Circuit and District Judges. He appoints the Attorney-Gen¬ 
eral and all district attorneys who prosecute, as well as the marshals who ar- 

212 


rest. He names the Secretary of the Treasury who names the Prohibition 
Director and the heads of the Prohibition Department and the Customs and 
Coast Guard. He appoints the Secretary of State, and our envoys, ministers 
and consuls to other countries who negotiate,. or fail to negotiate, agreements 
for the prevention of liquor smuggling.. A wet in the White House could by 
his appointments and indifference to enforcement easily nullify prohibition. 
These facts account for the activity of the Hearst . interests and the wet Chi¬ 
cago Tribune, in the 1928 presidential compaign. 

The great danger in, all these efforts is that the dry people forget that the 
liquor traffic is a well organized fighting force, and think that this traffic 
can be conquered with facts and figures without a . fight. Even the fact that 
prohibition is saving our country six billions of dollars a year and is snatching 
its thousands annually from the hearse, will never soften the hard heart of 
liquor. The answer to all these efforts of the wets must be better organiza¬ 
tion in the fight for. constitutional government. If there ever has been a time 
when we needed the good people organized it is now. ,We must arouse the 
last voter in the community, otherwise constitutional government will fail. 

The City The Big Problem 

The large cities of our country constitute the chief problem. They are 
lagging behind in prohibition. It is a good thing for the prohibition cause that 
the movement in our country was launched soon enough to win before the 
city came into complete control. Even now the seven cities, New York, Phil¬ 
adelphia, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, have a 
larger population than live on all the farms of our country. There are but 
twenty-seven millions of our people now living on farms and twenty-eight mil¬ 
lions in this group of seven cities. Chicago, with its suburbs, will soon contitute 
a majority of the entire population of Illinois—seven million in the state and 
more than three millions in Chicago alone. 

Prohibition has been a blessing to the cities. There is actually no com¬ 
parison between the saloon-controlled Chicago with her 7,152 saloons, with the 
12,000 bootleggers that operated along with the saloon, and the- present Chi¬ 
cago. Prohibition at its worst and in its worst places is better than the old 
liquor traffic in Chicago at its best. 

The wets now want local option for the big cities. Finding this legally 
impossible, they seek the election of officers in the cities that will nullify 
prohibition. The wets were against local option when local option made 
possible the closing of the saloons in the community. They were against state¬ 
wide option when it meant a chance tq drive the saloons from the state. But 
now, with prohibition enacted under an orderly process of government, they 
are fighting to retain the saloons in the local community by treading out 
constitutional government and substituting nullification. They are consist¬ 
ent in that they have always been for all 'the liquor they can get in all the 
places they can keep it. 

Why is the city a determining factor in this fight? Fifteen years ago the 
rural sections started the program to outlaw liquor. With the backing of 
rural sentiment, prohibition has been enacted. It is now in the Constitution, 
but whether it will remain or lose out will depend upon whether we make 

213 


the hurdle of winning the city for prohibition within the next fifteen years by 
which time the city will be in control. There is no short-cut to victory. 
Cities are the homes of the political boss. They are the centers of publicity. 
They control newspapers and magazines. Press associations and news syn¬ 
dicates are located within them. News travels from the big city out. For¬ 
eign-born populations settle there. There are more Jews in New York City 
than in Jerusalem; more Italians than in Naples, and more colored folks than 
in New Orleans. These must be educated to the truth about alcohol. It is 
more needed today than ever. The Roman Empire collapsed when her rural 
districts drained into the city. 

The importance of the cities of America to world prohibition is very ob¬ 
vious. It will be hard for Europe to believe that prohibition is a success in 
America so long as it is reported to be a failure in our cities. European vis¬ 
itors come to our cities and our cities distribute the news from America to 
the rest of the world. The time has arrived for an aggressive, onward move¬ 
ment on the part of the prohibition forces to drive nullification from the cities 
of our country and put constitutional government in control. The time is 
here to make the forward, aggressive move to conquer the city. It is not 
enough to hold our own in rural sections. The city must be taken. We 
must hold what we have but go forward. The city should be taught to vote, 
vote right, and vote on primary day. The city should be our last hop off. 

The Federal Government Can Help 

The federal government can do much to win the city for constitutional gov¬ 
ernment. Prohibition enforced by the Federal government in the city will aid 
in the creation of a public sentiment that will back up the prohibition cause. 
The wet sentiment in Butte and Helena made possible a wet victory in Mon¬ 
tana. When the Federal government shows Butte and Helena that they can¬ 
not have a liquor traffic because of national prohibition, the people of Mon¬ 
tana will quickly swing back to the state enforcement code. The state will 
not long permit the fines to go into the Federal treasury when they should 
go into the state treasury. New York can be taken the same way. 

The Federal government should demand prohibition enforcement in every 
community. Whenever and wherever local government 'breaks down, the 
Federal government should come to the rescue and prove that the resources 
of the Republic are sufficient to enforce its laws. Prohibition enforced in the 
city together with the program of education accompanying, will capture the 
city, the last hurdle, for prohibition. 

It Can Be Done 

Hard as is this task of breaking down the program of the wet nullification¬ 
's, the task is not an impossible one. It can be done. The great hope of 
triumph is in prohibition itself. Prohibition will prove to be permanent for 
at least these reasons: It conforms to government by the people. It is scien¬ 
tifically sound. It is civically correct. And, most of all, it is inherently right. 

A good demonstration in the United States will point the way for prohi¬ 
bition in the world. It is our opportunity and obligation to help make this 
possible and we shall not fail. 


214 


“Since God is God and right is right, 
And truth o’er error shall prevail; 
With Christ our leader we will fight 
With all our might; we will not fail.” 


THE QUEBEC LIQUOR SYSTEM 

Rev. E. I. Hart, D.D., 

Generela Secretary Quebec League Against Alcoholism 

In 1918 every province of the Dominion of Canada, out of the nine prov¬ 
inces, was dry except Quebec. Today, all but two provinces in the Dominion 
are wet. This startling change has been made within eight short years. The 
responsibility for this great reaction can be laid at the door of Quebec—in fact 
the Quebec government takes full credit for it and glories in the accom¬ 
plishment. 

In 1918, the closing year of the war, and when prohibition was in the as¬ 
cendancy, the Quebec government, under Premier Sir Lomer Gouin, passed a 
Prohibition bill. It was to go into force on the First of May, 1919. Mean¬ 
while the war had ended. The brewers, whose stocks had dropped, and dropped 
in anticipation of prohibition, became desperate. Anything to head off prohi¬ 
bition! Backed by the liquor interests of the world, who saw the handwriting 
on the wall, the brewers brought pressure to bear upon the government. The 
government was persuaded to agree to the modification of the prohibition bill 
by the introduction of light wines and beer, and the matter, most hurriedly, 
was submitted to the people, after a hot campaign of three weeks, in the form of 
a referendum early in April, 1919. The word “light” on the ballot caught the 
fancy of the electorate. “Why, what harm would light wines and beer do? No 
more harm than soft summer drinks!” So the proposed modification was 
endorsed by a majority vote of three to one. 

For a few months the “Light Wines and Beer law” spemed to work well. 
Even some good temperance folks became reconciled to it. But the re¬ 
straint on the liquor people to be good became too irksome and they threw 
off their masks. Abuses crept in, hard liquors were sold illicitly, bootlegging 
became a fine art, and the newly-appointed vendors could no more be trusted 
than the old-time saloon-keepers, many of them made large fortunes at the 
sacrifice of the government. Things went from bad to worse. 

The Wines and Beer Act is often referred to by Quebec politicians and 
liquor men as a “Prohibition Act.” They never tire of expatiating upon the 
evils which accompanied it, and of saying derisively, “That’s what happened 
when we had prohibition.” The prohibition element in the Act, apart from 
the elimination of hard spirits, was about as weak as the alcoholic content of its 
wine and beer was strong. Six per cent beer and fifteen per cent wine are not 
what might be called “temperance” drinks. The word “light” in the Act was a 
joker. None have enjoyed the joke more than the brewers of Quebec whose 
stock from that time advanced from $15 a share to $200 and more, and whose 
plants, in some instances, have trebled and quadrupled in capacity. The light 
wines and beer fiasco was the opening wedge for government control. The 
strategy of the wets was superb! 

Early in 1921 “Government Control” was proposed by the Quebec Govern- 

215 



ment, under its new premier, Hon. L. A.< Taschereau. The proposal received 
the hearty approval of many of the Roman Catholic prelates and the Anglican 
Bishops of Montreal and Quebec cities. That word “control” has a magic 
appeal in it to the uninitiated. The liquor interests again put it over on the 
people of Quebec. Through a special aet of the Legislature the Government 
took over the liquor business of the province in May; 1921. Radical changes 
were made—and mark you, these changes were brought about without any 
reference to the electorate who two years before voted only for “light” wines 
and beer. Thus began the Liquor Oligarchy of Quebec. 

Under government control the Quebec government operates through a 
commission of five members who are paid large salaries and who are sup¬ 
posed to have .no personal interest in the manufacture or sale of liquor. This 
Commission controls the possession, sale and delivery of all alcoholic liquors 
in the province. Permits or licenses are granted to breweries, hotels, taverns, 
groceries, restaurants or cafes, clubs, steamers and dining-cars. The commis¬ 
sion has restored the sale of hard spirits, withdrawn all previou restrictions in 
regard to the alcoholic strength of liquors, and materially extended the hours of 
sale—from 7 p.m. in taverns.and groceries to 11 p.m.. In Liquor Commission 
stores, wines and hard spirits (whiskies, gins, brandies, etc.) are sold in sealed 
packages, not to ! be drunk on the premises. The sale of hard spirits is confined to 
the Commission stores,, the law being that- only one bottle shall, be sold a.t 
one time to a customer—but this does not prevent a customer from repeating 
a purchase at the same store or other stores, as many times as he desires in 
a day. Beer or ale is sold by the glass or bottle in taverns, to be consumed 
upon the premises, and by the bottle or case in licensed groceries, not to 
be consumed upon the premises. Wine and beer, are sold in cafes, restaurants, 
hotel dining rooms, clubs, and dining cars. Brewers sell direct to license- 
holders, collecting for the government five per cent on their gross sales. 

The liquor corpmission has located its main offices and warehouses in 
Montreal. They are the last word in equipment. So large has the business 
become that additional offices and warehouses have been established in Que¬ 
bec City. Some 1,300 persons are employed by the Commission. Liquor 
stores are placed at the discretion of the Commission, as well as licenses or 
permits granted, in municipalities where local option does not prevail. The 
Commission stores are open every day, except holidays, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m— 
on Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Taverns and licensed groceries are open 
from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. 

Prosecutions for infringements of the Quebec Liquor Act can only be 
conducted by the Commission who may, at their will, act or not act in a 
given case. No sales of liquor can be made by Commission stores or by 
those places possessing permit to any person under 18 years of age; to any in¬ 
terdicted person; to any keeper or inmate of a disorderly house; to any person 
already convicted of drunkenness or of any offense caused by drunkenness; to 
any person who habitually drinks alcoholic liquors to excess and to whom the 
commission has prohibited the sale of liquor by reason of the applications of 
relatives, employers, curators, pastors or mayors. These regulations look well 
upon paper, but they are honored more in the breach than in the observance. 
Such, in brief, are the essential features of the Quebec Liquor Act. 

216 


The Quebec government is very proud of its liquor policy. It claims that 
h is “a happy and profitable solution of a difficult problem/’ .and worthy of 
the imitation of the world. It certainly is a happy and profitable solution for 
the liquor interests, for nowhere in the world ar.e they so generously treated. 
Every facility is afforded them for the sale of their products.. Their trade is 
fully protected and encouraged, and a market is ever.assured them— 1 the sole 
customers, legally, being the Government and those, who are. licensed by the 
Government. Not only has the government become a good friend of the trade 
but it has entered into close partnership with it. So complete is the identi¬ 
fication that they constitute 

“Two souls with but a single thought, 

Two hearts that beat as one.”. 

When Government Control was introduced into the Province of Quebec 
in 1921 the people were promised many beneficial results. They, were told 
that it would be the greatest of temperance measures, and the government 
sponsoring it, the greatest of temperance societies. It was prophesied that 
sobriety, morality and business would make “great strides/’ taxes would be 
reduced, and the public debt would be wiped out in twenty years, bootlegging 
would reach the vanishing point, educational and philanthropic institutions 
would revel in augmented grants, and a net-work of. well-paved, highways would 
be built. It was a most ravishing prospect! 

After six years of trial we find that in almost every feature the glowing 
picture of 1921 has failed of realization. Government Control does not control. 
Instead, it has meant a skilful and thorough revival of a business that in 1918 
was hopeless and dying because of the prospect of prohibition, but which now 
has become the most prosperous business in the province—in truth the ONE 
GREAT BUSINESS! 

Let us look at some of the definite results of Government Control in 
Quebec. 

I. RETROGRESSION—morally and legislatively. 

All the restrictive legislation won in the days of license, after thirty years 
or more of struggle, has practically been lost. 

This may be seen in the restoration of hard spirits prohibited eight years 
ago; the withdrawal of all restrictions regarding the alcoholic content of 
wines and beer; the extension of the hours of sale; the revival of the treating 
custom abolished in 1916; the removal of the distance limit between a drink¬ 
ing place and a church, school or hospital; the infringements upon the rights 
of petitioners; the return of the saloon under the more euphonious name “tav¬ 
ern,” upon old saloon sites with old saloon-keepers in charge, with the same 
old associations of drunkenness, brawls, stabbing affrays and murders. 

TI. THE FIRMER ENTRENCHMENT OF THE LIQUOR TRAFFIC— 

and THE GOVERNMENT. 

The Government of Quebec has got the liquor business and the liquor 
business has got the Government. The province has had fastened upon it 
a system which, year by year, increases and strengthens its political, social and 
business ramifications. The liquor interests practically control the situation 
politically and help to keep the Government in power. They have so as¬ 
sembled and focused the corrupting influences of the province that the Ad- 

217 


ministration which has been such a friend to them can confidently look forward 
to a long tenure of office. At the last elections the Taschereau government 
was returned by a majority of seven to one. So discouraged was the opposi¬ 
tion at the results that for some time there was considerable talk of leaving the 
whole political field in Quebec to the government. This, if carried out, would 
be the finishing touch to any hope of political integrity and purity in Quebec 
as well as of independence. Talk about the power of Tammany in New York; 
it is feeble compared with the power now exercised by the liquor interests in 
Quebec. They have put a great fear into the hearts of many public and 
business men who in other days showed some semblance of self-assertion 
and independence. For business and political reasons men are afraid today to 
say or do anything that might incur the disfavor of the powers that be. This 
insidious fear has entered even the church, and pulpits once distinguished 
for their fearless onslaughts upon the liquor traffic are now pitifully silent. 
The man in the pulpit, ‘in business and in politics in Quebec who will speak the 
truth aloud in relation to the drink evils, must be prepared for martyrdom. 
The cry of the Moderationist is “P.ersonal Liberty!’’ but there is no such 
thing when brewers and distillers once get control of the government of a 
country. 

III. THE “RESPECTABILIZATION” of the TRAFFIC. 

Individuals who could not have been persuaded to enter the old-time bar¬ 
rooms are now regularly patronizing the Liquor Commission stores with their 
attractive white fronts, fine furnishings and ornamental shrubs. Homes that 
would not have tolerated liquor anywhere under their roofs for beverage pur¬ 
poses eight years ago are now, unashamed, keeping it on the sideboard or 
in the cellar. The fact that the Government of the Province has taken the 
business out of the hands of the rough element and has given it an appearance 
of decency and even refinement has influenced many superficial souls. The 
old saloon-keeper was ostracized from good society but his successor, the 
“Manager” of the Commission Liquor Store, though he still sells whisky and 
wine, can enjoy the official and social footing of a postmaster or customs,of¬ 
ficer. Dr. Desaulniers, a member of the Liquor Commission, remarked to 
me one day: ‘ I am very proud of our staff; they are a fine body of young men 
and women. Representatives of some of the best families in French Canadian 
history are among them.” He gave me the names of several whose forbears 
distinguished themselves in the political and social life of Quebec. Though a 
government may be able to do many things there is one thing it cannot do 
and that is change the character of alcohol. That character remains the same 
whatever the place or method of sale. The devil, though he appears as an 
“Angel of Light,” is still the devil—more to be feared than ever. 

IV. A TREMENDOUS IMPETUS TO LIQUOR ADVERTISING. 

Never in the history of Quebec or in any other part of the world, have the 

brewers and the distillers given so much attention to publicity. Millions and 
millions of dollars have been put into “print.” It is a rare issue of a Montreal 
daily that does not contain ten or more whisky and beer advertisements; 
Throughout the province in cities, towns, villages and countryside, in both wet 
?nd dry municipalities, on billboards, walls, fences, barns, and signs there leap 

218 






cut at one as he passes huge, colored pictures, extolling some special brand 
of ale or whisky. 

That advertising pays, the ever-increasing receipts of the Commission, 
the Brewers and the distillers and the steady increase in the consumption of 
liquors furnish abundant evidence. In five years the combined sales of the 
Commission and the brewers jumped from $30,897,142 to $36,587,354, with 
Commission profits ranging from $4,000,000 to $5,500,000. Compared with 
the old days under license the consumption of liquors, under Government con¬ 
trol, particularly in wines and beer, has increased several hundred per cent. 
In one year, 1923-1924, the increase in gallons of wine sold over the previous 
year was 72^4 per cent. In the same year the increase in the gallons of beer 
sold over the previous year was over 3,440,000. According to the statement 
of the Provincial treasurer, made in the legislative assembly a few months ago, 
the sales and consumption of liquor for the past year, not yet published, will 
greatly overshadow those of any former year. 

V. INCREASED DRINKING FACILITIES. 

Up to 1919 permits or licenses were gradually being reduced in number 
in Quebec, and local option municipalities were multiplying. This was the 
recognized policy of the former government; but now under the new system, 
that policy has been reversed. The wet municipalities have increased in five 
years from 90 to 277; the liquor commission stores from 64 to 91; and the num¬ 
ber of licenses issued to hotels, taverns, groceries, etc., from 1,861 to 2,769. 

Government control as applied to Quebec is a misnomer. “Control” im¬ 
plies restriction, reduction, limitation, but in Quebec it has no such meaning. 
It is “SALE” with every letter capitalized and the whole word underlined. 
The government is in the business for all that it can make out of it. Each 
new year, under the present system, makes the government more dependent 
upon its liquor sales as a revenue producer. It simply has got to have the 
money or it never could balance its budget for the year. Other and more le¬ 
gitimate sources of revenue are drying up. It cannot be otherwise when you 
rob Peter to pay Paul. Peter stands for the grocer, the dry-goods man, the 
shoe man, etc. Peter always suffers when more money goes into beer and 
whisky than into food and clothing and other necessities of life. $60,000,000 is 
the drink bill of Quebec—wholesale and retail, licit and illicit. Think of that 
for a population of 3,500,000! No wonder that thousands every year, for many 
years, have left Quebec for the United States for employment and higer wages; 
that Quebec leads the provinces of Canada, and has for six years, in the num¬ 
ber of its business failures; that the public or funded debt of the province has 
doubled in nine years; that taxes have increased. The economic pressure 
if not the moral appeal, may yet save Quebec from the abyss upon which it is 
hovering. 

VI. INCREASED ILLICIT OPERATIONS. 

“Vote for Government Control and drive out the bootlegger”—that has 
been the successful cry of the wets in many campaigns in provinces of Canada. 
There never was a more empty cry. Never were bootleggers and blind-pig¬ 
ging more in evidence in Quebec than during the last three years. The hu¬ 
miliating and disgraceful conditions revealed by the recent Customs’ Probe 

219 


have given to the.province the opprobious distinction of being the “Bootleg¬ 
gers’ Paradise.” 

The complaint of the Montreal Licensed Victuallers’ Association in 1926 
regarding “.the serious interference with the licit liquor business by the illicit 
liquor business,” and the recent resort to the “padlock” law by the authorities 
of Montreal and the Liquor Commission, are sufficient proof , that illicit op¬ 
erators have got beyond the control of the Commission. On .page 60 of the 
Liquor Commission’s report for 1923-1924 is this frank admission: 

“Notwithstanding our efforts, we are well aware that the illicit resorts 
still exist, and, that we shall never succeed in permanently closing up such 
places.” 

Thus goes by the .board that “trump” argument of the Moderationist that 
Government Control reduces bootlegging to the minimum. 

VII. INCREASED DRUNKENNESS. 

Increased facilities for drinking, increased sales and consumption of in¬ 
toxicating liquors can only mean increased drunkenness. Intoxicants intoxi¬ 
cate. Decreasing figures of arrests and convictions for drunkenness, such as 
those published by the Quebec government from year to year, have no value 
in a province where most lax standards of law enforcement prevail. Only 
those who are violently or embarrassingly drunk are ever arrested. In spite 
of official leniency the Secretary of the Montreal Police Department reported 
to the press a few weeks ago that the arrests for drunkenness for the first 
three months of this year in Montreal were 100 per cent more than for the 
corresponding period last year. “Le Gouffre,” a recent French Canadian pub¬ 
lication, declares, “Our mentality is Changing. Sobriety is leaving us. It is 
r.o longer appreciated; we even make a mock of it.” 

VIII. INCREASED HOME and SOCIAL DRINKING. 

This is the great tragedy of Government Control and it has been greatly 
encouraged by the Commission Stores and licensed groceries where liquors are 
sold in sealed packages, not to be consumed upon the premises. For one wom¬ 
an or girl who stood in line before the wicket of a Commission store during the 
first year of Government control there are now easily fifty. One afternoon last 
January I looked into a Commission store and found twenty persons waiting 
to be served. Of that number fifteen were females. 

Fewer and fewer are becoming those social circles in' Quebec that are 
satisfied with anything so mild, in the way of refreshments, as lemonade. It 
is appalling the number of Church people who have grown lax in this re¬ 
gard. At a party in the home of a church member in Montreal, not long ago, 
the daughter of a church official became so frightened that she begged the 
only young man present who was not under the influence of liquor to see her 
out of the place and to her own home as quickly as possible. A prominent 
clergyman in Montreal told a group of intimate friends that he had attended, 
iately, several wedding receptions in his parish. At nearly every reception 
liquor was served. At one gathering he and his wife seemed to be the only 
ones who refrained from drinking. 

In “Le Gouffre,” that pamphlet to which I have already referred, are 
ihese startling sentences: 

“Women and girls drink today without shame. Formerly in a salon, when 

220 


strong liquors were passed around, ladies and young men refused. Ill our 
days everybody takes their ‘little gflass- ? ^ I^icjiior, thanks to a skilful propa¬ 
ganda, has lost its ddroiis* stigma. Phblid opinion has so changed that people 
seem to believe that only narrow, spirits—Puritans and hypocrites—refrain from 
drinking.’’ 

It is a terrible thought that there is growing up among us in Quebec a 
generation of young people who are succumbing to the many insidious liquor 
appeals surrounding them, and who are acquiring an appetite that will make 
them, an days to come, a moral and spiritual menace in the communities in 
which they may dwell. What the Quebec Government, through its Liquor 
Commission, is sowing, it one day will reap. What the harvest will be it needs 
no vivid imagination to picture. The moral and physical blasting of the hope 
of the country is too high a price to pay for a few millions of dollars of profits. 
The wastage and loss are immeasurably greater than the gain. 

We have been looking at the dark side of the temperance situation in 
Quebec. To many there is but one side and it is as black as the proverbial 
Egyptian night. But there is a bright side, thank, God, and we must not fail to 
recognize it. 

There are signs which point to the coming of a better day. One is the 
splendid work of the Provincial Bureau of Hygiene—a department of the 
government. It is distributing large posters and various attractive pamphlets 
among the youth of the province warning them of the dangers of intoxicat¬ 
ing liquors. In one of the pamphlets called “Instructions and Advices,” p. 2, 
there are these words which no prohibitionists could improve upon: 

“Abstain from alcbhol; alcohol clouds the intellect, stimulates the passions, 
blunts the conscience, removes that salutary fear which restrains and protects.” 

But in another department of the Government—The Liquor Commission, 
the Government is doing all it can to counteract the work of the Bureau of 
Hygiene. Ah, consistency, thou art a jewel! 

The second encouraging sign in Quebec is the pamphlet “Le Gouffre,” al¬ 
ready mentioned. “Le Gouffre” means “the Gulf” toward which the province 
is drifting through Government control. It is one of the strongest indictments 
of the system ever written and was published by “The Committee of the Sober,” 
—a committee composed of French Canadian Roman Catholic priests and busi¬ 
ness men in Montreal who have become both disgusted and alarmed at the re¬ 
sults of government control. Fifty thousand copies of this pamphlet have been 
distributed in the province and they are bound to exercise a great influence on 
the future attitude of the French Canadian. 

Remember, eighty-three per cent of Quebec is French and Roman Cath¬ 
olic. The greater burden of responsibility for deliverance from Quebec’s 
greatest curse rests upon our friends of another race and faith. We of the 
minority have more than once assured the temperance leaders of those who 
constitute the overwhelming majority of our readiness to follow their lead in 
any step they may take to promote temperance reform. We are anxiously and 
prayerfully awaiting their action. When they do act the clock will strike 
twelve for old John Barleycorn, not only in Quebec, but in the whole Domin¬ 
ion of Canada. 


221 



PROHIBITION OF BEVERAGE ALCOHOL AS EXPRESSED BY THE 
EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT, THE VOLSTEAD ACT AND 
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

Hon. Robert L. Owen, 

Long time U. 8. Senator from Oklahoma 

If the human race can be said to have a dangerous enemy, probably the 
first place should be accorded to beverage alcohol. It comes in the most at¬ 
tractive, seductive, alluring forms, in beautiful colors, in pleasing odors and 
flavors, under the guise of social good cheer, fun and comradeship. It comes 
as a good fellow and like a friend, and causes friends to kill each other from 
the insanity or imbecility and passion which it excites. It has proved itself a 
monster which leads men through lighthearted stages of pleasure and joyous 
merriment to the unexpected and sudden gusts of passion, cruelty and the 
most brutal wickedness, where the victim destroys his best beloved and himself. 

For a century, its evils were discussed and exposed and fully estab¬ 
lished. It was shown to be destructive of the physical forces, of the human 
body; it was proved that it made the muscular powers weak, inert, unrespon¬ 
sive, and brought the body to decadence and ruin, that it rendered the mind 
incapable of its best efforts, producing foolish excitement, passion, imbecility, 
delirium and insanity, that its end was vagrancy, poverty, the poor house, the 
jail and death. It meant social loss, disorder, unhappiness. 

Lender the Right of Self Government and the powers of the Constitution 
of the LTnited States and of the several states, the lovers of peace, of the 
homes, of the women and children of America began the battle for the abate¬ 
ment of this grave evil and in thousands of contests finally voted over 2,300 
out of 2,500 counties dry and thirty-three out of forty-eight states dry, but 
the unscrupulous desire to make money out of this traffic would not permit 
local territory when voted dry by a State to enjoy in peace the policy of 
abolishing this evil. Dry states were invaded continuously and as a remedy 
National Prohibition followed. The votes in the legislative assemblies of the 
ratifying states averaged 6 to 1 for the policy. Forty-six out of 48 states 
ratified the Eighteenth Amendment. 

The Supreme Court of the United States declared that Congress was 
within its constitutional rights in submitting the Amendment and that the 
states were within their rights in ratifying it, that the Eighteenth Amendment 
was constitutional. 

Now by the friends of the liquor traffic it is urged that the law cannot 
be enforced, that the Volstead Act is too drastic; that the evils of a disregard 
of the Prohibition laws are worse than the liquor traffic and its consequences; 
that the rigid rule of the Volstead Act must be abated to prevent the more seri¬ 
ous consequence of contempt for all laws following. 

The plain answer is, that the rigid rule is the only one truly enforceable 
as shown by actual repeated experience. 

That the law can be enforced and will be enforced when the Chief Execu¬ 
tive of the Nation and of the several states energetically selects and instructs 
his subordinates and the willful repeated violator of the law is given the 
Baumes plan of chastisement for his criminal impudence. 

222 


The fathers and mothers of America have a right to protect their chil¬ 
dren and their own peace. They have for decades fought to abolish this habit- 
forming, dangerous drug as a beverage. They have by boundless human 
energy written it in the Constitution. The increasing wealth, prosperity, in¬ 
telligence of America and the happiness of the people have verified the wis¬ 
dom of the policy. 

The world would be better and happier if it were a world policy. 

Alcohol takes its revenge on the families of those who encourage its 
use as a beverage quite outside the penalties of the law and parents who defy 
the law of the land before their own children in their own homes need not won- 
oer if their children follow the evil parental example and become law breakers. 

The law can be enforced. The law must be enforced, or Chaos will come 
to replace law and order. 

No thoughtful patriot will have the desire to encourage this illicit cov¬ 
etous traffic when he reflects on the sound reason which justifies the pol¬ 
icy and how slight and transient, the trivial pleasure the violation of the law 
can give. He commits a grave wrong with no adequate compensation. 

The friends of prohibition must continue through the churches, schools, 
clubs and social circles the education that established prohibition. It has been 
education in hygiene, sanitation, and the care of the human body which has so 
greatly extended the average of human life and the study of the destructive 
effects of alcohol has been an important branch of this great advance in 
human instruction. 

The lovers of men must not relax their energies. Education and more 
education is the condition upon which continued prohibition must depend, for 
its enemies are active and have a pecuniary self interest to keep them vig¬ 
orous. 


YOUNG PEOPLE’S VESPER SERVICE SUNDAY EVENING 
SPECIALIZED SERVICE FOR GOD 

Miss Graccio Leggo Houlder, of Victoria 

A common cause, a human cause, makes the whole world kin. Our world 
congress is a striking and significant illustration of our fundamental kinship 
in a common, human cause. A grand achievement also makes the whole 
world kin as was evidenced by the achievement of young Lindbergh! Achieve¬ 
ment, art, music, literature, belong to all and help all. Lindbergh’s achieve¬ 
ment, which thrilled and glorified the world in its outburst of admiration and 
praise, typified the potential vision, daring, courage, and achievement of uni¬ 
versal youth! In “Lindbergh, through Lindbergh, the world reacted;” re¬ 
sponded to a potential achievement realized. 

We hear much of the delinquencies of youth. Be not alarmed! Youth 
gravitates in the main, to the heroic, the heroes, the good! Few aspire 
after a career of crime. Millions aspire after success, achievement and respect 
of others. Youth in the main, sees that a man may be poor in worldly goods 
and yet be rich in the respect of others. It is not a hard task to inspire the 
best in youth. 

My six brothers, with hundreds of thousands of other Australian young 
men, wore the uniform of the Australian Imperial forces during the World 

223 



War. They volunteered their services, offered their lives, and were ready to 
die, inspired by the motive, that the war in which they were to serve was “a 
war to end war.” These hundreds of thousands of young men who repre¬ 
sented the flower of Australia’s young manhood, were , so ready, so eager to 
DIE, if need be! 

For centuries pictures of “dying for one’s country” had been held before 
youth. Youth had looked into the mirror of the past and seen reflected there 
the honor and the glory of the battlefield and the halo of a soldier’s death. The 
viewpoint of youth is changing today as the mirror of the present and future is 
held before them. They see reflected there the equal glory, the honor, of 
living for their country—the halo of a good loyal soldier and of citizenship 
and peace. 

Here then, today, is youth’s place—in the World Fight Against Alcohol¬ 
ism. —Everywhere young men and young women are catching the new view¬ 
point, seeing the new vision of .human service. All over the world eager young 
men and women are coming forward offering themselves in service to the 
common cause, of World Prohibition. “How can we fit ourselves to do effec¬ 
tive work?” they are asking. “How impress others with the need of joining 
forces with the World Prohibition movement? How recruit? How swell the 
ranks of the grand army of Prohibitionists?” and the answer!-—? 

This is the age of specialists. 

In every department of life, whether it be scientific, social service, edu-, 
cation, industry, we recognize the need of specialization—one-pointedness, a 
focusing point in reaching the goal. 

Physical, moral, mental and spiritual attributes are indispensable qualifi-. 
cations for leadership. Personality, or its development is essential, meaning 
perseverance, courage, love of beauty, cheerfulness, intellectual and spiritual 
capacity, personal magnetism, or God consciousness. 

Discrimination' is necessary aLlso, to choose between the useful and the most 
useful; discretion as to the utilization of one’s, energies, the cultivation of the 
imagination, and conservatism regarding one’s activities. 

To be effective in the fight, the real character of the fight must be grasped, 
the true nature of alcohol as a beverage studied, and the need for its elimina¬ 
tion realized. The many splendid selling points of world prohibition must 
be worked upon, especially the one of racial preservation. 

Never antagonize if you can help it. Win your enemies by tolerant un¬ 
derstanding, tact and love. 

SUNDAY EVENING SESSION 

GOOD TEMPLARS ARE GOOD SOLDIERS 

Lars 0. Jensen, 

International Chief Templar, International Grand Lodge, I. 0. G. T., 

Bergen, Norway 

Wordsworth in one of his fine poems has given a description of what he 
calls The Happy Warrior. 

“Who is the happy warrior? Who is he 
That every man in arms should wish to be? 

224 



—It is the generous spirit, who, when brought 
Among the tasks of real life hath wrought 
Upon the plan that pleased his boyish thought; 

Whose high endeavors are an inward light 
That makes the path before him always bright; .... 

Who, doomed to go in company with Pain, 

And Fear and Bloodshed, miserable train! 

Turns his necessity to glorious gain; 

In face of these doth exercise a power 
Which is our human nature’s highest dower; 

Controls them and subdues, transmutes, bereaves 
Of their bad influence, and their good receives; 

By objects, which might force the soul to abate 
Her feeling, rendered more compassionate;.... 

Who comprehends his trust, and to the same 
Keeps faithful with a singleness of aim; 

And therefore does not stoop, nor lie in wait 
For wealth, or honors, or for worldly state:.... 

Who, whether praise of him shall walk the earth 
For ever, and to noble deeds give birth, 

Or he must fall, to sleep without his fame, 

And leave a dead, unprofitable name— 

Finds comfort in himself and in his cause 
And while the mortal mist is gathering, draws 
His breath in confidence of Heaven’s applause; 

This is the Happy Warrior; this is he 
That every man in arms should wish to be.” 

It is in such a light that we Good Templars try to be Good Soldiers. 

The very name “Templars” reminds us of a band of ancient soldiers, and 
consequently “Good Templars” should be “Good Soldiers.” But I wish to 
remind you that among the ancient Templars we had not only the fighters but 
also those who helped the sick and wounded, the poor and the afflicted, and 
we had reached the preachers of the Gospel. Now the Good Templars try 
to cover all these three fields. 

You know that, like some other temperance orders, the Good Templar 
order arose out of the Washingtonian movement from a desire to save those 
drunkards that had signed the pledge during that movement but who were in 
danger of falling back as long as temptations met them in the shape of open 
saloons on every street corner. And the Good Templar Order was founded 
to prevent the young from ever becoming drunkards, to protect them. This 
work of reclaiming, saving and protecting was the first to which the order 
turned its attention. And I think I may confidently say that the Good 
lemplars have been the best soldiers in the temperance army for the task of 
reclaiming drunkards, saving those that had been reclaimed, and protecting 
the youth. In my own country, Norway, the president of our oldest and 
largest temperance society used to refer the hardest cases of drunkenness 
to the Good Templar order as the organization best equipped to take care of 
the drunkards. 


225 


Many years ago our International Secretary, Bro. B. F. Parker, estimated 
that more than 500,000 had been saved from drunkenness through the order, 
and it has saved hundreds of thousands since then. I think this justifies us in 
calling the Good Templars Good Soldiers. 

And there is this difference between our warfare and ordinary warfare, 
that we do not detain in prison the captives that we have made from the 
enemy’s ranks. We give them a fuller and more complete liberty than any 
'had ever enjoyed before. They generally become the best fighters for our 
cause. 

By this work of ours we have not only won recruits from the ranks of 
the enemy, we have also given to the general public an object lesson on the 
value of total abstinence. It might perhaps not be so easy in those early 
days to prove scientifically that total abstinence was right, but it was easy for 
us to point (the very great difference between the drunkards’ home and 
the home of the same man when he became an abstainer. Here was some¬ 
thing that people could understand, and hundreds and thousands of good men 
and women who had never been given to drink, joined the ranks of the tem¬ 
perance army to help us. So we aroused the interest of the public at large 
in total abstinence. In this way, too, we became Good Soldiers. 

After we had awakened interest in the movement we formulated our prin¬ 
ciples and our aims, and we declared for Total Abstinence for the Individual 
and Prohibition for the State. 

Like good soldiers we hoisted our flag and showed our colors, and in 
our platform embodied the two methods of moral suasion and legislative meas¬ 
ures. But we did not only hoist our flag and show our colors, like good 
soldiers, we followed them. I contend that there is no temperance society 
that has been more thoroughgoing in its teachings and more strict in its ob¬ 
servance of the principles of total abstinence than the Order of Good Tem¬ 
plars., and we have had the satisfaction of seeing other temperance organiza¬ 
tions educated up to the same standard. We think that this is also an instance 
of good isoldiership. 

And as far as I know we were the first great organization to hoist the 
prohibition flag. Not only in America but also in the different countries of 
Europe, we have been the pioneers of prohibition, as on the Continent of 
Europe we have been the pioneers of total abstinence. Let us remember that 
it was through Good Templars like Professor Forel and Professor Bunge that 
the foundation was laid for the scientific investigation of the alcohol question 
in Continental Europe. It was Good Templars that started and kept up the 
International Anti-Alcohol congresses which have become such a prominent 
feature in our movement. And if we turn to the special representatives in 
Europe of the World ’9 League Against Alcoholism we find that they are 
Good Templars, the leaders of the temperance bureaus, the Central Bureau 
in Lausanne, Switzerland, and in Norway and Sweden, are Good Templars. 
If you just look at the names of the leading members of this Congress I 
think that you will find the International Order of Good Templars as well 
represented as any other temperance organization. I therefore claim that we 
have been Good Soldiers by giving leaders to our movement. But not only 
leaders. If I am to draw conclusions from my own country, it is first and 

226 


foremost the Good Templars that are called upon when any great fight is on 
for temperance. Do not let us forget that Iceland was the very first country 
in the world to enact prohibition, though it has been obliged through brutal 
force on the part of the enemies of prohibition to give it up partly. And there 
is really not the shadow of a doubt that Good Templary brought prohibition 
to Iceland. 

During this Congress we have been repeatedly reminded that prohibition 
must not only be enacted, it must also be enforced. Now I do not know what 
all the different temperance organizations have done to impress upon their 
members their duty of trying to have the prohibitory laws enforced. What I 
do know is that the Good Templars are all distinctly and expressly pledged 
to support and uphold” the prohibitory laws of the country, so if you want 
to join a Law Enforcement League you may join the International Order of 
Good Templars. And I may tell you one significant fact. After prohibition 
had been enacted in Finland, the Finnish Temperance leaders said, “Now we 
must introduce the Good Templar Order into Finland in order to secure and 
keep prohibition.” So we have now both a Swedish speaking and Finnish 
speaking Grand Lodge and the two Finnish delegates to this Congress are 
both of them Good Templars. 

But have we shown our selves as Good Soldiers in the way of organ¬ 
ization work? I think we have. You remember that before the Order was 
started we had the Sons of Temperance, the Daughters of Temperance and 
the Cadets of Temperance. The Good Templars united all these small groups 
in their lodges and especially I would call your attention to the fact that we 
brought in the women and gave them equal rights with the men, so starting 
the Worlds Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, and I remember myself 
having met that venerable leader of the Women’s Crusade, Mother Stuvar,' in a 
Good Templar lodge. In our Northern European countries it was the good 
Templars that took the initiative and established the Federation of Temperance 
forces in these countries. 

And in my own country it was the Good Templars that first established 
a systematic work among the juveniles, a work which has been taken up by the 
other temperance societies now. But I want again especially to mention our 
work for bringing in the women. In Norway we were the very first society 
of any kind that gave to the women equal rights with the men. After some 
years, our largest organization, the Norwegian Total Abstinence Society, fol¬ 
lowed our lead. When in 1894 a new liquor law .was passed, the women were 
given the right to vote in a direct vote on the liquor question. This again 
paved the way for universal female suffrage, which Norway was the first 
country in Europe to adopt, even before the United States of America. I 
think the Good Templars have proved to be the Good Soldiers by thus enlist¬ 
ing the most powerful part of our present temperance army. 

I have not time to mention all the different new activities and methods 
first taken up by the Good Templars in the temperance movement. I may 
only mention that we took up the slogan “The world is our field.” 

Much has been said at this Congress about the importance of education, 
so far as temperance is concerned. Now, in my own country, it was the 
Good Templars that took up the question of temperance instruction in our 

227 


schools which has now been adopted, though we do not call it scientific tem¬ 
perance teaching because our Norwegian boys and girls of nine up to 16 or 17 
years old are not so well developed that we can speak of a real scientific 
temperance teaching. Still it is temperance instruction. 

But I want to call your attention to some other factors where the Good 
Templars have proved to be helpful in Temperance work and to be good sol¬ 
diers in the temperance army. It is not only through the spreading of 
knowledge and the teaching and enforcement of legislative measures that 
we try to solve the temperance problem. It is also through creating greater 
will power especially among the young. In this respect I contend that the 
Good Templars have done a great work, a work that I have myself seen 
in our lodges in Scandinavia. Through our reading-circles, through our work 
for general education, through filling the minds of our youth with the great 
ideals and great thoughts of the spiritual leaders of the different countries, 
we have inspired the youth with new ideals, roused their zeal for different 
sorts of good work. Through the beautiful ceremonies of our school we 
have tried to open their eyes to the power of beauty and of art, of music and 
of song, because we think that the drink traffic cannot survive among men 
and women that are fully alive to the sense of beauty. The drink traffic 
brings with it too much that is ugly, too much of what is degrading, too 
much of what hurts our esthetical feelings to survive where there is a live 
sense of the beautiful. 

These things have not been spoken much of at this Congress, but I think 
they should be mentioned, for there are many men and women who know 
what is right and yet do not do right or that are not deterred from wrong¬ 
doing by fear of punishment. They need the strengthening of their will 
power and the lifting up of their minds to a higher plane of spiritual at¬ 
tainment, incompatible with drinking* and drunkenness. 

And last I will mention that the Good Templars through their festivals, 
through their social functions have tried to establish new customs, new fash¬ 
ions, new rules of etiquette for behavior and people’s conduct. We cannot 
close our eyes to the fact that a great many men and' also women are led 
more by custom and fashions than by intellectual knowledge and reason. 
Now fashions are sometimes adopted that are admitted to be bad. We must, 
then, try to establish new fashions, not withdraw within our homes or tem¬ 
perance societies, but go out into the world, associate with men and women 
that make the fashions and do our very best to make it fashionable to be 
total abstainers, to work for what is good and right, to uphold the laws 
and enactment of our country. 

On the whole, I think that it is by thus creating a new spiritual atmos¬ 
phere that we shall be able best to secure the permanent and general ob¬ 
servation of prohibition. If we are to attain this we must widen our minds, 
as expressed in the last plank of our Good Templar platform, which reads: 

“Cultivation of the ideal of the world-wide brotherhood of man regard¬ 
less of race, color or creed, with expanding effort to uplift and educate the 
members to social needs and obligations, while ever persisting in the deter¬ 
mination to save individuals, states and nations from intoxicating liquor, 

228 


the g*eat destroyer of life and happiness, until our success is complete and 
universal.” 

By hxjng up to this platform the Good Templars will be the best of 
soldiers, ant we invite all good men and women to join in this army. 

HO\K TO enforce national prohibition 

Wayne B. Wheeler, LL.D., 

General Counsel a%d Legislative Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League of 

America 

Enforceable Law 

The first requisite \>r prohibition enforcement is an enforceable law en¬ 
acted by the unit of goWnment that adopted the policy. Poor tools spoil 
many a good job. More t\an one prohibition experiment has failed because 
a weak or ambiguous law pWented the accomplishment of the popular will. 
Canada’s experiment is enlightening. Most people believe the provinces of 
Canada abandoned prohibition \fter giving it a fair trial. The fact is that 
Canada never had real prohibition except to a partial degree during the war. 
The provinces did not have the Wthority to adopt enforceable laws. They, 
could not forbid manufacture or transportation of intoxicants. Beer and 
wine were shipped into the nominally dry provinces from the wet ones. 
Liquor entransit through a province \eaked out until the containers either 
vanished or went dry. Beverages supposedly destined for export were sold 
in the dry provinces. The sale of mechcinal liquor was loosely regulated. 
Social, economic and hygienic conditions wfcre far better in the provinces under 
this form of partial prohibition than in tm frankly wet provinces but the 
law could not be properly enforced because cd its own weakness. 

Efficient, Sympathetic Officials 

The second requisite is the appointment 01 election of capable, experi¬ 
enced officials who believe in the law they are to enforce. To put wet officers 
in charge of dry lav/ enforcement is as foolish as to set thieves to catch 
thieves. Where National Prohibition enforcement has failed during the first 
seven years in the United States, that failure is largely due to the appoint¬ 
ment or election of men who were opposed to the law or who publicly declared 
that they did not believe it could be enforced. Some of these wet officials 
frankly admitted that they had violated the law before taking office, but would 
obey it during theii tenure of office. They enforce the law, if at all, in a 
way to make enemies to it. With such men in important posts in the Prohi¬ 
bition Bureau, the liw did not have a fair chance in many places. Here is 
an example of the utterances of a man who was recently at the head of the 
mobile force of prohbition agents: 

“We Americans have no respect for abstract law as such. We look be¬ 
yond the law to decile whether it is a good law or a bad law. If we think 
a law is unfair or sill/—we ignore it or break it. We all do that.” ... 

“A citizen has to be selective in his law-abiding. He hasn’t time to obey 
all laws. He must pick and choose. 

“The sincere wet regards the law prohibiting him from drinking merely 
as the silliest and most tyrannical of a long series of superfluous, petty and 
unobeyable regulations which he meets and breaks every day of his life. 

229 




“We have a genius as a people for creating good customs by broking 
bad laws. When America ceases to break laws she will cease going ah^-d.’ ... 

Such utterances encourage law violators and discourage thos' who are 
working for a sober nation. The money spent on such an offi' er 15 worse 
than wasted. Courageous, capable, experienced officials who relieve in the 
law, can enforce it. Their conduct and public or private iterances should 
promote success and not defeat. 

Vigilance An Essential 

The third absolute necessity for law enforcement *s the old time price 
of liberty: eternal vigilance. A prohibition law will not be enforced if its 
friends demobilize. Our present difficulties are due largely to the general de¬ 
mobilization of the drys after the adoption of tb* Eighteenth Amendment. 
While the drys were shouting, “Thank God, that’s over, Hallelujah, it’s done,” 
the bootleggers, rum-runners and moonshiners got busy. It’s the modern 
version of the story of the man, from whom tte devil was cast. He did noth¬ 
ing to fill the vacancy and the demon returned, bringing seven other demons 
worse than himself, so that “the last stage of that man was worse than the 
first.” America has cast out the saloon, Hit the bootlegger, moonshiner and 
rum-runner must not be allowed to retu'n in force while the drys celebrate 
their victory. The moral forces of the nation, and especially those moral 
forces which are organized in the churfnes, must array themselves for a greater 
conflict now than in the fight for tfe adoption of prohibition. The mainte¬ 
nance and enforcement of this law io promote the general welfare takes more 
courage, persistence and self-sacri-lce than was required to fight against the 
drunkard-making saloon that we saw in the old days on the corner near our 
homes. 

Fixed Policy in Enforcement 

Another need is fewer changes in enforcement administration methods. 
There should be a more dehnite policy. Since national prohibition went into 
effect, there have been fou: different programs, besides countless lesser changes 
in enforcement administration methods. The first prohibition Commissioner, 
John F. Kramer, organized enforcement under state directors, subject to 
approval by Washington. His successor, Commissioneij Roy A. Haynes, 
continued the state, director system, with the addition of a mobile force in 
charge of enforcement work. When General L. C. Andrews was made As¬ 
sistant Secretary of the Treasury, he decentralized the department and abol¬ 
ished the major portion of the mobile force, substituting administrative district 
control for the state director system, and later provided brewery squads and 
alcohol squads to operate throughout the country. In September, 1926, As¬ 
sistant Secretary of the Treasury Andrews arranged for a system of zone 
supervisors with a co-ordinator in certain sections to seture co-operation be¬ 
tween the customs, coast guard and prohibition departments. A department 
can be reorganized often enough to destroy its efficiency A Prohibition Re¬ 
organization Bill, passed by the last Congress, now fixes Authority and respon¬ 
sibility for enforcement and extends the civil service provisions to the employes 
of this bureau. This is a long step in advance in establishing stability in ad¬ 
ministration of the law, if its purpose is carried out. \ 

It is to be hoped that enforcement and not unnecessiry reorganization wil' 

230 




be the keynote now. This does not mean, of course, that the weak spots in 
the organization of the last few years, should not be changed or that new 
legislation should not be enacted when needed. 

Meeting New Emergencies 

Emergencies will repeatedly arise, requiring minor changes. A law pro¬ 
hibiting an evil like the liquor traffic can only become perfect through time and 
experience. The states have learned that in their long fight. Counsel for the 
hquor group find means to evade certain provisions of the law, necessitating 
amendments to the statutes. New strategy may need to be evolved to meet 
new forms of lawlessness. Such action, however, does not require the aban¬ 
donment of policies and methods which have proven their worth, and does 
not mean a continuous program of administrative reorganization. Neither 
should the constant effort of the drys to put the law into the best enforceable 
form and to secure the best type of officials be construed as a pretext for 
perpetuating their organization. It is, rather, an absolute necessity, if the na¬ 
tion is to meet the vicious lawlessness of a traffic that has always violated all 
regulative, retrictive or prohibitory laws. 

A Special Enforcement Bureau 

The permissive features of the law, and the control of non-beverage liq¬ 
uors makes necessary the establishment of an administrative bureau of 
prohibition. There are more than a thousand legitimate uses for alcohol. 
These must be served under a law prohibiting the beverage liquor traffic. It 
is a big task to supply this legitimate need and prevent it from being diverted 
to beverage uses. Furthermore, all alcohol is a potential beverage. The un¬ 
paralleled record of lawlessness of the beverage liquor element makes neces¬ 
sary special activity for the enforcement of prohibition which such a bureau 
is not necessary for the enforcement of many other laws. The liquor traffic 
has always been treated differently to any legitimate business. Even the court 
of last resort in New Jersey, years ago in State ex rel Judges 50, N. J. L. 5, 
said: 

“The sale of intoxicating liquor has from the earliest history of our state 
been dealt with by the legislature in an exceptional way. It is a subject by 
itself, to the treatment of which all analogies of the law appropriate to other 
topics cannot be applied.” 

Chief Justice White of the United States Supreme Court, speaking for 
the court in the decision on the Webb-Kenyon interstate liquor shipment 
law, made a similar declaration. 

Alcohol is a habit-forming, narcotic drug. The alcohol beverage traffic 
degrades and debauches everything it touches, from the individual to the gov¬ 
ernment. The special officers and license commissions who tried to control it 
under license could not make it harmless or even reasonably safe. Now that 
it is prohibited, it continues its lawlessness wherever it can find enough wet 
sentiment to support it or enough cowardly, corrupt or complacent officials 
to protect it. Only a special government bureau or department can ef¬ 
fectively suppress this dangerous outlaw. 

Present Diversion 

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. The diversion of 
alcohol and other liquors can be shut off by proper use of the permit feature 

231 


of the law without interfering with their legitimate use. We now make over 
100,000,000 gallons of industrial alcohol annually (105,375,000 wine gallons 
denatured; 191,670,000 proof gallons withdrawn for denaturing) and have about 
12,000,000 gallons of whisky in the warehouses, after making allowances for 
shrinkage, leakage, etc., besides other liquors. The government can write 
into the permits under which all this liquor is handled, whatever conditions 
are necessary for law enforcement in harmony with the provisions of the 
law. Prompt action in cancelling improperly used permits, and the imposi¬ 
tion of fines for violation of the regulations will discourage other permit 
holders from diverting these liquors and will shut off the supply base from 
many bootleggers. 

Enforce Through Officials 

An essential to prohibition enforcement is insistence that the law shall 
be enforced through the officers of the law and not through private commit¬ 
tees. When public officials will not do their duty the first inclination on the 
part of private citizens is to form a committee, hire a detective, get the evi¬ 
dence, file the case in court, put up a bond for all the costs to be incurred, 
and declare war on the outlaw. There are many reasons why this procedure 
has practically always failed. 

First of all, it was never contemplated by the law or by the procedure 
for its enforcement through the courts that private citizens should initiate 
these cases and prosecute them. As a matter of fact under many of the state 
and national laws, a private citizen cannot prosecute the case. In still other 
states, if a private citizen initiates a case, he must put up a bond for costs. 
As soon as this is done the organized outlawed traffickers fight the case harder 
than ever, pile the expenses high and if possible carry the case up and have it 
reversed in an upper court and wreck the law enforcement organization 
through the expenses it must pay. Many a group of well-intentioned citizens 
has become discouraged in the fight after proceeding in this manner and 
having to pay large sums because they did not start the case right. 

The officer of the law, whose duty it is to enforce the law, can begin any 
case of this kind and not be compelled to give bond for costs. If he is not 
doing his duty and will not cooperate with good citizens who are willing to 
help him, he will join the enemy. The fight on such officers should be begun 
as soon as they take that position. It may take a little longer to get such 
officials out of office and get loyal American citizens in their place, but in the 
long run one makes more headway in following out the plan contemplated by 
the framers of our Constitution and our Government. Officers all take an oath 
to support the Constitution and enforce the law. If they do it, let us back 
them up 100 per cent. If they fail, let us back them out at the next primary 
or election or defeat their appointment. 

Use the Whole Law and Every Governmental Agency 

Every arm of the law should be used by the government in this fight. Each 
departmental agency that can cooperate should make its contribution to the 
victory. The criminal penalties of the law should be kept up to the standard 
demanded by public sentiment, and should be imposed. Jail sentences are 
a greater deterrent of lawlessness than fines. Where the popular will has 
been aroused, such sentences may be made mandatory by legislation. Petty 

232 


fines and suspended sentences encourage, rather than discourage, liquor crim¬ 
inals. 

A second arm of the law is the injunction clause of the law for the abate¬ 
ment of liquor places as nuisances. These furnish speedy and effective pro¬ 
cedure. They are also merciful, since the original injunction merely serves 
notice upon the law-breaker that he must quit breaking the law or be pun¬ 
ished, permitting him to continue the legal part of his business. If he per¬ 
sists in law-breaking, he can be sent to jail and be fined a sum of not ex¬ 
ceeding $1,000 under the Federal law. The courts may padlock such illegal re¬ 
sorts for a year, if necessary. The sign “This place closed for one year by 
order of the United States District Court for violation of the National Prohibi¬ 
tion Act” may read on hotels and clubs worth millions of dollars. 

The individual bootlegger may also be enjoined. He can’t be padlocked 
for violating the injunction but he can be stopped, and if he continues to defy 
t he order of the court a cell-door may be locked upon him. Injunction cases 
are rarely reversed when carried to higher courts on appeal of defendants. 
This provision of the law, when used by the courts, gives an abrupt check to 
liquor lawlessness. 

Taxing the Liquor Outlaw 

The recent Supreme Court decision that bootleggers must pay an income 
tax even on their illicit trade reveals the use of the tax provision in the law 
in helping to destroy bootlegging by taking away the profit. Furthermore, as 
the Supreme Court of Tennessee 'held many years ago, sustaining a law which 
taxed the illegal sale of liquor, a tax law can be used in many instances 
against the illegal traffic more effectively than a criminal law because it is 
easier to enforce. The effective use of all the tax laws available will take 
from the illicit liquor dealer most, if not all, d his profit. This is a strong 
deterrent, as he is in the business for the moyty that is in it. 

Prosecute All Violators 

The general amnesty, offered in advance to the small bootlegger by some 
Federal officers who publicly declared thzt they would prosecute only the 
larger offenders, is one of the most dangerous invitations to crime. The dis¬ 
tinction drawn is as false as to suggest tpt only wholesale murderers shall be 
punished or that only embezzlements ?ver $10,000 shall be penalized. Such 
amnesty was offered by the United States District Attorney of New York two 
years ago and by some Federal prohibition officials, who asserted that they 
could not enforce the law against all tit violators and would thereafter ignore 
the small bootlegger and the propri^ors of small joints. Where there was 
no state enforcement law, as in Ne?v York state, this was naturally viewed 
as an invitation by the small fry bootlegger to do a wholesale law-breaking 
business. The officers responsible tor this attitude have been silenced ibut 
some subordinate officials still practice this indefensible system. 

We need federal officers who ^ill do their full duty. Naturally they will 
act against the big offenders first/ If they cannot handle the cases against 
all offenders, they can take them i Ijl order of importance and prosecute as many 
as possible, occasionally making/aids upon the smaller ones to remind them 
that they are lawbreakers and ^iable to punishment. When a unit of gov¬ 
ernment adopts a law by lega 1 and constitutional methods, it obligates the 

/ 233 


officers of that unit and subdivisions, so far as they have legal machinery with 
which to work, to enforce the law against all law-breakers. This is the 
announced policy of Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Mr. Lowman. This 
policy should be supported by the friends of enforcement. 

Cooperation 

The best enforcement of law can be secured only when officers cooperate. 
They are all public servants, hired to do the necessary work of government. 
Whatever knowledge one has of value to another, should be transmitted. 
Whatever aid one public servant can give another, should be given. Routine 
and red tape are not the ends of government; when they cease to be means 
to achieve the best results they should be severed. 

The United States is an association of people for the suppression of law¬ 
lessness and the promotion of the general welfare. Lawlessness, domestic 
or foreign, makes this association necessary. Every public official has a 
definite obligation to uphold the law and to hold up law-breaking. 

This cooperation of action includes concurrent action between Federal, 
state and local officials. For the first time in our history, a Constitutional 
Amendment places this joint responibility, which commands all national 
and state facilities for enforcement. 

This means the enactment of national, state and local law enforcement 
legislation and places a constitutional obligation upon all officers in these units 
to do their part in law enforcement. Neither state nor nation can shirk this 
clear and emphatic duty. If a state or city is a slacker and does not enact 
such legislation, it is nevertheless the duty of the Federal government to en¬ 
force the national law in such territory. 

The Federal government cannot command the cooperation of state offi¬ 
cials, but it can compel the united action of its own officers. After several 
years of effort, cooperation was secured between three divisions in the Treasury 
department; the customs, the coast guard and the prohibition bureau, func¬ 
tioning under a single assistant Secretary of the Treasury. Now that the 
Supreme Court has declared the bootlegger liable for the income tax, the 
tax division should cooperate consistently and vigorously in collecting these 
taxes. 

In the labor division, the border patrol which finds that smugglers of 
aliens and smugglers of liquor work together, should cooperate with the pro¬ 
hibition enforcement officers. The Deportment of Agriculture, with its author¬ 
ity over counterfeit labels and adultera\ed products, could assist the prohibi¬ 
tion bureau. There should be a close connection between prohibition en¬ 
forcement and the state department, whica makes treaties with foreign govern¬ 
ments concerning the liquor traffic and which receives complaints when the 
Coast Guard seizes rum-runners. 

No government office is an air-tight chamber, hermetically sealed against 
relation with other offices. There is just one governmental task: to promote 
the general welfare by enforcing the laws through which the people express 
their will. When office jealousies and reUtape hindrances and traditional 
lethargy is cleaned up, the government will function more easily and evil-doers 
will find the way of the transgressor is truly lard. 

234 


State Aid 

There are 2,400 Federal officers and agents in the Prohibition Enforce¬ 
ment Department, 10,000 enlisted men and 300 officers in the Coast Guard, and 
over 5,000 in the Customs Department, whose duty it is to aid in enforce¬ 
ment of prohibition. There are over 100,000 state, county and local officers 
who are also in duty bound to enforce the Constitution so far as they have 
the legal machinery to do it. It is manifest, therefore, that attention must 
be given to the kind of local and state officers who are chosen to enforce law. 
A larger proportion of local officers are shirking their duty than Federal 
officers. Their dereliction is the more inexcusable because in most instances, 
they have better laws with which to work and the procedure for enforcement 
in the courts is speedier and the penalties stronger. 

It Can Be Done 

What chance would a bootlegger have if all officers would use the pro¬ 
visions of the law that are available? The illicit traffic would soon be as 
dead as Hector. A criminal prosecution may be instituted against the law 
violator either under the National Prohibition or Conspiracy Act, or under 
the Internal Revenue laws as the nature of the evidence and gravity of the 
offense warrants. The penalties under the Internal Revenue Statutes are 
much more severe than those under the National Prohibition Act. If the 
circumstances justify, an action in equity may be maintained to padlock his 
premises. The landlord may terminate his lease, d/d the bootlegger, him¬ 
self, may be enjoined. He is liable for the occupational tax as a retail liquor 
dealer and may be required to file a return for h jd income for taxation under 
the income-tax law. The government may sUe / nim in a civil action for the 
$500 penalty provided by the National Prohibition Act and if he has con¬ 
federated with others he may be sent to the penitentiary for conspiracy. 

What would become of a moonshiner/if the laws were fully applied? 


ay be brought against him under 
al Prohibition Act. If he manufac- 


Like the bootlegger, a criminal prosecution 
either the revenue laws or under the Nati 
tures a still for the purpose of distilling Jte violates the law. If he sets it up 
he violates another section of the law. In carrying on the business of a dis¬ 
tiller on unauthorized premises he commjts another offense, and for defrauding 
the government of taxes other penaiyes are provided. A fine of not less 
than $500 nor more than $5,000, and imprisonment for not less than six months, 
nor more than three years, may be imposed for some of these offenses. In ad¬ 
dition, not only may the still be forfeited, but all personal property used in 
connection therewith and under certa/n circumstances the tract of land upon 
which it operates constitutes a lien u)on the property. The government may 
sue for the thousand dollar penalty provided under the National Prohibition 
Act. He, also is subject to the income tax law and to the conspiracy statute. 

Where would rum-runners be if all the customs laws against contraband 
goods were rigidly applied? The piaster of every vessel and the person iij 
charge of every vessel or vehicle f>ound for a port or place in the United 
States is required to have a manifest covering the cargo of contents. Officers 
cf the customs service are authorized to board vessels within twelve miles of 
the coast, to require production >f the manifest and to inspect for dutiable 
i cmmodities. A penalty is provded for the failure to have or to produce a 

235 



manifest; also a penalty for possessing fraudulent or false papers. It is 
unlawful to discharge any merchandise except through a port of entry, or 
as permitted by law. The master of the vessel is subject to a penalty for 
violation of these provisions. Any merchandise attempted to be illegally in¬ 
troduced may be forfeited as well as the vessel itself under certain circum¬ 
stances. Authority is given customs officials to inspect the personad bag¬ 
gage of persons entering the United States. The Supreme Court has held 
that American vessels guilty of violation of the Revenue laws may be seized 
upon the high seas. The Senate has ratified treaties with eleven of the prin¬ 
ciple maritime powers, extending the distance from the shore within which for- 
engn. vessels may be boarded and seized. If they have committed an offense 
against the laws of the United States, the Supreme Court has held that the 
vessel may be forfeited and all persons on board who have participated in 
the commission of the crime may be convicted. 

What about the poison liquor vendor? He violates all the laws relating 
to synthetic liquors, counterfeit products and false labels. He may be prose¬ 
cuted for criminal negligence and in many states, by special statutes if death 
results from his act, may be prosecuted for murder. In addition, any person 
who is injured in property or means of support, whether death results or not, 
may maintain a oivil action against him and recover actual and exemplary 
damages. These laws can be and will be enforced as the growing public sen¬ 
timent demands. 

In addition are the penalties for transportation and possession, sale or 
furnishing and other offensts provided in the law. This does not include the 
score and more of provisions of state prohibition laws and local laws and 
ordinances that may be legally enacted against beverage intoxicants under the 
Eighteenth Amendment. The state and in some places the county and in 
nearly every place the city or village can enact and enforce legislation similar 
to the National Prohibition Act. If Federal judges Impose small fines against 
law violators that are a travesty 01 justice, the penalties in the state or local 
legislation should be invoked for the same offense to stop the violation of law. 
If the laws in any unit of government are effectively enforced, there is no 
need of the others being invoked, end as a rule they are not called into 
operation. 

As long as a liquor criminal stubbornly continues to violate the law after 
his first conviction, no sympathy shou'd be wasted on him, even if he is ar¬ 
rested by officers of another jurisdiction for violation of the Prohibition law 
of that jurisdiction. This procedure ha; been recognized by the government 
from the beginning. A bootlegger is nether a good citizen nor a good sport. 
He is a traitor to his country, a leech on society, a poisoner and assassin of his 
fellow-men. He is the modern Judas caring only for his thirty pieces of sil¬ 
ver; the Twentieth Century Benedict Arrold who would wreck the nation for 
gain. The man who buys from him his contraband poison is particeps criminis 
and also violates the law. He is just as gtilty as the seller, with the exception 
that he is often a slave to the habit which tie bootlegger commercializes. 

The time has come to stop coddling ihese criminals and treat them as 
conspirators against the government, liquor outlaws and enemies of the 
Republic. 


236 


Nullification 

Nullification is a cowardly and sneaking form of treason and should 
be fought as vigorously. Weakness resorts to treachery only when in the face 
of overpowering strength. The wet appeals to nullification are a confes¬ 
sion of the lack of the numerical strength to obtain by legal and constitutional 
methods what they seek to gain by improper and dangerous means. Such 
doctrines are the more dangerous when advocated by prominent citizens, such 
as the President of Columbia University. 

If Dr. Butler has been correctly reported in the press, he gave utterance 
to many statements which savor of an approval of the doctrine that a citizen 
may, with moral impunity, disregard the Eighteenth Amendment to the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States. He quotes with seeming approval a state¬ 
ment from a recent book of Dean Inge, as follows: 

“ ‘Suppose/ says Dean Inge, ‘that the state has exerted its right by prohib¬ 
iting some harmless act such as the consumption of alcohol. Is smuggling in 
such a case morally justifiable? I should say, yes. The interference of a state 
in such matters is a mere impertinence’.” 

Another wet exponent of a chloroformed Constitution, former President 
Hadley of Yale, thus sows the seeds of disunion: 

“If we look back' fifty years to the condition of the South after the Civil 
War and study the history of the Fifteenth Amendment instead of the Eight¬ 
eenth, we shall recognize that there are times when nullification, rather than 
enforced obedience, may be the safer and more practical remedy for laws 
unwisly conceived or prematurely adopted. Great as are the evils of disobedi¬ 
ence to law, there have been occasions in the history of every great Common¬ 
wealth when what appeared on its face to be lawlessness was the manifes¬ 
tation, in more or less irregular fashion, of that spirit of self-government which 
is necessary to prevent legislation from degenerating into tyranny.” 

Less dangerous, possibly, because of his known advocacy of atheism 
and his consistent opposition to reform, but none the less subversive of the 
principles of sound government are the utterances of Clarence Darrow, who 
adds John Barleycorn to the list of criminals he defends against an af¬ 
fronted law. Referring to a question I put him during the debate in Carnegie 
Hall, New York, he said: 

“Now, let’s see about another one. ‘It is the duty of every good citizen 
to obey every provision of the Constitution and the law.’ How long do you 
suppose you would live if you did? 

“I undertake to say there isn’t a man in the United States who does it 
or tries to do it. Not one. 

“I tell you this, there isn’t a man of the intelligence of an ordinary moron 
who doesn’t know that people believe in enforcing only those laws that they 
believe in. 

“He (Wheeler) asked me whether, if I insist on my liberty to do a certain 
thing, what becomes of the liberty of the other fellow... ? Damn his lib¬ 
erty, that’s what I say!” 

If the time ever comes that this nullification dootrine is accepted by the 
people of the United States, then the Republic is doomed. Those who are 
opposed to the Eighteenth Amendment have a right to proceed in a legal and 

237 


orderly manner ito attempt to change it, but for leaders of public opinion to 
counsel and encourage the nullification or the defiance of a law because they 
personally do not like it, is so dangerous to constitutional government that it 
should be fought by every good American. This danger was foreseen by 
the Father of his country, who, in his farewell address, gave this clear-cut 
warning: 

“The basis of our political system is the right of the people to make and 
alter their Constitutions of government. But the constitution which at any 
time exists, ’till changed by the explicit and authentic act of the whole people, 
is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the rights of 
the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual 
to obey the established government. All obstruction to the execution of the 
laws, all combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, 
with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliber¬ 
ation and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive of this funda¬ 
mental principle, and of fatal tendency.” 

The nullificationists, whether they be intellectual highbrows or back-alley 
lowbrows, are enemies of this nation, and every good citizen should fight their 
indefensible doctrine wherever it is expressed, whether it be in the home, at a 
social function, a public gathering or as a practice of the government. 

How to Complete the Task 

The strength of the Anti-Saloon League has been the organization of the 
dry forces to do whatever is necessary to accomplish its task honorably. 
Those opposed to the saloon and the beverage liquor traffic were organized 
and public sentiment was educated to realize the evil effects of alcohol on the 
individual. Then the law was secured to abolish the evil traffic. This educa¬ 
tional work must be continued with the two million new voters who are added 
to the electorate each year and who know little or nothing of the saloon and 
why it was outlawed. Also former constituents and allies must be kept in¬ 
formed as to the needs of the cause and the work yet to be done. Unless 
the majority remain convinced of the wisdom of the prohibition policy, 
it will be repealed or nullified. 

Legislation to enforce the Constitution must be maintained and enforced. 
The Eighteenth Amendment will not be repealed. It must be enforced. 
This means not only national enforcement legislation but state and local en¬ 
forcement laws. The Federal Government, however, cannot side-step its re¬ 

sponsibility to enforce the Constitution, even if the state or local units fail. 
This legislation is constantly under fire of liquor outlaws and the opponents 
of prohibition. 

To secure the enforcement of this legislation, public officials should be 
appointed or nominated and elected who believe in our adopted policy of 

government and who will use the full power of the law to enforce the Eight¬ 

eenth Amendment. Officials who are hostile to this policy of government 
cannot be trusted to enforce it effectively. This means that the friends of pro¬ 
hibition must organize in the various units of government and require every 
official, regardless of his political obligations, who has to do with the enforce¬ 
ment of law, to state his position toward it or to present a personal record 
which is satisfactory. This means a fight in every village, city, township, 

238 


county, state and in the nation at large. We have the advantage in thus choos¬ 
ing the issue and the field of action. Few candidates will dare take a posi¬ 
tion against law enforcement. The shillyshallier, the side-stepper, the cow¬ 
ard, the nullificationist, will make a sorry figure in this conflict. The officer 
who 'betrays his constituents will be held up to scorn and repudiated at the 
next election, while the candidate who advocates law enforcement will have 
the respect and support of intelligent, worth-while voters. These contests 
will strengthen the moral fiber of the people and present an opportunity to 
educate public sentiment on the merits of prohibition. It gives the people a 
definite, worth-while program to adopt and put into operation. 

Law and its enforcement are the foundation of our republic. If the 
electors fail to enforce a constitutional provision legally adopted, the govern¬ 
ment itself fails. Like a break in a dike, lawlessness, unless quickly stopped, 
will engulf the nation. There is no more vital issue before the people than 
obedience to and enforcement of the law, the former to be secured by moral 
suasion and the latter by legal suasion. The enforcement of law protects all 
our personal and property rights and marks the dividing line between anarchy 
and constitutional government. Every share of stock you own and every foot 
of ground to which you hold title are based on these principles which are 
found in the Constitution. Over 100,000 local, state and national officers 
are involved in this conflict with lawlessness. Those officials who are doing 
their duty want and need the support of the organized force of good citizens. 
Those officers who are derelict and encourage lawlessness must be defeated if 
the Republic is to endure. The loyal and patriotic citizenship of the nation 
will rally to this standard of law obedience and law enforcement, and we shall 
win because our cause is right and because it means the safety and welfare of 
future generations. 

We are in the midst of the battle. From every side the enemy is at¬ 
tacking. The mercenaries of the brewer, the Hessians of the liquor dealer, 
the janissaries of the wine grower are massing as “shock troops” to attack 
enforcement from every angle. Their motto seems to be “All’s fair in war” 
for liquor. 

The Constitution itself is not sacred to these condotteri. Every faithful 
official is assailed by their venom. They seek to becloud the issue by false 
charges against any group that successfully fights against their program of 
lawlessness. The isuceess of the Anti-Saloon League has made our organi¬ 
zation the special target of their darts. Their deliberate purpose today ap¬ 
pears to be the breaking down of the morale of our workers and our sup¬ 
porters. Their sharpshooters are trying to pick off outstanding leaders. It 
is war—the desperate struggle of an enemy that has been driven to the last 
ditch by an unparalleled series of victories of the dry forces. 

Only the weak-kneed and the half-hearted will yield in this fight. The 
continued wet campaign of villification will over-reach itself. As Lincoln said, 
“You can fool all of the people some of the time and some of the people all 
of the time, but you can’t fool all the people all of the time.” Only those who 
want to be fooled will be deceived by the malicious charges of the pleaders 
for beer and booze. In spite of their attacks, the prohibition cause will neither 
slacken its onward movement nor change its successful strategy. With Grant, 

239 


we can say, “We will fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.” We 
take to ourselves the Pauline counsel: “Having done all, to stand.” 

The enforcement of law will win. The alternative is the wreck of the 
Republic. We have not invoked this condition. This dilemma is not of our 
creation, but the lawless liquor traffic has made it imperative that the nation 
choose; Prohibition or liquor domination; enforcement of law or anarchy. 
No sane man can doubt the outcome of that conflict. We will win. But the 
duration of the battle, the cost of the battle and the casualties of the battle 
may all be diminshed if with single mind and with solid front, we face the 
foe of God and native land. United, we are victors; divided, we are lost. We 
have repeatedly beaten this treacherous enemy. We can and will beat him 
again and again. The ultimate and decisive victory cannot fail to be ours. We 
summon to the fight every friend of God and His Kingdom. “God is with us 
and He is more than those who are against us.” 


ADDRESS 

Hon. Gifford Pinchot 
Former Governor of Pennsylvania 

Can the Eighteenth Amendment be enforced? 

It can. 

How do I know? 

Because I have tried. If it can be enforced in Pennsylvania it can be en¬ 
forced anywhere. 

It Was Enforced in Pennsylvania 

When I became Governor in 1923, Pennsylvania combined more elements 
of wetness than any other state in the Union. It was the source of more 
illegal drink than any other state and probably more than any other two. 
Pennsylvania breweries, more than 150 of them, were running full blast. 
Thousands of saloons were open by virtue of state permits under the Brooks 
law. 

Philadelphia was the head of the crooked alcohol business of the whole 
United States. Pittsburgh had more whisky in storage than any whole state 
except Kentucky. The political masters of every large city in the State were 
dripping wet. So was the dominant state machine. Not only was that ma¬ 
chine wet, but it had been for many years t'he obedient humble servant of the 
liquor interests, from whom it received much money. 

In a word, the whole social, financial, and political structure of the state 
w r as wet, and utterly scornful of the Constitution and the law. 

In the face of such a situation, there was but one thing for a dry governor 
to do, and that was fight. In my inaugural address I said: “This administra¬ 
tion will be dry. The executive mansion will be dry, and the personal practice 
of the governor and his family will continue to be dry in conformity to the 
spirit and letter of the Eighteenth Amendment.” And I gave due notice then 
and there that I would appoint to office and retain in office no one who would 
not obey the Constitution of the United States, including the Eighteenth 
Amendment. That pledge remained unbroken throughout the whole four years. 

In the legislature of 1923, in the hardest fight of the whole session, we 
knocked out the law to license saloons and replaced it by a law to drive out 

240 



saloons. That law was modeled on the Volstead law. It is still in force. 

In the session of 1925, again in (the hardest fight of the sesion, I was beat¬ 
en by the ibootleggers and their friends in the effort to secure by law the power 
to control the breweries and alcohol distilleries'. But at the extra session of 1926, 
called mainly to deal with law enforcement and clean elections, we beat the 
wets and secured additional legislation which, if properly used, is the most 
powerful weapon yet employed in Pennsylvania to compel respect for the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States. 

At the end of four years of uninterrupted fighting, but 61 of the 156 brew¬ 
eries remained, and all but ten of those under Federal permit. At least 40 
of the alcohol cover houses in Philadelphia had disappeared. A check-up 
of about 800 saloons open in Philadelphia in 1923 showed, just before my ad¬ 
ministration ended, 565 actually closed and nearly all premises occupied by 
legitimate businesses. 

The check-up of another list of 665 of the worst saloons open in 1923, cov¬ 
ering every section of the state, showed more than 400 actually gone. The 
remainder, instead of wide open places thronged with customers, had become 
timid and furtive speakeasies with meager patronage. 

In two-thirds of the counties of the State even the speakeasy saloon as 
a serious problem had disappeared. 

All this was accomplished in spite of intense opposition from the boot¬ 
leggers, the politicians, and the wets generally, with a State police force 
amounting to only one-quarter of a policeman for every city and borough 
in the state (and already overburdened with other work at that), and with 
the indispensable help of a fund of less than $150,000 raised by the Pennsyl¬ 
vania W. C. T. U.—one of the most patriotic services to humanity I ever have 
known in these United States. Not much for a four-year fight in a state of 
nearly ten million people, but enough for victory. 

Handicaps and all, what the whole four years of struggle proved, and 
proved absolutely is that the law can be enforced. They proved also that 
what is needed to enforce the law is just one thing, and that is determination 
to see that the law is enforced. 

Let me remark in passing that the damp daily press is continually telling 
us of some former prohibition official Who thinks the law cannot be enforced. 
The fact is that he never believed it could in the first place, and he is merely 
letting the cat out of the bag. Many of these alleged law enforcing officials 
have been caught violating the law they swore to uphold. It would be just 
as well worth listening to if an embezzling bank clerk were to tell us that 
banking could never be honest, and hence should be given up altogether. 

The Chief Obstacle 

During these four years of incessant effort to enforce the law, the chief 
obstacle against which I had to contend was not the bootleggers and the wet 
politicians; it was not the breweries and the distilleries. The chief ob¬ 
stacle to law enforcement in Pennsylvania during these four years was the 
Federal government at Washington. The thing which hampered me be¬ 
yond all else in attempting to compel respect for the constitution of the United 
States in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was the refusal of Andrew W. 
Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury, to have the law enforced. 

241 


When the Eighteenth Amendment was first passed, criminals generally 
assumed, as their past experience gave them every right to do, that the 
government of the United States would respect and enforce its own Consti¬ 
tution. Consequently, the figures of crime, poverty, and drink steadily de¬ 
clined from the date of the adoption of the Amendment until Secretary Mellon 
came into office. The present enormous development of bootlegging as a crim¬ 
inal and financial system has taken place entirely under Mellon’s administra¬ 
tion. 

For many reasons, Secretary Mellon is utterly unfit to have charge of the 
enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment. When appointed as secretary of 
the Treasury, Mellon was one of the largest makers of whisky in America, 
through his ownership of the Overholt distillery. Both because of his personal 
views and 'his business interests he was just the wrong man to enforce the law. 
The result has proved it. 

Being out of sympathy with the law enforcement himself, Mr. Mellon, until 
forced by the accumulating pressure of public sentiment to do otherwies, has 
put disbelievers in the law in charge of enforcing it. 

The first man Mellon put in charge of law enforcement in his own state 
of Pennsylvania was a state senator, McConnell, a violent wet and a man of 
known bad character besides. Within three months McConnell turned loose 
700,000 gallons of whisky on fraudulent permits. After being caught he was 
treated with extreme indulgence, and when finally he had to be indicted was 
never punished. 

Nothing is better known in executive work than that the spirit of the 
head man powerfully controls the purposes and actions of his subordinates. 
Mellon’s lack of interest in law enforcement, to* put it mildly, has infected the 
whole service under him. There is no other factor to which the present abom¬ 
inable condition of law enforcement in the United States is so largely due as to 
the refusal of Mellon to enforce the law for which he is responsible. 

Mellon’s own city of Pittsburgh is the wettest city in Pennsylvania. Mel¬ 
lon is the undisputed political dictator of that city. He could make it dry 
if he chose to make it dry. He does not choose. Most of his political, finan¬ 
cial and personal associates, over whom he holds complete domination if any 
man anywhere in this country does today, are openly against the Eighteenth 
Amendment. 

When I came into office whisky was being illegally removed openly and 
by wholesale from warehouses in the Pittsburgh district. Alcohol by the 
millions of gallons was being diverted into bootleg channels in the Philadelphia 
district. Breweries all over the state were running night and day, turning 
out high-powered beer. And all this in Pennsylvania with Mellon, a Penn¬ 
sylvanian, in charge of National prohibition. Nothing of the sort could have 
taken place if Mellon had seriously intended to enforce the law. 

The United States District Attorneys in Pennsylvania, all, of course, un¬ 
der Mr. Mellon’s political control, had quashed indictments against big boot- 
Uggers and wet politicians, one of them against the superintendent of Mr. 
Mellon’s Overholt Distillery for releasing on fraudulent permits over 45,000 
gallons of whisky. 


242 


Take it by and large, the situation in Mr. Mellon’s state could hardly have 
been worse. 

The most vigorous fights in two regular and one extra sessions of the 
Legislature during my term had to do with the effort to secure enforcement 
laws. In not one of them did Mellon give me any help of any sort. In all 
of them the Pittsburgh machine, which was completely under his control, 
was more virulently wet than any other machine in the state. 

I ask you to consider the spectacle of the Law Enforcer of the nation 
exerting his whole political power to bring about the admission of the wet 
Vare to his bought and stolen seat in the senate of the United States—Vare, 
to whose campaign fund criminals and bootleggers so largely contributed. 
Through Senator David A. Reed, Mellon’s bell hop, and others, Mellon’s wet 
Pennsylvania machine is doing its best to inject one more wet vote into the 
upper house of congress. This is the same Dave Reed, by the way, who de¬ 
manded a referendum on the wet and dry issue in Pennsylvania. 

But in spite of all this, someone, moved by great respect for Mellon’s 
great wealth, may still believe that Mellon is trying to enforce the law. If 
Mellon really wants the law enforced, then of course he wants it enforced 
in his own state of Pennsylvania. Since the recent election he has been the 
undisputed boss of the state. His nephew transmits his uncle’s orders. Mel¬ 
lon has his own way completely in the State government. 

And since he has had his own way in it every vigorous effort to enforce 
the Eighteenth Amendment has been dropped. This is more and worse than 
doing nothing to help law enforcement. For the State was enforcing the law 
when Mellon came into power. 

But the responsibility for failure in Federal law enforcement does not 
lie at the door of the Treasury department alone. There was a power in 
Washington that could have made even Mellon enforce the law. I mean the 
President of the United States. 

The trouble with the Coolidge administration is that it has talked in favor 
of the drys but acted in favor of the wets. President Coolidge, personally 
obeys the law. He has, it is true, sent messages to congress that the law ought 
to be observed and ought to be enforced. He did, it is true, call a conference 
of governors on law enforcement, the result of which was utterly nothing, 
l was there, and I know. 

This was mere talk. His notable acts in the realm of law enforcement 
are the pardon of two bootlegging, but highly connected, La Montagne broth¬ 
ers in New York; the pardon of a politically influential bootlegger in Chicago, 
convicted, but let off before he went to prison; and his personal intervention to 
prevent congress from making an investigation of the law enforcement work 
of the Treasury department under Mellon. 

Under the Coolidge administration there has been dry talk enough to keep 
the drys contented—most of them—but not dry action enough to keep the 
wets from getting all the drink they wanted. 

And that is none the less true because Congress, which is overwhelmingly 
dry, has always been ready to supply all the money Mellon would take, and 
has recently passed laws which could be. of real help in law enforcement to 
an administration that really wanted to enforce the law. 

243 


On every side we see the effort of politicians to ride both horses, to shut 
their eyes to this, the greatest moral issue before the people of the United 
States. The drys of America are, and have a right to be, tired of the pussy¬ 
footing of politicians—and especially of the pussy-footing of political leaders 
in high office—on this great matter. 

These dodgers have worn their welcome out. I am one of those who 
believe that no wet, and no man out of sympathy with the Constitution of this 
country, can ever be elected president of the United States. 

Washington is the seat of our government, the wellspring of our laws, 
the one place to which the ears of the whole nation naturally turn. The one 
thing they do not hear from official Washington is any clear note of leader¬ 
ship in law enforcement. 

The president directs the policy of the whole government of the United 
States, including the Treasury department and its Prohibition unit. He sets 
the tone of official life in Washington. His utterances on law enforcement 
have given comfort to the drys. He has said and well said: “Failure to sup¬ 
port the Constitution and observe the law ought not to be tolerated by pub¬ 
lic opinion. Especially those in public places, who have taken their oath to 
support the Constitution, ought to be most scrupulous in its observance.’’ 

No other single thing could help law enforcement througout the United 
States half so much as the knowledge that the president has passed from 
words to actions; that the president does more than approve or patronize the 
Eighteenth Amendment; that he proposes to put a friend of the law in charge 
of enforcing the law; that he i's determined to see that it is enforced; that he 
will not only champion the Eighteenth Amendment himself, but will eliminate 
law-breakers throughout the Government service from the bottom to the top. 

That knowledge would do more to end the present riot of law breaking 
than any possible reorganization of the prohibition unit or than tens of mil¬ 
lions of dollars. It is the one thing we have always needed, and the one thing 
we have never had. What the present old and passive attitude of the presi¬ 
dent means is that in the very shadow of the White House official Wash¬ 
ington scoffs at the law. 

Does anyone suppose that Federal enforcement would be the laughing 
stock of nullifiers and criminals or that Washington would be one of the wet 
cities of America if Theodore Roosevelt were president of the United States? 

I call upon President Coolidge—my four-year fight to enforce the Eight¬ 
eenth Amendment gives me that right, and I ask him to do nothing that I 
have not done in Pennsylvania—I call upon President Coolidge to put the 
whole power and influence of his great office vigorously behind the Consti¬ 
tution of the United States and thus to cure a cancer that carries infection 
to every part of our country—a cancer which the president, and only the 
president, can cure. 


244 


ADDRESS 

Hon. Richard L. Yates, 

Congressman at Large from Illinois 

t ^ claim to be a politician in what is, I hope, the higher sense of the term. 
It is quite appropriate to say so at this time when “the harvest moon has 
come and gone, the threshing machine is in the corn belt and the voice of the 
political spellbinder is heard in the land.” I am not commissioned to appear 
before you tonight and to entertain the representatives of 60 of the principal 
nations of the world with any defense or argument upon my part as to political 
differences between ourselves in the United States of America. My theme 
is, I think, and ought to be, that the PEOPLE ARE RIGHT—THE PEO¬ 
PLE ARE RIGHT—THE PEOPLE ARE RIGHT! Kipling said: “It’s 
not the individual nor the army as a whole, but the everlastin’ team-work of 
every bloomin’ soul.” What do you care, who have come here from the ends 
of the earth, as to what differences of opinion animate us in this season? 
I want to tell you why I believe the people are right. I want to tell you Why 
I believe that Prohibition is a success, even in Illinois. Let me indulge in a 
little personal history for a few moments: 

I remember when I was a little lad twelve years of age, living at Jack¬ 
sonville, Illinois, a little town just west of Springfield, that my father, a 
United States Senator, called me into his library one day and said: “I 
want to talk with you,” and he did talk to me all the afternoon, and I have 
been thanking God ever since, for a week later he was brought home dead. 
He said. “Bring me the lower right-hand pigeon-hole case.” You under¬ 
stand. It was an old pigeon-hole case, ten this way and ten that, with the 
ends painted green and labels on them. He took from its recess and showed 
me an old faded blue paper. “This is my Temperance pledge. I signed it 
and I broke it, and here is another, and another. I broke them all.” 

Then he told me how my parents were born in Kentucky, how my 
grandparents were born in Virginia, just about forty miles south of Wash¬ 
ington, and my Grandfather’s grandfather’s name was Michael Yates, a 'great 
big Irishman, and “nobody trod on the tail of his coat, a’tall, a’tall,” I learned 
that I hailed from Ireland, Virginia, Kentucky and Illinois, and together they 
make an alliance of defensive and offensive which I hope the gates of death 
and hell cannot prevail against. Then he told me how he had been unable 
to resist this Kentucky, Virginia, Irish blood, and how he had failed and how 
another man had just been elected to take his place in the Senate of the United 
States, but he said, “my little son, I do not ask you to sign the pledge because 
you might not be able to keep it, but I ask you this—when you have power, 
and you will have it some day, when you have power, will you fight this 
thing that has unhorsed me?” I said, “God help me, I will.” 

I can see the trembling fingers yet; I can see that look of woe in his eyes. 
1 remember some of the things that he said. He told me that at the close of 
the session of the Senate he had $100 saved and had decided to go to the city 
of New York and buy a trunk load of velvets, laces, curtains and silks, things 
that he knew my mother loved. Then he decided instead to take her the cash 
and let her use it as she would. He went to Pittsburgh and met two old 
friends, soldiers, and they got to drinking. He said he thought they could 

245 


drink a barrel, but as for him, he could only drink “two fingers full,” and after 
that he did not know anything. The next morning he awoke in a dirty little 
hotel, his friends were 'gone, his money gone, and he was compelled to tele¬ 
graph home to the bank where he deposited his money to get enough cash 
to go 'home on. I stood and looked at him and it dawned upon me how he 
had suffered, and ‘how my mother had suffered, and then and there I swore 
to fight against the power of alcohol. 

He went to his grave, and the years went on, and again and again I was 
tempted to go off on this side issue or that, tempted by people who were well 
intentioned, temperance people in fact, but I refrained, and after a while the 
years made me governor of the state of Illinois. For four years I served in 
that position, and for those four years we had a sober administration for the 
state of Illinois—that mighty old state of seven million people. Then one day 
I went to Chicago after the expiration of my term and when I got back to my 
home in Springfield, I found the whole city full of the Union Blue, 29,000 boys 
summoned out by the President, on their way to the Mexican border, called 
out by the Mexican crisis. I picked up a Springfield paper that morning and 
every section of the paper was divided into advertisements. One read like 
this: “Brave sons of Illinois, brave defenders of the Union; don’t forget the 
Edleweis: Budweiser—ladies in attendance.” 

I bought twelve copies, put them in a yellow chest, and said to my wife: 
“The hour has come.” I cannot prove it but it has always been my under¬ 
standing that nearly 1,000 of those boys who left their homes for the border 
with their mother’s kiss upon their lips went out to the border debauched and 
diseased. What does Alcohol care for your boy or girl, your suffering or 
mine? And I went down town and said, “I am ready!” “Ready for what?” 
“To be chairman of the Anti-Saloon drive.” We got busy. We had only two 
meetings. Each was held in the great arsenal of Springfield, seating 10,000. 

I 'had the honor of presiding at both meetings on Sunday afternoon, the 1st, 
and Sunday afternoon, the 8th, before the election. I simply told those 10,000 
boys my father’s story and my own and asked them to pledge: “We will see 
this thing through.” The orator that first Sunday afternoon was Senator Wil¬ 
lis of Ohio, and the orator I had the pleasure of introducing at the second 
meeting was Wm. Jennings Bryan of Nebraska, and we carried that old town 
and made it dry by 5,555 majority, and that was before the Volstead act. Let 
no one imagine that I was forgiven for that act. 

In 1922 a man ran for Congressman-at-large against me in the state of 
Illinois. Here is a little piece of his campaign literature. You cannot see it, 
but it is an imitation of a theater ticket. If you found it on the floor you 
would pick it up because it looks just like a theater ticket with its 11-7-22, but 
it says at the bottom, “For wines and beer. Vote Tuesday, November 7th, 
for Simon J. Gorman for Congressman-at-Large. Be at your voting place 
early.” Everybody in Illinois knew I was bone dry, and my majority was 
799,000. You needn’t tell Mr. Gorman that the question of wines and beer 
was not submitted in Illinois—he submitted it, and ran 799,000 behind. There 
came another election and they decided to punish Mr. Yates. They got out a 
magazine, only three numbers, I think, and it took sixty days to get that 
cut, but they didn’t forget me. They called it “The Liberty Bell.” They 

246 


said: “Of the four candidates running for Congressman-at-Large, Yates is the 
only one to insist on remaining a subject of the Anti-Saloon League and he 
should be defeated in the fall election.” The wets have one merit—if they 
want to beat you they say so. A little farther down they paid their respects 
to me again and said, “Richard Yates for Prohibition, for the Volstead Law, 
belongs to and takes orders from the Anti-Saloon League and refuses to let 
people instruct him and dares liberal people to defeat him.” The majority 
this time was only 330,000. Please don’t misunderstand me, but can you 
blame me when I realize that the mighty people of a mighty state of seven 
millions have conferred upon me this great honor and this mighty respon¬ 
sibility? 

Illinois has spoken, Illinois will speak again. Whether I come or go 
matters not so very much. The next time you hold a meeting of this won¬ 
derful World League in this beautiful country of ours, the next time you 
honor us with your splendid presence, someone else may have my seat in 
Congress, but some things I know: I know that the very stars in their courses 
fight for us; I know that this rich and ruthless folly Alcohol has no mercy; 
I know that it is doomed to destruction in the inevitable providence of Al¬ 
mighty God; I know that everything points that way. 

May I tell you in closing another little personal thing? In 1868, as I 
said before, my father was a senator. There came on an impeachment trial. 
The president was charged with high crime and misdemeanor. My father 
wrote to my mother then living out in Illinois: “Dear Kate, the impeachment 
of the President, Andrew Johnson, is coming on and it will last 100 days in 
the awful heat of Washington. You know my weakness and my enemies 
know it too, and they will keep me out of my seat if they can on the final 
roll call, but if you will come every day and sit in the north senate gallery, I 
know I can endure it.” Oh precious thing, I will save it forever, that letter 
of confidence. I wish you had known my mother. She was so frail, she 
looked as if a slight wind could blow her away, but oh, the undaunted courage 
of that little woman. She just packed up and as fast as steam could take her, 
she headed for Washington. Neither the president nor the senate knew she 
was coming—only one anxious soul awaited her arrival. I can see her yet— 
coming down the steps of the north senate gallery. By the way, there was 
a P. S. to the letter. It said, “bring the boy.” and I was “the boy.” I can see 
her yet in her little black dress. He did not know she was coming but as 
he looked up and saw her, he just rose to his feet in the senate of the United 
States, pulled out a big handkerchief and waved at her. I don’t know what 
those astonished senators thought but I knew he was saying, “Thank God, 
1 am still here.” Will you think I am too sentimental if I say that sometimes 
when I sit in my own seat in the House of Representatives, I feel that I must 
go, and I get out of my seat, go down the aisle, cross the hall of statuary and 
fame, across the echoing rotunda of the United States Senate, and climb the 
stairs of the north Senate gallery and sit where my mother sat fifty years 
age? She used to say, “If you will lean forward a little, I will show you a 
great man.” One day it was John Logan of Illinois, one day ex-Governor 
Morgan of New York; another day it was Chas. Sumner of Massachusetts. 
They had big heads, big bodies, and they moved with conscious power. Some- 

247 


one said that to see Chas. Sumner cross the floor was not an act but a ritual. 
I shall never forget those mighty men and in that mighty day I got a concep¬ 
tion of what a Senator of the United States should be that has never left me. 
The result of it all has been that more than once, more than a dozen times, 
more times than I can tell you, in some hour of perplexity, in some hour of 
strain, in some hour when I had to decide whether a man should live or die, in 
the hour that comes to all governors when they say: “Oh, God, why should 
this thing come to me?” in such an hour more than once I have said: “Mother 
cant’ you just lean forward a little and help me make good?” I think it has 
been done, and they are all up ther tonight, all of them, your fathers and moth¬ 
ers and mine—all there looking down—Washington and Lincoln and a million 
men that have died in America that liberty might live, and the hundred mil¬ 
lions of women that have agonized that freedom might not die. They are all 
there looking down here tonight. Will you join me in the unspoken pledge 
that “so help us Almighty God, in sunshine and in storm, we will vote and 
fight and toil that American liberty may live?” 


MONDAY MORNING SESSION 

ADDRESS 

Peter Chalmers, 

Vice Chairman Scottish Temperance Alliance 
With the morning light there comes the morning joy, and the morning joy 
is added to by the fellowship that we have in our great gatherings together at 
Winona and with the privilege that we enjoy of meeting the laborers in our 
great cause from all parts of the world. That is one of the privileges of those 
who are engaged in the temperance movement. We meet the best people. 

Henry Ward Beecher used to say “I can 'swallow the reforms, but I cannot 
swallow the reformers.” If he were here, 1 am sure that he would feel that 
he would have no difficulty in swallowing the reformers as well as the reforms. 
There are three classes of people in this world. There are the young and 
there are the old, and there are those who never grow old—the “upper tens.” 
In this gathering we have had the biggest assortment of “upper tens” that it is 
possible to assemble together at one time. The great thing at our gathering 
is this: We are united in our ideals, united in the war against suffering, united 
in the conception of the fundamental truth that right is right and wrong is 
wrong, the whole world over. While we have that unity in ideals, we have 
the same obstacles to face, the same difficulties to meet, the same handicaps 
with reference to half-educated and half-hearted friends, the same seductive 
and false quack remedies presented, and the same ebbs and flows and cross 
currents that try and disappoint us. Each country must work out its own sal¬ 
vation but increasingly each country will recognize the mutual dependence 
of all. May I say on behalf of our Scottish representatives that we have been 
overwhelmed by your kindness and your courtesy. I am simply amazed at 
the prolific benefits that have come from Scotland. Nearly every one whom 
I have met has fathers, mothers, brothers, uncles, aunts or cousins that have 
come from Scotland and some trace their connection back to Rob Roy Mac¬ 
Gregor and the traditional Highlandman who surivved the flood independently 
of Noah because he had a boat of his own. 

248 



But we hang our heads in shame when we think that the word Scotch is 
synonymous with whisky and is so advertised the whole world over. Scotland 
occupies a position of some considerable strategic importance, and from the 
point of view of the distillers, it occupies a position of supreme importance. 
Close the distilleries in Scotland and you inflict a staggering blow upon the 
drink traffic of the world. Yet Scotland is not behind in temperance senti¬ 
ment. The temperance 'sentiment in Scotland is strong, and it is increasing. 
We are following the example of the United States of America. I lift my 
hat to them. I cannot sufficiently express the disgust of those of us who come 
from Scotland and the old country—our disgust at those who come from our 
country and deliberately break the laws of a friendly country. It is unworthy 
of those who belong to the British people. 

We recognize the influence and the example of America, which we have 
tried to follow. General Neal Dow in 1851 lifted the standard of prohibition 
in the state of Maine, but in 1853 in Scotland we passed a prohibition measure 
closing the public houses on Sunday throughout the whole country, and after 
that prohibition measure was passed in 1853 we had no end of trouble for 
some years with illicit serving of liquor and with people breaking that law. 
We have none today. There is no violation of that law in Scotland today. 
We are going on until we have prohibition carried out every day in the week. 
In 1920 you brought into effect that magnificent amendment to the constitu¬ 
tion whereby liquor is not sold legally, is not manufactured legally, is not 
exported legally and is not imported legally. You passed that act in 1920, 
and in 1920 we, over in Scotland, came into the possession of an act which 
became operative that year restricting the liquor trade in some respects, which 
puts a magnificent power into the hands of the people of Scotland to close the 
public houses or the liquor shops in their respective areas, and which we hold 
to be a wonderful weapon put into the hands of the Scottish people. That act 
is uncomplicated by any provisions for disinterested management or any pro¬ 
vision which would be an obstacle to prohibition. We have a clear and un¬ 
limited objective, the closing of the saloons in the respective areas. We are 
more than holding our own. We are facing forward in the campaign. We 
are not going to give them any rest at all. We are going to keep them on the 
run. In Scotland we have solved the problem. All our temperance forces 
are united. Our Scottish Temperance Alliance has 21 agents and last year 
we expended $75,000. In five years’ time we in Great Britain celebrate the 
centenary of the institution of total abstinence societies in the country. The 
total abstinence movement was begun in England by the Seven Men of Pres¬ 
ton, the first September, 1832, but of course it was started before that by one 
man in Scotland, by a medical man, Doctor Richmond. 

There is one lesson that we have learned and it is this: Education and 
legislation must go together, hand in hand. The one is no use without the 
other. Wherever we carry no-license in Scotland, the friends in that area 
think their work is done. Whenever you have carried prohibition in America, 
you think that your work is done. Don’t make that fatal mistake. Our ed¬ 
ucation must go on and it must keep pace with our legislation if we are to 
hold the position that we have gained. 

We must teach the young to know the right thing. We must teach the 

249 


young people to do the right thing, but there is a further thing that we have 
to do, we have to get the young people to enjoy doing the right thing. If 
you get the young people to enjoy doing the right thing you secure the adher¬ 
ence of youth and you secure their interest and their influence in this great 
movement. Don’t forget the influence of the personal pledge. Total absti¬ 
nence means a tremendous lot to the young people. It means a different at¬ 
titude toward life, a recognition of the responsibilities of life to themselves 
and theirs, the deliberate choice of the best ideals. 

We found that alcohol is a hydra-headed monster. Doctor Peyton has 
represented the three great evils of life in three words. He says that they are 
booze, betting and beastliness. Often we gather together and we congratu¬ 
late ourselves on gathering together and we think that when we come together 
we present a force in ourselves that is going to accomplish everything in 
legislation, but we make a profound mistake when we come to that conclusion. 
What we have to do is to convert the neutrals and the injudicious in every 
community, who are easily swayed by specious arguments and false state¬ 
ments. We have to face the apathy of our own friends. Lord Astor quoted 
the remark of a statesman with regard to the troubles in the Near East, to the 
effect that “the troubles in the Near East are due to the fact that the Turks 
are half dead and the Christians are only half alive.” We must become more 
fully alive and we must sacrifice more in time and money and effort if we 
are going to win the world for prohibition. Kipling has referred to the fit¬ 
ness of nations and the decay of nations. Nations have passed away and left 
no trace and history gives the naked cause of it—they fell because their people 
were not fit. We are to make our people fit—fit to continue, and fit to live in 
the full spirit of righteousness and temperance. We have come with our own 
difficulties, with our own problems, with our own discouragements, and we 
have sought for some heartening at this conference. Kingsley once, in a seri¬ 
ous mood of depression, went forward to the Lord’s table and entered into 
full communion with his Lord and Master and Kingsley declares that he left 
that communion table feeling the divine impulse to do something for his fellow 
men. We have had our fellowship, our intercourse, we have felt our own dif¬ 
ficulties but we feel that we have a common cause and we feel that at the 
back of it all we have the backing and the power of the Almighty. I appeal 
to each of you that you. will leave this congress feeling more and more the 
determination to do something for your fellow men and to measure up to 
your responsibilities, always determined that you will not rest until you have 
banished from the face of the earth this foe that does so much harm to the 
human race. 


THE PROHIBITION SITUATION IN FINLAND 

By Vihtori Karpio, of Helsingfors, England 
The steps taken during the World War for the limiting and prohibition 
of the liquor traffic, have since the return of peace been withdrawn in most 
European countries. Finland is the only country in Europe in which there 
has not been retrogression during the past years in the prohibition of intoxi¬ 
cation liquors. 

This is explained by the fact that the legislative body of Finland had 

250 



already seven years prior to the outbreak of the Great War, passed a law for 
total -prohibition. The prohibition idea has very old roots in Finland. For 
decades the people had again and again been making strong demands for the 
absolute prohibition of the diquor trade. However, a majority of the people 
did not constitute a legislative power, and the dependence upon Russia placed 
hindrances to the internal development of the country. Nevertheless, the old 
legislation gradually imbibed prohibition ideals, and a law passed in 1865 for¬ 
bade the distillation of brandy in the homes, which was very general 
in Finland. Through this law and the partial local option which was granted 
later, all the rural districts were got practically free from the liquor traffic. 
Already before the enforcement of wartime prohibition, 85 per cent of the 
population lived in -districts in which the sale and serving of intoxicating 
drinks were forbidden. The development of means of communication weak¬ 
ened to some extent the effects of local prohibition, but regardless of this, 
the result of these prohibition measures was the reduction of alcohol con¬ 
sumption to one and four tenths liters per capita during the years preceding 
the World War. 

When, then, a general and equal right of voting was given to all Finnish 
citizens of both sexes over 24 years of age, and the legislative body was re¬ 
elected on this basis, -one of its first measures was the passing of the general 
prohibition act, without one single dissenting vote, on October 31st, 1907. The 
ruler, who was the Czar of Russia, did not ratify this act, nor even a new one 
which was passed by the legislature in 1909. It was only after the revolution 
in 1917 that the prohibition act was duly ratified, and came into force after 
Finland had, by fighting and struggle, gained its freedom from Russia, and 
had become an independent republic on June 1st, 1919. 

But the World War and the great changes in political and economic con¬ 
ditions which it brought about, did not only make it possible to bring into 
effect the prohibition law, for which the people had so long been waiting, 
but it also gave rise to formidable forces working against prohibition. At 
the time that the law was being passed, it was evident to the legislators that 
a law of this kind would be extensively violated. But it could never be im¬ 
agined at that time that it would have to be enforced under such adverse con¬ 
ditions as were brought on by the World War. 

Every one will understand that the position of a prohibition country is 
by no means an enviable one, when it is surrounded on all sides by wet states. 
It is difficult for the dry country to protect itself, and this is all the more the 
case, when the border regions are favorable to the illegal importation of 
alcohol, but unfavorable for customs guarding for the purpose of putting a 
stop to this unlawful trade. This is the case with Finland. 

In area, Finland is larger than the British Isles, but it has a population 
equal to only one half that of the city of New York. Finland has been named 
“The land of a thousand lakes.” In fact, it has about forty thousand inland 
lakes. But it is also the land of a thousand islands, for along the shores of 
the Baltic sea, the Gulf of Finland, and the Gulf of Bothnia alone, which forms 
a boundary line of only 1,000 kilometers, there are 30,000 islands. This of¬ 
fers exceptionally favorable hiding places and waterways for smugglers. 

Liquor is smuggled to Finland chiefly from Germany and Poland. As the 

251 


state of monetary exchange was favorable to this trade, it got an especially 
brisk start in the very beginning, and since then it has been kept up by the 
good opportunities it offers for making it a profitable business on a large 
scale. The customs authorities have not been sufficiently prepared for an 
effective fight against this smuggling, and a conservative legislation has limited 
their scope of operations. International law, on the other hand, has pro¬ 
tected the smugglers, who have been able to anchor their booze cargoes 
comparatively near the Finnish coast, and from there land the goods by means 
of fast motor boats. But this same international law has hindered the en¬ 
forcers of the dry law from putting any hands into the doings of the boot¬ 
leggers outside the maritime limit. 

Within the borders of the country, the distribution of alcohol has been 
facilitated by the development in means of transportation brought by the 
automobile, and it has not been possible to supply the police quickly enough 
with the necessary authority and facilities for checking the illegal trans¬ 
portation. 

Under conditions of this kind, smuggling received great impetus. There 
are, of course, statistics to indicate how extensive it is, but without doubt the 
greater part of the alcohol used as drink has in this way been imported and 
distributed to the consumers. The customs authorities seize yearly about 
500,000 or 600,000 litres spirits and a smaller quantity of other liquors. 

Home brewing is not carried on in Finland to any great extent, but so- 
called medicinal alcohol must, on the other hand, be taken into consideration. 
The doctors have the right to prescribe any amount of alcohol for medicinal 
purposes, for at the time of passing the prohibition law is was taken for granted 
that physicians would not abuse the special privilege granted to them. The 
majority of Finnish doctors are loyal in this respect, but there are among 
them, and especially among veterinarians, persons who do not consider it 
below their dignity to be the cat’s paw of the thirsty—against payment, of 
course. It is estimated that about 600,000 litres of alcohol intended for medi¬ 
cine are annually used for drinking. 

Accordingly, Finland is not so actually dry, as it theoretically is sup¬ 
posed to be. It is not even as dry as it could be. Relatively high figures 
for drunkenness prove, for instance, that intoxication is quite general. About 
50,000 or 60,000 persons are annually convicted for drunkenness. In this 
lespect it must, however, be remembered that since legal prohibition became 
effective in Finland, the section relating to drunkenness in the criminal law has 
been made more severe., Every seemingly intoxicated person on a public 
way or in a public place may be arrested and punished. Of the persons now 
arrested, at least 50 per cent are such as would earlier have been left in peace 
by the police. As the number of arrests is not greater than before, but in some 
districts even smaller, it proves that, in spite of the drawbacks mentioned 
above, drunkenness has much diminished. Prohibition has, accordingly, had 
a favorable effect upon the temperance of the nation. When the corre¬ 
spondent of the Chicago Tribune related that he had seen in Helsingfors 
1,000 intoxicated persons on a hundred meters stretch of street, it must be 
said that he either had “a grain of barley in his eye,” (as the saying goes in 
Finland), or he did not remember certain words written by the poet Goethe, 

252 


which hold true even in the cold North: “Youth is intoxication without wine!” 

In the early part of this year a general prohibition conference was held 
in Helsingfors. This was one of the largest ever held in Finland, and it was 
attended among others by the President of Finland. Among those speaking 
on the question of legal prohibition were the present prime minister, two earlier 
holders of the same office, the present Minister of Foreign Affairs, the speaker 
of the legislative body, and the Vice President of Finland’s Supreme Court. 
This conference passed a resolution, which, among other points, says of the 
effects of the prohibition law as follows: 

“Regardless of matters which are preventing the prohibition law from at¬ 
taining its full effect, the temperance situation is nevertheless, when viewed 
on a large scale, better than it was during legalized liquor trade, and without 
doubt enormously better than what it would be, if intoxicating drinks could be 
legally had in this age of highly developed communication and of wealth. By 
banishing drink from the homes, prohibition has protected the young people, 
lessened the increase of general criminality, caused by the times and the 
circumstances, increased the capacity -for work, improved the economic condi¬ 
tion of the poor, saved hundreds of millions of marks for use in beneficial 
economic activity, and in this way conducted toward raising of the general 
standard of living, which is one of the most pleasing occurrences in the recent 
development of our nation.” 

To prove that this statement regarding the good results is in keeping with 
the actual conditions, I would like to refer to a few facts: 

Finland’s rate of mortality used to be among the highest in Europe; now 
it is one of the lowest. In 1751 to 1760 it was 29.1 per 1,000 inhabitants. 
In 1901 to 1910 it was still as high as 17.9 per 1,000. Since then it has been 
decreasing, as is shown by the following figures: 


1920 . 

1921 . 

. 15.9 

. 14 

1922 

. 14.4 

1923 

. 13.8 

1924 .. 

. 15.3 

1925 . 

. 13.5 


Accordingly it can be seen that the health condition of the nation has 
improved to an appreciable degree. 

The economic development of the country has been just as gladdening. 
It is estimated that agricultural production is now about 50 per cent greater 
than prior to the Great War. Industrial production amounted in pre-war 
years to about 7 billion 50 million present Finmarks (one dollar is equal to 
forty Finmarks). In 1926 it was 11 billion marks. 

Before the War (in 1913) deposits amounting to about 300 million marks 
were made in banking institutions. In 1926 there were one billion 200 million 
marks. Noticeable in this has been the increase in the savings of the poorer 
class of the population. 

Figures covering communal support of the poor, show that a decrease 
has taken place in the number of cases to whom direct assistance has been 
given. 


253 








Before the prohibition act was passed, it was forecast that a law of this 
kind would entirely damage our foreign trade. It has now proved to be 
quite the contrary, for in earlier years the imports always exceeded the ex¬ 
ports. In the years from 1909 to 1913 the export trade was only 75 per cent 
of the import trade. But during the last five prohibition years the balance of 
trade has been heavier on the export side—for the first time in perhaps a 
hundred years. 

It was also prophesied that the loss of revenue on liquor would result 
in an increased taxation. Finland has during the last few years, had to live 
through the horrors of war and to endure economic and financial collapses. 
She is still burdened with many outlays arising from the late war. During 
the last few years she has had to organize and support her own army and 
navy, and to suddenly assume the cost of maintaining an independent repub¬ 
lic. A general compulsory school attendance has been begun to be enforced. The 
budget for educational and cultural outlays has grown immensely. We have 
put into effect a great agrarian reform, which means the procuring of 150,000 
plots of dwelling and cultivated land. New railway lines have been built 
by the government, and so on. In spite of all this the finances of the state 
have been got in much better shape than those of many older European gov¬ 
ernments, not to speak of some of the other new independent states; and the 
taxation per capita is relatively low in Finland. I shall give a few examples 
in this connection. In Sweden the per capita taxation was in 1924 equal to 
859 Finmarks; in Denmark it was, in 1923 to 1924, 761 Finmarks; in Norway, 
for the some period, 586 Finmarks, while in Finland it was, in 1924,' 589 Fin- 
marks. In some other countries of Europe the taxation is even heavier. 
The inhabitants of the countries in which the state and the community obtain 
revenue from intoxicating liquors, do not 'have it any easier. 

The effect of prohibition is seen also in the decrease of crime. When 
we leave out the convictions for drunkenness and for other violations of the 
prohibition law, and examine the general criminality in Finland, we find that 
the prohibition years show smaller figures than the pre-war years. Partic¬ 
ularly noticeable is the decrease in assaults, disturbance of the peace, resist¬ 
ance of officers, and similar offenses. Exceptions to this are murder and 
manslaughter: these have increased. This is explained by the results caused 
everywhere by the war: the people have become coarser, they have little 
regard for human life, and the use of firearms has become much more general 


than before the way. 

Crimes in Finland 

1912 1924 

T. M. Treatment . 1582 1100 

Disturbing of peace . 613 328 

Disturbing of general order .. 3252 1409 

Violation of the laws protecting general safety .1314 577 


As the effects of the prohibition law have been so good in spite of the 
deficient enforcement of the law, it can be easily understood why the people 
so strongly adhere to it. Great political changes have taken place in Finland 
since the prohibition law was passed the first time. Some political parties 
have withdrawn from the stage, new ones have come in; some have dimin- 

254 






ished—others again have increased—but in the midst of these great changes the 
group of supporters of prohibition has remained unchanged. I do not know 
the standpoint of each individual representative, but I can say with certainty 
that two-thirds, or possibly three-fourths 0 f lt h e members of the legislative 
body are supporters of prohibition. The most important political parties in 
Finland are absolute prohibition parties. On the first and second days of 
July, this year, the national election was held, in which prohibition was one 
of the main issues. The parties most strictly in favor of prohibition, the 
farmers’ party and the labor party, which are the largest political parties in 
Finland, came out on the winning side. 

A number of cabinets have been in power in Finland during prohibition 
years, but the programs of each have included the enforcement of this law. 
The present ministry has announced its purpose of working energetically to 
this end. Just at the present moment it has in hand a bill providing for the 
arrangement of prohibition enforcement on a satisfactory basis. This bill 
has been brought up by the committee working under the speaker of the legis¬ 
lature, Doctor Virkkunen. It is expected that the putting into effect of this 
project will bring about a complete change in the liquor situation. 

As regards particularly the hindering of smuggling, much importance 
has been placed in Finland upon obtaining international cooperation in this 
connection. After much lengthy preliminary w'ork, the so-called “treaty of 
Helsingfors” was effected in 1925. By this treaty the ten Baltic States agree 
to alter the maritime limit to ten nautical miles from shore, and give the right 
to take certain measures against smugglers on international waters. The ratifi¬ 
cation of this treaty has taken much time, and not all the states have yet ratified 
it. However, now that, in addition to five others, Germany some time ago did 
so, and Poland followed suit recently, the confirmation of the most im¬ 
portant countries has been secured. There have not as yet been any practical 
results from this treaty, but it will not take long before these follow. 

The enforcement of the treaty of Helsingfors is not, however, decisive 
in this matter. The smugglers will, no doubt, sail under the flags of coun¬ 
tries which have not joined in the treaty. Therefore a more general treaty is 
necessary—one which includes, if possible, all civilized countries. For this 
reason Finland has with great interest observed, and for its own small part 
also participated in the work done by the International Temperance Bureau led 
by Doctor Hercod, with an aim to having the alcohol question included in 
the program of the League of Nations. The present minister of Foreign Af¬ 
fairs, Professor V. Voionmaa, who is a prominent expert in the social alcohol 
problem, and the leader of political temperance work in my country, is the 
father of the treaty of Helsingfors and the representative for Finland in the 
League of Nations, where he has most energetically been working for the 
good of the cause. 

It is hardly necessary for me to mention that the agreements effected 
by the United States with some European countries have served as fine ex¬ 
amples and weighty precedents, without which'the treaty of Helsingfors could 
hardly have been accomplished. 

I still wish to mention a certain point in the fight against alcohol in Fin¬ 
land. In addition to the police, whose duties include also the enforcement of 

255 


the prohibition law, a large number of citizens have volunteered for this work. 
Of 500 townships in the country, 400 have a town temperance board, assisted by 
a group of people who in prohibition matters have the same authority as the 
police. These persons are in a self-sacrificing manner acting as guards, for 
instance on the roads, and are helping the police in keeping order at public 
entertainments. Some of them have already lost even their lives in fighting 
against criminal elements. 

In concluding I wish to point out that prohibition has not ended funda¬ 
mental temperance work in Finland. This work, influencing the convictions 
of the people, has never been as forceful there as it now is. The temperance 
organizations have more members than ever before; lecturing is carried on 
more widely than earlier; the circulation of temperance literature and peri¬ 
odicals is larger, and the work done among children and young people is much 
brisker. 

Temperance Activities in Finland 


. 1925 1926 

Members in temperance societies .47,357 69,335 

Lectures . 8,122 13,892 

Army of Hope. 13,873 43,943 

Essays on temperance question . 578 39,648 

(1924—60,000) 


I hope that the foregoing has shown that prohibition is still the most im¬ 
portant question of the day in Finland. I will say, though, that our issue is 
not wet or dry, but how to obtain the most efficient enforcement of the dry law. 
Legal prohibition is safe there for at least a few years ahead. The contests on 
the subject refer principally to measures for the enforcement of the law. In 
this respect we are nearing a crisis, and we hope to' be able to drive through 
measures which will give the death blow to the illicit liquor traffic. We are look¬ 
ing to international cooperation for assistance in fighting against smuggling. 
Our experience up to now shows that prohibition legislation is the most direct 
and serviceable way to effect temperance in the whole nation. 


THE WORLD LEAGUE WORK IN THE BALTIC STATES 

By Professor Villem Ernits 
Baltic States Representative, Tartu 

Before I speak about the World League work in the Baltic States, I must 
make just a few general remarks about these states, as I suppose that every¬ 
body here does not know very much about them, because they are so little, 
so far, so young—only eight years old. 

If you go from Finland, South over the Finnish gulf of the Baltic sea, 
you will find Esthonia with a population of 1,110,000; going farther south you 
have Latvia with a population of 1,800,000; still farther south is Lithuania 
with a population of 2,200,000. To the south are Poland and Germany, to 
the east of all the Baltic states is Russia, to the west the Baltic sea, and 
beyond it is Sweden. 

The Esthonians belong to the Finno-Ugrian or in a larger sense to the 
Uralian peoples, as well as Finns, Hungarians and many Russians. They are 

256 







the predecessors of the primitive Uralian, that is Finno-ugrian-Samoyedic 
people. Later the primitive Finno-Ugrian people were divided into many 
branches, from which developed the present Finno-Ugrian peoples, the Eston¬ 
ians and Finns coming from the West Finnish branch. 

Some philologists assert that the Uralian and Indo-European languaces are 
also related and are developed from one primitive Indo-European-Uralian lan¬ 
guage, as seem to be proved by some common words and grammatical ele¬ 
ments in all the languages. But this relationship, if it should be finally ac¬ 
cepted, is very far-fetched. 

The farthest ancestors of the Estonian people probably did not know 
any alcoholic drinks, as there are no common words meaning alcoholic drinks 
in the Uralian or Finno-Ugrian languages, nor any other proofs of the exist¬ 
ence of alcoholic drinks among these primitive people. All the words and ex¬ 
pressions for alcoholic drinks are borrowed from neighboring languages, chiefly 
from German and Russian, the oldest name for beer being from the primitive 
Lithuanian language, about 2,000 years ago belong to the primitive West Fin¬ 
nish people, one part of which became later the Estonian people. Beer, then, is 
the oldest alcoholic drink known by the Finns and Esthonians and the word 
was borrowed during the time when these people did not yet live separately but 
were one primitive West Finnish people. 

The Latvians and Lithuanians belong to the Baltic branch of the Indo- 
European family of people. Their ancestors, the primitive Indo-Europeans, 
already knew some alcoholic drinks, as mead from honey, and beer, as proved 
by the common old Indo-European names of these drinks. Later on, the Lat¬ 
vians and Lithuanians, as well as the Esthonians were under strong alcoholic 
influence, chiefly by the Germans and Russians, who were the conquerors in 
those countries, and also in Lithuania which was at one time united with 
Poland. 

One must, however, tell that there seems to be some racial difference in 
the grade of the predisposition to alcoholization, among these nations, which 
were almost in the same general condition and under the same alcohol laws. 
The Esthonians became the most alcoholized of them, followed by the Lat¬ 
vians and then the Lithuanians. The latter belonged to the most sober na¬ 
tions of the former Russian empire, except the Finnish, which was the most 
sober country in the whole of Europe before the war. 

The Abstinence Movement in its primitive form of spreading anti-alcohol 
ideas without creating abstinence organizations was already known by these 
peoples for more than one hundred years. The movement became a real anti¬ 
alcohol crusade under the influence of the American abstinence movement in 
the first half of the last century, especially under Robert Baird’s mission in 
Europe. This movement came from Germany to Latvia, and from there to 
Esthonia. In Lithuania, a Roman Catholic Bishop, Valanciaus, organized 
energetic propaganda for abstinence. At this time, abstinence sermons were 
preached and thousands of abstinence pledges taken, but the Russian powers 
did not permit the founding of abstinence organizations. This movement 
therefore ended without any permanent results. 

The modern abstinence movement was started in Esthonia under Finnish 
influence and in Latvia under Esthonian influence. The first Esthonian Absti- 

257 


nence Society was founded in 1889, and in Latvia, in 1891. The Lithuanian 
Roman Catholic Abstinence Society, Blaivybe, came into being in 1907. 
These movements developed well before the war. The number of separate 
societies before the war in Esthonia was 58; in Latvia, 35; in Lithuania, the 
number of branches of the Catholic Abstinence Society was about 200. In 
Esthonia, the general opinion before the war was bone-dry; in Latvia, almost 
the same; in Lithuania there was drunk at that time less per capita than in 
Russia. 

During the war, there was in these lands total prohibition, with excellent 
results—for the first time, without bootlegging or home distilling. These 
came in somewhat later. During the German occupation, Prohibition was 
abolished everywhere, but in Esthonia, it was restored after the German occu¬ 
pation. Later on, the sale of alcohol was officially introduced in all these 
states. They declared that home distilling and smuggling was the cause, 
but the real cause was the new agrarian laws of these states, by which all the 
liquor distilleries became properties of the states then in great financial need 
And so the sale of alcohol was introduced in all these states and national al¬ 
coholic capital originated. Of course, drunkenness, alcoholism and crimes 
increased by leaps and bounds. The increase in medical assistance in Esthonia 
from 1919 to 1924 was 256.2%, for nervous disorders 270.2%, for venereal dis¬ 
eases 248.4%, for drunkenness, the increase from 1919 to 1925 was 1,616.5%, 
general criminality 259.5% and for accidents 8,410.2%. The last number is 
caused partly by improvement in the method of keeping statistics and by 
enlargement of industry. 

The abstinence movement was almost extinguished in these lands during 
the war, and therefore it was easy to abolish prohibition, to bring back saloons 
and to put national alcohol capital in every country on a basis which made 
the fight everywhere more difficult. Before, alcohol was a foreign product and 
everybody was against it for patriotic reasons; now it became a national in¬ 
dustry and many former abstainers became distillers and brewers. I, myself, 
heard a formerly ardent Esthonian teetotaler speak in the most passionate 
way about the new Esthonian spirit industry. He hoped that Esthonian spir¬ 
its would conquer the world. It is really a piece of luck to the whole 
world that the hope of this Esthonian teetotaler had not been realized. On 
another occasion, I overheard a discussion as to whether the founder of a 
great house for an abstinence society can remain a member of the society, being 
now a co-owner of a distillery. These same conditions obtain both in Latvia 
and in Lithuania. 

After the war the movement against alcoholism began again in these coun¬ 
tries, at first, very weak to be sure, but gathering strength with a revolt against 
the new alcoholism. 

It is here where the work of the World League started in the Baltic states. 
“Pussyfoot” Johnson was the first representative of the World League to visit 
the Baltic states as early as 1913. He described the work in the Baltic provinces 
at that time in his book “The Liquor Question in Russia.” He returned in 
1925 and 1926, and his work and his personality have become very popular, the 
newspapers giving him many columns of publicity. Prof. H. B. (Carre visited 
Esthonia before the organization of the World League. Speaking at a special 

258 


session of the Esthonian Constitutional Assembly about American Prohibi¬ 
tion, he recommended its adoption by Esthonia. However, due to conditions 
prevailing, the Constituent Assembly passed a liquor law, ignoring prohibition. 

During the International Congress Against Alcoholism held at Tartu in 
1926, there were Miss Cora Frances Stoddard, Rev. Ed. J. Richardson, Mr. 
“Pussyfoot” Johnson, Mr. Warner and Bishops Cannon and Nuelsen from 
America. We also received cooperation from Dr. G. A. Simons from Riga. 

Mr. Kempels represented Latvia at the World League Congress in To¬ 
ronto. Since my visit at Toronto, I have been the World League represen¬ 
tative in the Baltic states. 

I have visited Lithuania 28 times, speaking there on over 70 occasions. I 
have organized the Lithuanian Abstinence Council, the Lithuanian Catholic 
Hygenical and Abstinence Society “Sveicata,” and the Lithuanian Catholic 
Teachers’ Abstinence Society. These organizations are working, the “Svei¬ 
cata” having many branches. I have proposed the organization of other ab¬ 
stinence societies, particularly among the Lutherans and Greek Catholics. 

In Lithuania there were only Catholic dry agencies when I began my 
work. .As 25% of the whole population is non-Catholic, I proposed at the 
very beginning that the work be interdenominational. In accordance with this, 
the Catholics agreed and published a proclamation inviting non-catholics to 
unite in a solid front against the common enemy. The Lithuanian radical 
newspaper Litavos Finios, by Dr. Grinius, who was formerly Prime Minis¬ 
ter and also Lithuanian President before the latest revolution of 1926, ap¬ 
proved the idea but stated that it was sorry that the call comes from clericals. 
Nevertheless, the radicals organized their own abstinence society, and we suc¬ 
ceeded in bringing them altogether in the Lithuanian Abstinence Council. This 
council functioned until the latest revolution which ousted the Constitutional 
radical government and made the political differences so sharp that it is im¬ 
possible to unite them for common abstinence work. The political sections 
are fighting each other for their political and constitutional existence. 

I have visited Latvia 32 times and spoken on 65 occasions. I have ini¬ 
tiated the Latvian anti-alcoholic League, the Latvian Orthodox Abstinence So¬ 
ciety, the Lutheran Abstinence Committee, the Socialist Abstinence Society 
called “Aprina” which has already a number of branches everywhere in Latvia. 
We also organized a Railwaymen’s Abstinence Society in cooperation with Dr. 
Bekes from Vienna and Mr. Davis. Just now there is in preparation the Ab¬ 
stinence League of all Latvian churches which will be opened when I return 
from America. We are contemplating the organization of teachers, journal¬ 
ists, physicians and the dry members of Parliament. 

In Latvia the political relations are not as sharp as in Lithuania and the 
organization of a united abstinence front is much easier. 

In Esthonia, I have delivered over 250 addresses initiating the organ¬ 
ization of the Youth Abstinence League with 96 branches, of the Women’s Ab¬ 
stinence League, with 12 branches, and of the Christian Abstinence League in 
cooperation with my friend, Mr. Ostlund. This organization will embrace a 
general church membership of over a million. Out of these probably more 
than one hundred thousand are teetotalers. This Church Abstinence league is 
the fourth in the world; the United States and England and Sweden coming 

259 


first. I have initiated in Esthonia the foundation of the Teachers Abstinence 
League, the League of Education; an organization with a membership of 
over 250 dry societies, the Esthonian Socialist Abstinence Committee, the 
abstinence group of the Esthonian parliament, besides several local groups and 
societies. There is in preparation a medical abstinence society. 

In these three countries we are working now on the following lines: First, 
we need a strong net of temperance organizations throughout the country cov¬ 
ering every section and every profession. We have had good results so far 
in this line. The few organizations which survived the war have increased to 
about 350 with possibly 50,000 regular members in Lithuania alone. In Lat¬ 
via the 400 organizations comprise a membership of 25,000, while in Esthonia, 
more than 800 different organizations and groups have a membership of about 
40,000 members. Should we add to these the abstainers in our Christian Ab¬ 
stinence League which has branches in all the churches with the exception 
of a very few, you would probably have over 100,000 organized teetotalers in 
Esthonia. 

Most of these organized abstainers are young people, school children. 
This does not give a great political weight to these members, but it augurs well 
for the future. 

We do not have as yet an organization for adults in every community, 
but this goal is withiin reach. Our next step is to strengthen these organiza¬ 
tions, both numerically and financially, also to raise the educational standard 
of their program. This requires long periods of education and development. 

There has been a great deal of talk regarding Prohibition in our countries. 
Some are hopeful, others gloomy, but it is our goal which we expect to reach 
in the near future. Our task now is to prepare for Prohibition by education, 
and legislation, particularly against the increasing international smuggling. 

We are concerned with the alcohol instruction in the schools and among 
young people. (This program has met difficulty among the adult population 
who see in it probably an end to their drinking. While our task is the educa¬ 
tion of the children, we are not neglecting the adult population. This we must 
do if we want anti-alcoholic legislation.) 

There are organizations in practically all the Esthonian high schools and 
in some the dry membership reaches 80, 90 and even 100% of the pupils. There 
is a band of hope in every, third elementary school. We could have an organ¬ 
ization in every school, had we more workers or more abstinence teachers. 

Our work among the adults is more difficult. Our countries, it must not 
be forgotten, are ruined economically by the war. They have also suffered 
morally. 

The Latvians and the Esthonian’s are intellectually well developed. We 
have almost no illiterates and the number of students in our universities is 
5% of the whole population, while in Germany it is only 2%. Our people are 
well trained in languages, every well educated person speaking besides his 
mother tongue, at least German and Russian. The younger generation are 
taking up both English and French and many people near by us also, Finnish, 
Swedish and Latvian. 

While our people may be well educated and thoroughly familiar with the 
effects of alcohol, they lack the desire to profit by this knowledge, and leave 

* 260 


it alone. Our propaganda therefore should be more of a moral character than 
intellectual. 

Prohibition is our future goal, but we are just now concentrating our ef¬ 
forts upon restrictions. Lithuania and Esthonia have local option with local 
leferendum. In Latvia there are no local referenda. There are other restric¬ 
tions in Latvia and somewhat fewer in Lithuania; yet still fewer in Esthonia. 
Through these restrictions and local option, we may attain national prohibi¬ 
tion. 

We are watching, of course, with great interest, the world movement and 
hope that this world congress will pass a resolution memorializing the League 
cf Nations, that it should undertake seriously the study of this question. Every 
temperance organization should concur in this proposal to their respective 
government. Should this be done, it would undoubtedly be a great step 
toward the success of this Congress. 

Finally some words regarding our international position. The Baltic 
States are the key of the Northeast of Europe. Should they go dry, the whole* 
Northeast of Europe would be affected. If they remain wet, they will be a 
cankerous spot poisoning the surrounding countries. There has been a great 
deal of spirit smuggling from Esthonia, Poland, Germany, Netherlands, Bel¬ 
gium, etc. Non-European spirits also are being smuggled throughout the 
Baltic Sea. This has caused a great deal of trouble to Finland, Sweden, 
Norway, Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania and also to Russia. While there, I 
learned of Esthonian spirits selling at the Esthonian frontier for 1 ruble or 
.50 cents one toop, that is 1 %. of a liter, and peddled in Leningrad for 24 
gold rubles or twelve dollars a liter and a quart, a profit of 2,400%. Smuggling 
from Esthonia has also harmed the Swedish prohibition. It probably af¬ 
fected their vote in 1922, as the papers reproduced pictures of the greatest 
Esthonian rectification distillery, one paper stating that there were 200 such 
distilleries working day and night in Esthonia. The truth is that there is only 
one great distillery and four smaller ones which rectify spirits in Esthonia. 
The rest, 280, are small ones working only occasionally, one-third of them 
now closed. It was rumored in Sweden that the alcohol smuggling had en¬ 
riched Esthonia to the extent that this country had been able to pay its war 
debts out of these profits. The anti-prohibitionists pointed out the profits 
accruing to this country if Sweden and other countries were to be dry and the 
smuggling centered in Esthonia. One Danish caricature showed the whole 
Baltic Sea positively covered with the rum-runners coming from Esthonia 
under Esthonian flags. 

There were in Sweden only about 30,000 votes or 1% of all votes lacking 
to have a Prohibition majority. I fear this 1% was beaten by the alcohol 
smuggling from Esthonia and the purposely exaggerated talk about it. 

It is apparent that the drying up of the Baltic States is essential and of 
great international importance. It would appear to be a lighter task to have 
these states go dry than to obtain Prohibition in the wine-producing coun¬ 
tries. There should be an international interest in the prohibition .work in the 
Baltic States. These states are young and we will do our best in the fight 
against our common enemy. We will be tremendously encouraged in the as¬ 
surance that the world is watching and supporting us in our struggle. 

261 


“UNCONTROLLABLE GOVERNMENT CONTROL” 

By Mrs. Sara R. Wright, 

President W. C. T. U. of the Dominion of Canada 

The subject assigned to me was “Uncontrollable Government Control.” 
It is well named. I want to say at the beginning there is no such thing or 
has there been nor can there be such a thing as Government Control of the 
liquor traffic. Inevitably and invariably the government tried, to find itself 
controlled and often extremely debauched by the traffic. There is no such 
thing as Government Control of the Liquor Traffic, but so-called government 
control in Canada has proved a great source of wastage. It has retarded our 
progress, and more liquor has been consumed in the provinces under Gov¬ 
ernment Control than under any other system; and I refer to the old license 
system and the open bar. There is infinitely more drinking among our young 
men and also young women now than even under license. There is increasing 
vice and crime and drunkenness since so-called government control has been in¬ 
stituted. Bootleggers are flourishing. Before this government control law 
was carried out we were told that it would wipe out bootlegging. This is what 
we have discovered. Bootlegging and illicit trade is larger under Prohibition 
than even with the licensed bar. Moreover, we have discovered that there has 
been an endeavor to create the liquor habit, greater than was ever known be¬ 
fore. It would seem that that would be enough or should be enough to deter 
any national committee of people from ever committing itself to Government 
C ontrol: How can any Christian man or woman or any so-called Christian gov¬ 
ernment consider this policy? Government control of the liquor traffic most 
perfectly enforced or Prohibition of the liquor traffic most imperfectly enforced 
—if this is the question, I will always say: The principle of prohibition is right 
and the principle of loyalty to a wrong is evil. 

It is with shame and humiliation of spirit that I come before you to 
lay bare the open sore of my own land. It is a great task for me, for I love 
Canada with an ardor amounting almost to a passion. I am so sorry that time 
does not permit me to tell you that there have been wonderfully mitigating 
circumstances. Ontario has been considered the Prohibition fortress of 
Canada. The people have been trying and testing out the situation with ref¬ 
erence to Prohibition, by referendum again and again, and every time by a 
magnificent majority that ran true to Prohibition. In 1919 the wets brought 
on a campaign and a plebiscite to outlaw our Ontario temperance act, and 
despite the fact that Ontario was floating with the breweries and distilleries 
not only from Canada but England and Scotland and from the wine-growers 
of France and from the wets of the United States, it stood firm and we 
maintained prohibition by 430,000 majority. 

We have one of the most astute Prime Ministers in the world. He knew 
that the heart of Ontario was sound on the Prohibition policy, but he knew 
that we had our weakness. He knew that we are partisan bound and so he 
certainly must have said to himself, “There is absolutely no way that we can 
free Ontario from this Prohibition law unless we make it a party issue,” 
and I heard him say on his nomination day: “Ontario will go wet and I 
know it—the wets will stick together.” It was the ticket of the Conserva¬ 
tive party that endorsed Government Control. The wets, did stick togethei, 

262 


Imt the Prohibitionists still stay by their party, and thus it proved. We put 
party before principle; but it was not two weeks till men and women repented 
in sack cloth and ashes, and there will come a day when we will swing back 
into the Prohibition line. 

If progress is to be made the power and prestige of the government mus*. 
be withdrawn from the liquor traffic and dedicated to the welfare of the in¬ 
dividual citizen, the integrity of home life, and the prosperity of the Com¬ 
monwealth. All these desirable conditions demand total abolition of intox¬ 
icants. 

One Quebec brewery last year showed a surplus of over $3,000,000. Ac¬ 
cording to the Quebec Liquor Commission sales of beer increased one mil¬ 
lion gallons over the last year; sales of hard spirits 32,245 gallons; sales of wine 
89,000 gallons. And according to the Montreal Star, drunkenness among 
women increased 53%; and boisterous drinking and licentiousness—common 
prostitution in its most shameful form—operates and flourishes in Montreal. 

There is a great and grave loss economically. In four years of Gov¬ 
ernment sale in Quebec, (we have statistics only up to 1925) her liquor bill was 
$190,842,703, and in Ontario $19,149,880. Mr. Nichol stated: “Do we con¬ 
sider the degradation, misery and horror of the twenty years of experimentation 
while a new generation that cannot apprehend the misery of the old days 
learn by experience of the impossibility of trying to compromise with some¬ 
thing that is wrong?” 

In the last five years Ontario’s commercial failures were over 3,000. In 
Quebec (with a million population less) they numbered over 5,000. 

Government control has not decreased bootlegging. In the year 1925 in 
Quebec, there were 4,806 complaints against bootlegging and blind pigs—an 
increase of 1,000 over the previous year. 

Most Rev. P. E. Roy, Archbishop of Quebec and Ecclesiastical head of 
the Roman Catholic Church in Canada, stated “The Parliament of Ottawa 
will meet the wishes of the very large majority of the Canadian people if it 
should place our entire Dominion under the beneficent regime of Prohibition.” 

Quebec and British Columbia have been under government control for six 
years. In the last three years the financial failures in these two provinces 
have been more than in all the other provinces of Canada combined. 

Under prohibition the British Columbia drink bill in 1919, was $1,759,000; 
in 1920 it had dropped to only $909,000. But in 1926 under government control 
there has been the alarming advance to $14,000,000. And that is only half 
the tale, for, according to the admission of government officials, the boot¬ 
leggers sell as much as the government. If this be so, under government 
control, British Columbia’s liquor bill is $28,000,000. Ontario with over fivq 
times more population, sells, for all purposes, less than $6,000,000. British 
Columbia has 70 government stores, 250 beer parlors and 970 beer and 80 club 
licenses. Over a thousand permits were also granted to banquets and picnics. 

A year ago Officer Brennan of the Liquor Control board said there were 
7,000 bootleggers in Vancouver. The Vancouver Sun is responsible for the 
statement, “Bootleggers are almost as thick in Vancouver as corner candy 
stores” and as to beer parlors, the Government reports indicate that the 
province is using 4% more beer since they were opened, and 6% less spirits. 

263 


Drunken men on the streets there are a common sight, and drinking among 
women and girls has greatly increased. 

Let us come to Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan has a’ population of 800,000, 
and is said to he the province where liquor'is easy to get and hard to drink. 
The Saskatchewan law insists that all intoxicants shall be drunk in the drink¬ 
er’s home, or in a hotel where he or she is a bona fide guest with baggage. 
Saskatchewan has 26 government whisky stores, 72 government beer stores. 
Last year they issued 234 banquet permits. One buyer can thus buy at a dis¬ 
pensary, each day, two. gallons of beer, one gallon of wine, and one quart of 
whisky. Counting out all the legal holidays, election days and all Sundays, 
it means that a man or woman can procure per year, 600 gallons of beer, 300 
gallons of wine, and 300 quarts of whisky. 

One can scarcely estimate its failure after only a year’s trial, but here are 
a few indications of the trend of the system: convictions for violation of the 
liquor law have increased 111%. On November 17, last year, the Moose Jaw 
City Council summoned before it 17 restaurant keepers for illegal sales, while 
the mayor stated that every restaurant keeper in the city but three or four 
was selling liquor. And worst of all, young girls are being taken in and of¬ 
fered liquor. Last year, which was Saskatchewan’s first year, the province 
spent between six and seven million dollars for liquor, although its population 
of 757,510 is only a little larger than Toronto. 

Now take Manitoba. Manitoba’s population is 610,000—about the size of 
Toronto. Manitoba spends between six and seven millions for intoxicants. 
Ontario, with three million population, has never, under prohibition, spent even 
six millions. To equal the record of government control in Manitoba, Ontario 
would have to spend nearly thirty millions. In Manitoba they are required 
to pay one dollar to get a permit to buy liquor, and this permit entitles its 
holder, per week, to 12 quarts of spirits, 48 pints of beer, and alas, wine without 
limit. 

The Winnipeg Free Press of May 8th, had a two-column article in which 
the headlines were, “Juvenile Crime in Winnipeg and Manitoba, including Sex 
Immorality; Equal and Common Drunkenness of Boys and Girls; Spread of 
Gambling Vogue Among Children Terribly on the Increase.” 

W. D. Bayley, member of parliament’ for Assiniboine, stated recently in 
the Manitoba legislature that among some of the marked effects of government 
control in Manitoba were first, increased bootlegging or illicit sale, and that it 
was admittedly impossible to check this under the present law, drinking and 
a degree of intoxication common at young people’s parties, college functions 
and high school functions. Bootlegging and the illicit trade is larger than it 
ever was under prohibition or the licensed bar, increased vice and crime are 
directly traceable to drink indulgence, and there is a general endeavor to cor¬ 
rupt the electorate, greater than ever before. Judge St. George Stubbs, of 
Winnipeg says: “Prohibition never was enforced, its seeming enforcement 
proving a colossal farce.” 

Government Control has meant, in Canada, a great economic wastage 
which has retarded prosperity’s progress. It has retarded the progress of 
Progress. It has meant more liquor consumption than under any other sys- 

264 


tem, infinitely more drinking among young men, and alas, among young 
v,omen, than even under license. 

But I cannot leave this story of Canada without showing you the bright 
side, for there is a bright side, although the liquor traffic has outgeneraled 
us for a time. Prohibition in Canada is neither dead nor dying. The fight 
-s on, and we are enlisted—we, the prohibitionists of Canada are enlisted for 
the duration of the war, until we win the victory. 

I want to say a word on behalf of the white ribboners of Canada. The 
white ribboners of the United States fought the fight for your splendid pro¬ 
hibition law, and the white ribboners of Canada will do as well. From coast 
to coast they are meeting this undesirable situation with undismayed cour¬ 
age. We can echo, “Into no paths of rest, lead thou our feet—give us the 
battle’s quest, when the swords meet—help us to hear, once ere we fall, Song 
of the trumpets calling, once ere we fall.” 

The trumpets are calling from every province in Canada against govern¬ 
ment sale of alcoholic drink. But this year, of 1927, on June 25th, the tide 
turned. That wonderful victory in Prince Edward Island was not a provin¬ 
cial victory alone, nor a national victory alone; it was a world-wide victory for 
prohibition. The odds were all against Prince Edward Island. For 26 years 
it had enjoyed the rich fruits of prohibition. Prince Edward Island is the 
richest province per capita in our entire federation, because for a quarter of 
a century it has enjoyed the fruitage of prohibition. It was so sure that it 
had abolished drink forever that it allowed all its barriers to- be broken down. 
Seven or eight Woman’s Christian Temperance Unions were disbanded. The 
Royal Templars, which had been very strong, disbanded and some of their 
buildings were sold. And then, when the prohibitionists were sleeping the 
enemy came and sowed tares. All the defences were down and the Conserva¬ 
tive Government, no doubt influenced by what the Conservative government 
of Ontario had done, brought out the policy of government control of the 
liquor traffic. There were only a handful of Liberals in the House, and the 
Premier boasted that he held Prince Edward Island in the hollow of his 
hand. If ever the spirit of God moved upon any isle, He did upon Prince 
Edward Island and this was the result, though, the odds were all against them. 
They had no money. They had a few hundred dollars and brewers’ money 
was being literally poured into Prince Edward Island. I said, “Unless you 
do what the liquor people cannot do, you have no chance to win. If ever 
there was any use in prayer, you need to prostrate yourselves before God.” 
I received this wonderful wire the day after the vote: “A most unprece¬ 
dented victory.” Only thirty members could be elected to the legislature. “24 
prohibitionists elected on large majorities. Only six wets elected including the 
prime minister on meager majorities, the prime minister going in as leader of 
the opposition on only 11 votes.” I think he had over 500 at his last election. 
So I believe the tide is setting toward prohibition for my own land. Watch¬ 
man what of the night? The dawn cometh. As surely as God lives and hu¬ 
manity responds to the appeal of truth, just so surely will the day of final 
triumph come, when my beloved Canada will join hands with the United 
States and help to make the continent of North America absolutely dry. 

265 


THE SCANDINAVIAN OUTLOOK 

Rev. David Ostlund, 

Representative in Northern Europe for the World League Against Alcoholism 

Scandinavia has, rightly, been considered as one of the foremost strategic 
points in the world fight against drink and the liquor traffic. In the Scandi¬ 
navian countries, Sweden, Norway and Denmark, the strongest movement for 
total abstinence and total prohibition is to be found as well as the keenest and 
most intelligent opposition to these reforms. 

Before speaking particularly about the dry work in Northern Europe, I 
want to say a few words concerning Europe and the liquor traffic. 

Europe is the main home of the liquor traffic. The world’s liquor prob¬ 
lem is preeminently an European problem. Not only is the drink habit more 
entrenched there than anywhere else in the world, but most of the European 
countries have commercialized the liquor trade and made it one of the best 
sources for means in order to pay the national bills. 

And more than that: Europe has extended the traffic to other parts of the 
world, and holds, so to speak, the fate of the traffic in its hands. 

If it were not for European interests in the liquor traffic, in Asia, Africa, 
Australasia and South America, the whole world problem would be easily 
solved. 

The real question is, therefore: Can the liquor traffic be broken in Europe 
and how can it be done? 

The hope of Europe lies in America. No greater thing, no thing of more 
vital interest to Europe has ever happened in America than the adoption 
of total prohibition, and no thing will be of greater consequences to Europe 
than a real and effective carrying out of it in years to come. The rpason for 
this is obvious: It is to a very large degree European powers that caused 
prohibition to become a basic-law in America. In fact, it was here in this 
new world, that Europe began its great conversion from the ways of Bacchus 
to the clean paths of sobriety. 

It was the British'pilgrims and their children in a couple of generations as 
well as other diligent and God-fearing people from Scandinavia and Northern 
Europe who became the great spiritual power here in this new Europe to 
lead in the great struggle that made the liquor traffic an outlaw and set up 
for the old Europe and for the whole world the high standard of a sober hu¬ 
manity. 

The historic relation between old and new Europe accounts for the great 
interest that Europe takes in everything American. 

I was astounded at this European interest in America more than my 
words can convey when, in 1919, after having been away more than 30 years 
from the land where I was born I returned as a worker for the World. League 
Against Alcoholism. 

American customs and manners, American methods and American senti¬ 
ment was seen and felt everywhere. Men were clad as over here. Business 
methods and religious work had been influenced in the most remarkable way. 
The woman had even begun to rule as she does here. When I was a boy 
in Sweden, the wife or sweetheart always put her arm under the man’s arm, 

266 


now it is the opposite; now the man had to try his luck to get his arm under 
hers—just as in America! 

Believe me, Europe is influenced also in regard to her drinking customs. 
Water becomes more and more valuable and alcohol is gradually losing its 
hold on people over there. 

When a few years ago the world known archbishop of Sweden, Nathan 
Soderblom, visited America and saw it all, and was, after his return to Sweden, 
surrounded by eager newspaper men in Sweden, what do you think was his 
most important message as an outcome of his visit here? “Sag at Svenskarna, 
att de satta vatten p& bordet,” (Say to the Swedes that they set water on 
the table!) 

Europe is learning to drink water. It goes slowly, but it goes. There is 
a decided decrease in the per capita use of alcohol in almost every country 
in Europe. If statistics are compared, f. i. for the years 1906-1910 with the 
years 1919-1922, Germany has diminished her yearly consumption of pure 
alcohol by 5.78 litres per capita; France by 4.94 litres; Great Britain by 3.50 
Ltres. Practically all the countries of Europe show some improvement. There 
is one exception: Spain. That country showed in the same period an increase 
of 1.81 litres per capita. But Spain is the land that is forcing temperance- 
loving nations to buy her strong drink. No wonder she thinks so much of 
intoxicating liquors that her own consumption is on the increase! 

The Scandinavian countries are without a doubt the most promising fields 
in the World Fight Against Alcoholism. 

Denmark had an alcohol consumption prior to 1890 of not less than 10.18 
litres of pure alcohol per capita per year, but during the years 1919-1922 it 
had shrunk to only 2.89 litres. And the last year, 1926, her record is 2.66 litres 
as compared with 2.86 for the preceding year. 

Sweden is known for its wonderful temperance organization work, for 
more thorough and strong educational work for sobriety than any other country 
in Europe. It has not yet obtained prohibition, but through education and 
temperance organization on one hand and restrictive legislation on the 
other great results have been obtained. 

The work for sobriety, at least what we call organized temperance work, 
is older in Sweden than in other northern countries. Sweden got her first 
temperance society as early as 1819, or 11 years later than America. The con¬ 
sumption of brandy was 46 litres per capita (23 litres of pure alcohol) in 
Sweden in the year 1829. It was about 3 litres of pure alcohol per capita 
during the last years. 

Although much has been accomplished in Sweden, the great temperance 
army is not by any means satisfied. The vote for total prohibition in 1922 
gave 50.88 per cent against prohibition and 49.12 per cent for it. 

The main argument in 1922 against prohibition was that the Bratt system 
of personal control or government control, with the motbooks had not been 
tried. Now the system has had its trial. The last five years give 'the fol¬ 
lowing result: While consumption of brandy was 25,700,000 litres in 1922, 
the years since show a steady increase of about one million litres at an average 
per year, and the last year reached a consumption of 3,100,000 more litres. 
Every month in 1922 shows an increase in consumption. Drunkenness among 

267 


young people is growing every year and brandy and beer are gaining new 
foothold among the population in the country districts. 

Government Control has been and is carried on in Sweden more strictly 
and in a more elaborate manner than anywhere else in the world, but the re¬ 
sults are very unsatisfactory. 

We are coming nearer to a decisive fight in Sweden. The Bratt system 
must be superceded by total prohibition. The fight will be hard. The oppo¬ 
sition is keen and intelligent. But facts speak and the outcome must be vic- 
troy. The temperance societies are militant and well trained. 

It is not too much to say, that the Swedish Anti-Saloon League, organized 
in .1L20, has been steadily working ail the time since endeavoring to mobilize the 
church against the drink evil. This Swedish League has up to the present 
moment solicited in Sweden 500,000 Swedish crowns and spent it for the 
dry cause. This League works in fine cooperation with the other temper¬ 
ance organizations and will no doubt have a great part in the victory that 
must come in Sweden. 

Norway has for decades been one of the most sober nations in the world. 
Her annual per capita consumption of pure alcohol was so little as 2.41 litres 
as early as in the eighties. At the same time the people have been working 
most diligently for the entire outlawing of the liquor traffic. 

Between the years 1895-1913 most of the country was made dry by local op¬ 
tion. The number of towns where brandy was sold, once being 51, was re¬ 
duced during this period to 13. 

War prohibition, brought on in 1916 (Christmas time), was voted upon as 
a permanent solution in 1919. The dry majority was over 184,000. 

But in 1921-1922 Norway became the prey of the wine-producing countries, 
especially Spain. One of Norway’s main ways of living is fishing. Salted 
and dried cod is sold to Spain and has found a good market there mostly be¬ 
cause of the Roman Catholic ban against meat-eating during Lent. Thus Nor¬ 
way has become dependent upon Spain for the sale of her fish. The Spanish 
wine interests, knowing this, became active in 1921-1922, and demanded of 
Norway the freedom of selling wines with up to 21 per cent alcohol or else 
Spain would lay 5-fold import tax on all Norwegian fish products. 

This ultimatum caused Norway in 1923 to abolish so much of her prohi¬ 
bition as was necessary in order to give Spain the right of way. But the ex¬ 
pression “right of way” is not the right one. It ought to be understood by 
all who love sobriety and it ought to be perfectly clear to all who are lovers 
of democracy and who respect the right of self-determination of any nation, 
that this was an injustice to Norway. 

Wine-selling in Norway since 1923 has neutralized the prohibition legisla¬ 
tion so much, that prohibition was not at all the appropriate name for it. 

It was impossible in the long run to keep up brandy prohibition in a 
country where foreign wine with up to 21 per cent alcohol was flowing freely 
and legally. 

The unavoidable conclusion was the doing away with the Norwegian 
brandy ban. This was decided through the plebiscite of 1926, Oct. 18, when 
a majority of 108,053 votes demanded its abolition. The vote ran as follows: 
Against prohibition, 531,084; for prohibition, 423,031; wet majority, 108,053. 

268 



The vote has been construed as proof that Norway has turned her mind to 
drink. That is not so. What was done in the so-called wet vote of Norway, 
was nothing more than a declaration that prohibition and wines with 21 per 
cent alcohol do not go together further, that foreign alcohol power might to 
some extent be counteracted by domestic alcohol drinks, so that money could 
as far as possible stay in the country. 

The most outstanding fact to everybody who knows Norway is the great 
temperance sentiment and the strong determination of the Norwegian people 
not to give way for the strong liquor forces. 

It was expected that the plebiscite would lead to a flood of brandy over 
the country. The government at present, being against prohibition, proposed 
to the parliament that all Norwegian towns that had given a majority against 
the brandy ban in 1926, should establish the sale of brandy. Their number 
was 31. The parliament put the number to 13, which is the same number that 
had brandy sale prior to 1916. The government proposed that plebiscites 
should not be held in Norway before 1932. The parliament decided to give the 
people a chance to vote on the question already in 1928. 

Since the new law allowing the sale of brandy went into effect, May 2, 
192/, the number of arrests for drunkenness has increased to some extent, but 
not so much as had been expected. 

I know of no country where there is a more awake and strong interest 
for temperance and prohibition than in Norway. The temperance organiza¬ 
tions work vigorously and the Norwegian Anti-Saloon League, organized in 
1925, has a splendid following of all the denominations of Norway, not the 
least from the Norwegian Lutheran state church. 

The worthy representatives of Norwegian drys here present, Mr. Johan 
Hvidsten, the President of the Norwegian Dry Federation of Temperance peo¬ 
ple, as well as the International Chief of Good Templars, Mr. Lars O. Jensen 
of Norway, certainly will corroborate my words, when I say that, if Norway 
at present stood free and unhindered by the wine interests of Spain and other 
lands, the people of Norway would adopt total prohibition with a strong ma¬ 
jority. . 

There is nothing but reprisals from foreign lands that holds Norway back. 
But injustice shall not prevail. Truth and righteousness shall prevail. So¬ 
briety shall conquer in Europe and in the world. 

The dry work in Scandinavia is making progress year by year. What 
makes us sure of victory in Norway, Denmark and Sweden is the desire for 
unity of action in our work for prohibition. The sentiment for unity of action 
of dry forces in Scandinavia has recently been urged by the Swedish premier, 
the staunch leader of Swedish prohibition, Carl Gustaf Ekman, and his words 
have found the most enthusiastic support of the drys all over Scandinavia. 

We Scandinavians, about twelve million strong, are on the way to total pro¬ 
hibition, and I tell you when Scandinavia has outlawed the liquor traffic, that 
accomplishment will be a telling factor in Europe’s fight, yea, in the world’s 
struggle for deliverance from the curse of drink. 


269 


MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION 

THE MAN OF THE HOUR 

By Richard J. Hopkins, 

Justice of the Supreme Court of Kcmsas 

The man of the hour is he who visualizes the condition of the world, 
resolves to improve that condition, and puts his resolution into action. The 
high ideals with which the delegates of this Congress are imbued, will amount 
to nothing and the great resolutions which may be here adopted will prove 
ytterly useless unles the forces of prohibition on a far-flung battleline are 
aroused, enthused and inspired to new exertions. 

The prohibition movement is the greatest crusade of modern times. Its 
history is the story of the most relentless fight ever made by the sons and 
daughters of men against a great evil. We are met to take account of our 
resources and to inaugurate plans for carrying on the fight. 

What has been accomplished in the seven and one-half years of national 
prohibition may properly be compared with what was accomplished in the 
early years of prohibition in Kansas, for Kansas may be cited as a true ex¬ 
ample of what may be expected in the nation. The history of Kansas illus¬ 
trates more than any other, the continual struggle for more than forty years 
of all phases of the liquor problem. Prohibition of the beverage liquor traf¬ 
fic ceased long ago to be an experiment in Kansas. From a saloon-ridden 
territory to bone dry is the change Kansas has wrought in less than the time 
ordinarily alloted to man’s life. 

Prohibition did not come through any sudden uprising of the people nor 
by the movement of a few fanatics, nor by a Puritanical desire to legislate 
morals into a state. It came about in spite of the most adverse conditions 
because the large majority of the people who settled Kansas had great vision, 
high ideals, fortitude and courage. The first official expression of prohibition 
was found in the territorial legislature of 1855. It had to do with the restraint 
of the liquor traffic among the Indians. 

The Topeka legislature convened March 4, 1856. Prohibition was im¬ 
mediately brought to its notice. Permission was asked to use its hall for a 
prohibition meeting the next day. The request was granted. On the 11th of 
March, 1856, John Brown, Jr., a son of the immortal John Brown of Osa- 
watomie and Harper’s Ferry—one of the members of the legislature—intro¬ 
duced a prohibition memorial signed by fifty-six women of Topeka. On 
the next day, Mr. Brown introduced a second memorial from ninety women 
of Lawrence. Just as the intrepid and dominating spirit of John Brown helped 
to bring on the war against slavery, so the same spirit helped to bring on the 
war against liquor. Women were not the only temperance workers, nor was 
all the strength of the movement found in petitions and resolutions. There 
were men willing to stamp out the traffic in liquor. In the spring of 1856, a 
Missourian opened a saloon in Big Springs in Douglas county. A few in¬ 
habitants protested in vain. He continued his business, secure in the pro¬ 
tection of his friends, until one day forty men visited his establishment, took 
out three barrel of whisky and burned them. From that time the destruc¬ 
tion of liquor by an exasperated community was not of infrequent occurrence 
in Kansas. Topeka had a whisky riot in the spring of 1857 in which windows 

270 


were broken, barrels were rolled into the street, their heads knocked in and 
the liquor emptied into the gutters. Blood was spilled as well as liquor. Then 
the Civil war came on. Kansas needed no draft; she sent more soldiers into 
the union armies that she had voters within her borders. John Brown, Jr., 
was a captain in the Union army. After the close of the war, thousands of 
young soldiers who had enlisted from the northern states packed up their be¬ 
longings, “put bows and tent sheets on their wagons” and came to make Kan¬ 
sas their home. 

During the Civil War a precedent for Carrie Nation and her hatchet was 
established by the women of Mound City. It had been an unwritten law 
that no saloons should exist there. But an enterprising individual, observing 
what appeared to him a good opening on account of a command of soldiers 
stationed near by, came into the village and started a bar room. It became 
an intolerable nuisance. Drunken soldiers were common. Practically all of 
the able-bodied men of the district were in the army, so the women under¬ 
took to cope with the situation. One morning a wagon load of women from 
a neighboring village drove into town, armed with hatchets and axes. They 
were soon joined by a squad of their Mound City sisters. The company 
marched straight to the open door of the saloon, filed in, drove out the bar¬ 
keeper and the loungers, and deliberately broke every bottle, glass, and de¬ 
canter in sight and knocked in the heads of every barrel and keg. The sa¬ 
loon became a thing of the past. Prohibition prohibited in Mound City for 
many years without the assistance of either law or the courts. In 1867 and 
again in 1868, the legislature amended the dram shop act, each time making it 
more stringent. Up to this time the most potent factor in the prohibition 
movement had been the Independent Order of Good Templars. John P. St. 
John, Prohibitionist, was elected governor in 1878. A constitutional prohi¬ 
bition amendment went into effect in 1881, prohibiting the manufacture and 
sale of intoxicating liquor. 

Mrs. Carrie Nation, with her hatchet, appeared upon the scene in Decem¬ 
ber, 1900. She was president of the local W. C. T. U. at Medicine Lodge. 
Her first venture was at Wichita. After making the rounds of the various sa¬ 
loons and joints and warning them to close, she. selected the finest, the Carey 
Saloon, and began making her raids by throwing stones through a large 
painting of a nude woman which adorned the walls. The picture was called 
Cleopatra and had figured in numerous street carnivals. Mrs. Nation also 
broke a large plate glass mirror valued at $1,500. She was arrested and put 
in jail. She refused to give bail and remained in jail three weeks. As soon 
as she was released she renewed her campaign. She visited Topeka, called 
upon the governor and demanded that he do his duty. She was accompanied 
by a large crowd of women, newspaper reporters and other spectators. She 
was fearless and well informed. The governor promised that if she got the 
saloon-keepers in jail, he would not pardon them. She visited the attorney 
general and the county attorney. They claimed to have no power. She lec¬ 
tured and held the attention of crowded houses of conservative people. All 
did not approve of her methods but did not blame her because they knew it 
was the saloon-keepers and the jointists who were outlaws and that the 
officers were derelict. At Enterprise, she smashed two saloons before she 

271 


was arrested. Individuals from all parts of the country sent money to help 
her carry on her campaign. Someone sent her a new hatchet. William Allen 
White, writing of her in the Saturday Evening Post, said that “she was a 
deeply pious woman; that she had read and re-read the Bible so many times 
that Biblical quirks and tropes and metaphors put a wholesome bark on her 
conversation. She was argumentative and given to much wrangling. She 
set out to destroy the saloons. In her lexicon, to destroy meant to smash. 
She smashed and fame discovered her. Her story was a repetition daily 
of the same incidents. She went forth, found her prey, attacked it, was ar¬ 
rested, put in jail, released the next day, and again went forth. The mob fol¬ 
lowed her. She mounted steps and stood in patrol wagons. She scolded 
and preached and laughed and cried and exhibited for a time all the 
symptoms of acute hysteria. Then she became quiet and indulged herself in 
sharp Biblical repartee with those who talked with her, and in her normal 
moments she was a shrewd, sharp-tongued woman with some little fatalistic 
philosophy and not a little fund of a merry kind of wit. Through Mrs. Na¬ 
tion’s campaign, public sentiment crystallized, as it were, over night. What 
Mrs. Nation did with her hatchet, was done indirectly. She set out to defy 
the law. She strengthened it.” 

A prohibition meeting was held in the city auditorium of Topeka, the 
capital city of Kansas, about April, 1901, following Mrs. Nation’s campaign, 
which was attended by 3,000 people, at which time $25,000 was pledged to fight 
the saloons and joints. At that time, 20 years after the enactment of the pro¬ 
hibitory law, 65 open saloons and joints were operating in Topeka, the cap¬ 
ital city of Kansas. 

In 1906, twenty-five years after the enactment of the law, two hundred 
open saloons and gambling dens were closed in Kansas City, Kansas. The 
dry cause continued to make steady progress. In 1911 an ouster law was en¬ 
acted which provides for the ousting from office of any derelict law-enforce¬ 
ment officer. Every county attorney, sheriff, mayor and chief of police in 
the state realizes that if he violates the law or fails to properly enforce it, he 
is subject to ouster. The procedure is short and certain.. An action of ouster 
may be filed directly in the Supreme Court, and if the facts warrant, the 
derelict official may be suspended from office on five days’ notice. The effect 
of this law can be easily appreciated. 

In 1917 a bone-dry law was enacted which, among other things, makes 
it unlawful for any person in the state of Kansas to have liquor in his pos¬ 
session. A first offense against any provision of the prohibitory law is pun¬ 
ishable as a misdemeanor. For a second offense, one (being a persistent vi¬ 
olator) is guilty of a felony and sentenced to the penitentiary. A recent leg¬ 
islature enacted an anti-still law making it a crime to have possession of 
a still or the component parts thereof. And so it has been that the prohi¬ 
bition forces have, year after year, advanced on the fortifications of King 
Alcohol. Sometimes the battle was desperate. Sometimes temporary re¬ 
treats were necessary. But in the end, the lines were advanced, the digging-in 
process followed, only to wait opportunity for another advance. 

We still have localities where the county and city officers are not in sym¬ 
pathy with the law, where they help enforce it only enough to keep clear of 

272 


an ouster suit for neglect of duty. There is still illicit selling of liquor in 
Kansas. It will continue in a sporadic manner so long as there are people 
who cling to the idea of the social drink, who think that a social event is not 
complete without something that sparkles, even though it is tinctured poison 
bottled in the barn. It will continue so long as men are willing tO' take the 
risk of going to jail if caught. 

Kansas stands as the living proof of the benefits of prohibition. She 
has demonstrated that the saloon is a parasite on business; that revenue from 
crime* and licene is bad economics. Prohibition has helped to abolish illiter¬ 
acy. It has helped to make Kansas one of the richest states per capita in 
the union. Prohibition has developed side by side with her farms, her shops, 
her banks, her factories, her packing houses, her mines, mills, warehouses and 
railroads. It is rooted down to bed-rock with her homes, her churches, her 
schools and colleges. 

The experiences of Kansas show that prohibition means more money in 
the family, better shoes, better clothes, more food on the table. It means 
less sickness, less suffering, less sorrow. It means more happiness and better 
homes, where before was poverty, shame, wretchedness and despair. It means 
more sunshine in the world and a better land in which to live. Kansas pro¬ 
duces more meat than any other state in the Union. She has the greatest 
broomcorn market in the world and the second largest livestock market. She 
excels more than two-thirds of the states in the production of corn, cattle, 
horses, hay, hogs, poultry and dairy products. But more than all these, she 
produces intelligent, educated, God-fearing citizens. She has cut out from her 
body politic, the cancer of debauchery and crime which comes from liquor. 
What she has done could not have been done if liquor had been permitted here. 

After the enactment of the Volstead Act, Kansas had an epidemic of the 
liquor business as a result of the coming in of many private stills. The new 
epidemic presented a problem which had to be met. Close cooperation be¬ 
tween the Anti-Saloon League and the Attorney-General’s office successfully 
met it. A law enforcement campaign, as successful as any ever made, was 
carried on in Kansas. The intensity of the campaign against the liquor forces 
served to arouse the public hatred of the wets and their sympathizers. The 
wets returned to the attack in a vicious campaign in Kansas during the fall and 
winter of 1925 and 1926. The bulk of the fighting was carried on for the 
wets, principally by a Topeka newspaper and a Kansas City newspaper. It 
appears to have been part of the nation-wide fight of the wets to cripple law 
enforcement as a prelude to a repeal of the Volstead Act. Kansas, however, 
has well withstood the attack. 

I conclude that what has been done through prohibition in Kansas can 
be done anywhere. If prohibition can be enforced in Kansas, it can be en¬ 
forced in New York. If Kansas can prosper without dens of vice and 
without the use of liquor, other states can do likewise. The liquor traffic 
can never come back. Those who have hopes or misgivings of the ultimate 
outcome of the struggle should consider the history of Kansas. Kansas does 
not want and would not tolerate modification. Liquor is an outlaw within 
her borders. She is forty-five years removed from the thought of legalizing 
the saloon. Conviction of violators is easier than in the past because public 

273 


sentiment has .been crystallized. Kansas officials and private citizens are 
agreed that prohibition is the state’s best business asset. Her people realize 
that intoxicating liquor is a commercial and a social detriment to any com¬ 
munity. 


A MESSAGE FROM THE ISLES OF SUNSHINE 

By Rev. Geo. H. DeKay, 

Superintendent Anti-Saloon League of Hawaii 

We were told on this platform the other night, and I have no desire to dis¬ 
pute it, that the center of population is here in Indiana, but the center of 
attraction is the little group of islands called the Hawaiian Islands. We were 
told here, also, that when Columbus discovered Cuba, he said it was the most 
beantiful place in the world, but Columbus had not, apparently, seen much of 
the world, for if he had gotten to the Hawaiian Islands, he would have taken 
back what he said about Cuba. 

Very few vessels pass without stopping at the shores of the islands. 
They have been called the Isles of Sunshine, and they might well be called so. 
The sun always shines there, even when it rains. And the moonshine—I mean 
the moonlight! It is of the greatest romance. I have come to bring you a 
brief message from the islands from where Mrs. Leavitt started out to wind the 
white ribbon around the world. She there organized the first W. C. T. U. 
outside of the United States. I was delegated to bring their greetings and 
wish you Godspeed in this work. I bring greetings not only from them but 
from the place where the first prohibition law was enacted. In 1818 the old 
King Kamehameha, alarmed at the drinking among his people, after sailors 
had taught them to make liquor, called his chiefs together in a three days’ 
conference, and the outcome was the decree that all chiefs should go home 
to their respective districts and put the taboo on the use of liquor. All stills, 
no matter how small or crude, were to be destroyed. So Hawaii has the honor 
of having the first prohibition law. 

We have three great crops in Hawaii—sugar, pineapple, and babies. 
We are raising down there a splendid crop of young people, and making of 
them American citizens, amidst conditions not altogether favorable for them. 
We can make and are making good American citizens out of those young peo¬ 
ple, out of the sons of Japanese, Chinese, and Philipinos. Our greatest work lies 
there among those young people of the territory. Twenty-five thousand of the 
population are white people. We have Japanese, Philipinos, Chinese, Americans, 
British, Koreans, and lots of Scotch, and we have lots of trouble with the 
Scotch. 

Some people might think Hawaii an ideal place for Prohibition. But there 
nre many reasons why prohibition is having difficulty there. The hillsides 
and gulches make ideal places for hiding stills. There is a great deal of vio¬ 
lation. However, there is not as much as there has been and conditions are im¬ 
proving constantly. They have improved tremendously in the customs office 
since a man was removed who hardly ever drew a breath not tainted with al¬ 
cohol, and a woman put in who wears a white ribbon. There is not as much 
Scotch as there used to be. 

I can give you this message from the Hawaiian Islands; there comes to 

274 



me constantly from principles of schools and from managers of plantations 
tmany of whom are drinking men, and not in favor of the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment for themselves) the testimony of improved conditions in the homes of 
the laboring people—the testimony of children who used to come to school 
without lunches and who had no money to buy books. Now, from the same 
homes come well-clad children, bringing their own lunches, and buying their 
own books. 

I will sum my message up in these words of our Governor Farrington. 
He said three years ago that “If Hawaii were called upon today to vote upon 
the Prohibition law, it would vote for the Prohibition law and all its drastic 
regulations.” 


AMERICA, THE LABORATORY OF PROHIBITION 

Mrs. Nelle G. Burger, 

Asst. Recording Secretary National W. C. T. U. 

President Missouri W. C. T. U. 

At the Anti-Alcoholic Congress held in the Pan-American Building in 
Washington, D. C., several years ago the delegates from other lands frequently 
referred to Prohibition in America as “the great experiment.” It came as a shock 
to me that Prohibition, for which we had labored for more than half a century, 
and which had finally been written into our constitution, should be regarded 
as anything but an established fact, but the passage of time has disclosed 
that they were correct in their term. America has been the world’s laboratory 
for testing the great experiment of a nation voluntarily outlawing the drink 
traffic. 

Webster defines “experiment” as follows—“to test; to establish; to illus¬ 
trate some known or some suggested truth; a practical test; to prove,’’ so with 
that definition in mind, let us apply ourselves to this experiment. 

“TO TEST”—State by state voted the liquor traffic out of existence 
until 2,545 counties were dry covering 68% of our area. By State enactment 
33 states voluntarily banished the liquor traffic. The results had been so 
beneficial in these states that the entire nation by two-thirds vote of Congress 
and the subsequent ratification wrote the Eighteenth Amendment into the 
Constitution of the United States. We were now in a position to give Pro¬ 
hibition a fair test. When we had only state-wide prohibition there was 
much interference between the states and from the National government in 
the issuance of liquor tax receipts. The Eighteenth Amendment gave the 
Federal Government and the states joint and concurrent power in the en¬ 
forcement of the prohibition law. This theory is sound and should work out 
satisfactorily. 

Then came the practical test of making prohibition a part of the organic 
law of the land. In other words “to establish” it as a permanent institution 
in our governmental life. The co-ordination of the legal machinery of state 
and nation was the first step. The Volstead Act, under which the Eighteenth 
Amendment operates was supported by the passage of State enforcement 
codes in practically all of the states and by the appointment of Federal and 
State enforcement officers, who were to cooperate in carrying out the provisions 
of these laws. In this manner complete cooperation was provided by law. 

275 



Then we proceeded to the next step which was “to illustrate” to the world 
that prohibition was successful in practice as well as in theory. We had con¬ 
tended that prohibition would usher in an era of prosperity as well as an era 
of peace and happiness, and we were correct. This was first evidenced by the 
improvements in the homes of the nation. Where formerly the barest com¬ 
forts had existed, now luxuries were found. The schools and colleges were 
crowded to capacity. Legitimate lines of business doubled and trebled an¬ 
nually. Building received an unprecedented impetus; depositors in the sav¬ 
ings banks increased 26 millions; automobiles and moving pictures have be¬ 
come so numerous that the entire population could be carried to moving pic¬ 
ture houses and be entertained at one time. 

The “practical test” was the money test. How would prohibition affect 
the finances of the nation? This was answered by the conversion of distilleries 
and breweries into lines of profitable legitimate business. Property formerly 
used for saloon purposes increased in value when occupied by legitimate busi¬ 
ness. Perhaps the most pertinent illustration is the conversion of the Busch 
Brewery of St. Louis into other profitable channels covering glass manu¬ 
facturing units, manufacture of Diesel engines, the manufacture of wagons and 
trucks; cold storage, ice making and the manufacture of a million gallons 
of ice cream annually. Mr. August A. Busch declares that he expects by 1936, 
if not before, to not only reach the former volume of business of the brewery 
but to far exceed that business. Prof. Irving Fisher has shown the eco¬ 
nomic value of prohibition in his statement that prohibition saves America six 
billion dollars a year. Prohibition saves 5%, which used to be wasted out 
of our incomes, and adds another 5% into the bargain. He likewise assures 
us that “there has been unusual saving of human lives through prohibition. 
Juvenile delinquencies cut in half; alcoholic insanity reduced more than half; 
beverage alcohol reduced more than nine-tenths; disorderly houses virtually 
disappear” and in fact, he proves conclusively that prohibition even at its 
worst has been a decided blessing to America. 

The proof that prohibition has been effective is the fact that the enemies 
of prohibition have been aroused to bitter opposition and are frantically 
working for its overthrow. The Association Against the Prohibition Amend¬ 
ment, supported by wet interests of foreign liquor producing countries and 
disgruntled wets in America, are spreading false propaganda against the ef¬ 
fectiveness of prohibition. They seek to attract the attention of people to their 
statements hoping to create a sentiment against the Eigheenth Amendment 
at home and abroad. The American people were growing satisfied with 
prohibition. Perhaps 5% of the population were violating the law, but the 
other 95% were accepting prohibition with complacency. Something had to 
be done, so they decided upon a five-fold program. Publicity—through a sub¬ 
sidized press, through paid newspaper magazine articles and misleading state¬ 
ments of fact to various interests in the country has been their aim. In this, 
they have been partially successful as many of the metropolitan papers which 
opposed prohibition before its passage have continued to attack it since. 
Wet newspapers create a suggestion. People draw a conclusion and it is 
then repeated as an absolute fact. This association claimed they would 
elect a wet congress which would repeal the Volstead Law. In this they 

276 


failed, as each succeeding congress is drier than the last. They have spread 
the glory of the Quebec system throughout the nation in the hope that it may 
be established here in place of the Eighteenth Amendment. 

One of their strongest points has been to traduce the fair name of the 
youth of our nation, and to attribute every crime on the calendar to prohi¬ 
bition, but the American Bar Association is more competent to pass upon 
the reasons concerning crime and declares—“The coming of the high pow¬ 
ered automobile and the wholesale manufacture and sale of firearms is the ex¬ 
planation of most of the crime. The crime wave has been increasing for 
35 years, prohibition did not bring it; prohibition revealed it, and the revelation 
came none too soon. 

The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment then instituted the 
referenda making a cross section test which proved beyond doubt that the 
people desired to keep their state prohibition laws, Colorado, California and 
Missouri being notable examples. Referenda dealing with the Eighteenth 
Amendment were deemed unconstitutional, consequently were repudiated by 
drys and were utterly worthless and meaningless. In a clear cut vote in this 
nation, prohibition would carry by a tremendous majority. Those spots 
most, opposed to the prohibition regime have a population which is not 
Americanized and in sympathy with the law, consequently those are the spots 
where the enforcement is least effective. 

America has made the great experiment. America has TESTED, ILLUS¬ 
TRATED and PROVED to the world that Prohibition is the best method of 
dealing with the liquor traffic. The entire result has not been perfect, but the 
trend of the health, and wealth, and happiness of the commonwealth has been 
upward, and the trend of poverty, pauperism, mortality and sorrow has been 
downward. The ONE NEW FACTOR in this nation in the last seven years 
which can account for this situation is National Constitutional Prohibition. 
President Calvin Coolidge says “The final sober thought of America is and 
will be—that America shall be sober.’’ 


PROHIBITION AMERICA’S MESSAGE TO THE WORLD 

By. Edwin C. Dinwiddie, D.D., 

Superintendent of the 'National Temperance Bureau 

Representing International Order of Good Templars; Committee on Promotion of 
Temperance Legislation; Association in Support of National Prohibition; Flying Squadron 
Foundation. 

In attempting to send a message from prohibition America to the tem¬ 
perance workers in other lands, I trust we of this country shall not ibe charged 
with over presumption. We trust to do it with becoming modesty. We can¬ 
not boast complete success for our altruistic, social adventure in America. 
We cannot yet lay claim to that measure of success to which, for its age, the 
experiment should be entitled. We do not claim super-wisdom in the United 
States. We did not get to our present situation at once, nor did we ulti¬ 
mately arrive at the goal of national prohibition except after having tried every 
other known method first. We certainly have to plead guilty to having run 
the whole gamut of experiment and endeavor in attempting to solve the 
alcoholic liquor problem in America. 

I think it but fair to our co-workers in fields abroad to say that there are 

2 77 



some features inhering in our national life that have contributed legitimately 
to make our task less difficult in some respects—possibly more difficult in 
others—than theirs. The very newness of our country, comparatively speak¬ 
ing, and the absence of the handicap of ages-old precedents and customs which 
naturally inhere in nations long established, have contributed to our easier 
adoption of the prohibition policy. These elements have rendered it easier 
for our people to conceive new ideas and ideals; to devise new methods and 
execute new plans in connection with our temperance problem and prohibition 
issue in America. The principle of so-called vested rights has never been 
tecognized—either by our courts or our legislatures—as having any appli¬ 
cation to the traffic in intoxicating liquors. 

One of the chief embarrassments in enforcement is our national lack of 
homogeneity among our people. We are not a race in America; we are en¬ 
gaged in the process of fusing multitudinous races of people into what it is 
hoped will ultimately be an American type, combining somewhat the best 
traits of the peoples of the earth. Another embarrassment in enforcement 
comes from this same influx of immigrants from other countries who have 
mistakenly conceived the idea that America and America’s democracy together 
make a situation in which men have liberty to do as they please. 

Before we can profitably present any message worth while for our friends 
in other lands, it seems to me both desirable and necessary that we clearly 
state just what we have and have not done in America. This will the better 
enable us to appraise correctly the results of prohibition in the United States. 
And in a labyrinth of loose thinking and proposing on both sides of the 
question in our country it may help to clarify the situation and really con¬ 
duce ultimately to better enforcement of the law and thereby tend to insure 
its permanence. 

Prohibition was not sought nor secured in order to make men moral or 
even sober by law, however much of both of these results may be desired. In 
passing, however, I cannot refrain from calling attention to the fact that 
opponents who erroneously charged us with that attempt, and who vehemently 
asserted such never could be done, are now most vigorously proclaiming the 
failure of the law because it has not immediately transformed human character,, 
changed long formed habits and altered established customs among our people. 
Prohibition was not advocated primarily to stop liquor drinking, however 
much that is hoped for as a by-product of the reform: and even though, in the 
last analysis, popular approval of the law may depend upon that result. 

The real, defensible, fundamental reason for state and national prohibition 
of the liquor traffic is a right attitude of government toward a social evil of 
such magnitude. It has brought about a complete reversal of the state’s 
position. The state in this expression refers to sovereignty—both state and 
national. 

Instead of authorizing the sale of harmful intoxicants, the law forbids 
it. Instead of protecting men in the conduct of the traffic, the law hunts down 
the violator and punishes him. Under the old policy the man who preyed upon 
his weaker brother in society could plead governmental sanction and partner¬ 
ship in the accruing profits, and his victim could enter a similar plea in ex¬ 
tenuation of his weakness and folly. 


278 


Under the present regime the government—the people in this country—is 
tree from complicity with the evil and is not censurable for either the greed 
or avarice of the trafficker or the injury to or sin of the drinker of the liquors 
now under the ban. 

The man or woman who goes wrong through drink today does so de¬ 
liberately, seeks his or her own destruction against government law, and 
warning and testimony as to this evil. This is said to the everlasting glory 
of the American Republic—if it remains steadfast—that it has deliberately re¬ 
versed its former policy, voluntarily surrendered its claim to licenses and 
taxes amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars per annum, and has taken 
this high, altruistic position with reference to the monster evil of the ages! 
While this is true, we still send this message to the world: Despite its youth, 
its inadequate enforcement, its lack of a fair chance and a square deal thus far, 

its difficulties of enforcement due to our heterogeneous population and our 

immense coast lines and our unguarded borders (from the military stand¬ 
point), despite all its handicaps, the Prohibition law, by and large, the whole 
country over, has operated to the very great moral and economic advantage of 
the masses of the American people. 

Our people generally speaking are the best fed and clothed and relaxed 
and entertained people on the face of the globe. The masses enjoy more of 

the comforts and luxuries of life than any people on earth. We say this 

neither disparagingly of others nor boastfully of ourselves. It is the plain 
statement of a patent fact, attested by none more clearly and openly than by 
observant, truthful visitors to our shores from other lands. Since prohibition 
came we have enjoyed unusual universal prosperity, not due, solely, of course, 
to prohibition, but in accounting for which no student of social or economic 
conditions will for a moment refuse to prohibition a large share of credit. 
No one can successfully dispute the statements of world-known authorities 
in their several fields like Evangeline Booth, Judge Gary, Professor Irving 
Fisher, Roger Babson, Secretary Herbert Hoover and Henry Ford, as well as 
many others almost as well known, as to the- effective part prohibition has 
played in our wonderful commercial and industrial prosperity of the past 
eight years. 

We have now the colossal sum of approximately twenty-five billion dol¬ 
lars in the savings banks of the United States, and the records show that these 
savings have increased much faster and in vastly larger amounts during the 
period succeeding the adoption of prohibition. At the same time we have 
enormously extended our industries, which, of course, has taken other billions 
of dollars both in stocks and bonds for capital investments. Likewise at the 
same time Americans have put unprecedented sums running into the billions 
in foreign securities in the last seven years. While this financial record was 
being made the Building and Loan Associations, which are given very largely 
to the savings of the masses for the financing and acquisition of homes for the 
people, have been increasing their assets from two thirds to three quarters 
of a billion dollars annually, and have been financing the building of from one- 
third to two-fifths of a million homes in the United States per year, an almost 
unbelievable record, and absolutely unaccounted for except by taking prohi¬ 
bition into consideration as a prime factor. 

279 



Prohibition has helped to make possible the tremendous attendance at 
schools, seminaries, colleges and universities throughout the country during 
recent years, and the educational facilities of the United States have been taxed 
to their utmost capacity from one end of the country to the other, and prohi¬ 
bition has been responsible for a good share of that result, for it has not only 
released many of the younger people in our homes from previously required 
earning occupations, but it has enabled parents the better to feed and clothe 
them and thus make possible their attendance at educational institutions. 

In this connection I cannot refrain from reference to predictions which 
were freely made in the closing days of the World War and immediately there¬ 
after. Every thoughtful person knew that following a period of inflation, which 
•existed up to the time of the Armistice in all lines in America, there must come 
a period of deflation when the country was getting back into the condition of 
normalcy. Many thought, and the prediction was freely expressed in con¬ 
versations and in a portion of the press, that when the boys came home from 
Europe, and unemployment became acute and the demand for commodities 
at high prices was greatly reduced, we should see bread lines and soup houses 
in our great centers of population and riots in our big cities as an inevitable 
result. We went through this trying period without the experience of bread 
lines or soup houses or riots, for our people had been fortified against the evil 
day by saving their money in the absence of the open saloon, which in the old 
days had been the chief promoter of social disorders and discontent. And 
later, wq went through one of the most trying and desperately fought strikes 
in the great anthracite coal industry without disorders and bloodshed which 
had marked similar contests in the past. Observers and students of social con¬ 
ditions in these sections have ascribed the absence of violence to the presence 
of prohibition. 

Americans know, even if they do not always think to remember about the 
relative amount of drinking and drunkenness to be seen in our cities and 
towns today and under the old license regime. And this message can be taken 
back to Europe and the world that among the masses of the American people 
there is far less drinking and less drunkenness than there was before prohibi¬ 
tion came. If not, the absence of the evidences of both on the streets cannot 
be satisfactorily explained. There may be one class of Americans of which 
this may not be true. They are not relatively numerous and prohibition was 
probably not primarily adopted for their benefit. They are the thoughtless, 
selfish, indulgent rich in many cases, and the sons and daughters of these, 
who like to show their ability to flout the law. They constitute a most dan¬ 
gerous element in the situation today. They set an example of law violation 
by conniving with bootleggers to intrigue with rum runners in order that 
their appetites may be appeased. They are among the first to clamor for the 
protection of their homes and mills and factories and banks and stores and 
clubs, and yet are constantly encouraging the violation of all law by their at¬ 
titude toward the Eighteenth Amendment and its enforcement. I confess 
that, except for their example to and their influence upon the public, I am less 
concerned about them than I am about the great mass of the American peo¬ 
ple whom prohibition has unquestionably benefited tremendously—that great 

280 


body of people concerning whom Abraham Lincoln once said “the Lord must 
love a lot because He made so many of them.” 

There is more commotion created and more publicity given over our coun¬ 
try about a half pint of liquor which some fellow may carry around in a flask in 
his hip pocket than was formerly the case with hogsheads sold in the licensed 
saloons of America. 

Another message which we send to our co-workers around the world is that 
we are going to stand fast in America. It was my privilege to address the 
first congress of the World League Against Alcoholism in a speech at ,Toronto 
in the late fall of 1922, and I pointed out in that address “why and how Amer¬ 
ica would stand firm” on prohibition. I gave reasons from a practical political 
standpoint, as well as the moral considerations, which I believed then and 
still believe would cause the American people to demand the maintenance and 
enforcement of what the distinguished president of the United States has 
called in an official message to congress “this salutary law.” 

In addition to these and other reasons, I want to emphasize another at this 
time which I believe will appeal strongly to the citizens of our country. As 
a people we are “good sports” and we believe in a fair deal. At heart we are 
sound in our faith in democracy and the right of the people to govern by con¬ 
stitutional methods, and I am confident that before our people will sanction a 
change in the Amendment or any material weakening or alteration of the 
enforcement law, they will insist upon a fair trial of the principle and policy 
of prohibition under fair conditions for a reasonable period of time, and that, 
in my judgment, will both bring success to and insure the permanence of the 
prohibition polity in this country. * 

The nation is experiencing today, and has for the past seven years, the 
same virulent opposition and the same organized conspiracy and the same 
efforts at nullification, all to defeat the operation and effects of prohibition 
that pioneer states like Maine, Kansas and North Dakota endured for so many 
years and which they successfully weathered until there came in these com¬ 
monwealths practically a universal acquiescence in the prohibition polity. 

I want to give this as my last message to our friends and co-workers in 
other lands as a long-time legislative worker in our cause in America. In a 
little more than two months I will have rounded out twenty-eight years in 
representation of temperance forces in the national legislative field at Wash¬ 
ington. Add to this six years of similar efforts in the states and it will be 
seen that I have devoted over a full generation of time to legislative endeavors 
in behalf of this reform, yet I want to emphasize the main lesson—most im¬ 
portant message—to our friends abroad because of my observation and ex¬ 
perience in our fight in this country. It is this—whether progress is rapid or 
slow—i e t me urge you never to depend solely or even too largely upon law. 
Law can only come by public sentiment, and intelligent public sentiment can 
come only by education. 

Law in the last analysis will only be properly enforced by the influence of 
an enlightened and militant public sentiment, and certainly it will only be re¬ 
tained by this fountain head of governmental life in this country. 

Inculcate the principle of total abstinence in the people; educate the masses 
about the 'evil effects of liquor selling and drinking; sow your communities and 

281 


states knee-deep in temperance literature, as Genl. Neal Dow urged in the 
early days in Maine; strengthen your temperance orders and organizations, 
and let your legislation keep pace with the advanced sentiment thus created 
and maintained, and the contest against alcoholism will go forward success¬ 
fully the wide world round, until finally 

“This power like all others whose throne is built on outraged rights 
shall pass away. 

Aye, tho its empire stretch from zone to zone, 

And bathe in endless day. 

Ev’n when the mirth is loudest 
Shall the wine grow bitter and 
The shattered wine-cup fall, 

For in that hour shall come the 
Hand divine and write upon the wall.’’ 


GREETINGS 

Madame Riccardo Santi, 

Representative of the Italian Methodist Churches, and the Casa Matema, Naples 

It may be safely said, that there is in Italy, an anti-alcoholic-movement-. 
Public opinion has deeply and repeatedly been moved by hideous crimes that 
had been committed under the influence of alcohol, and the foremost phy¬ 
sicians and psychiatrists have more than once openly declared, that a very 
strong percentage amongst the unhappy inmates of hospitals, jails, and insane 
asylums, come from homes cursed by alcohol. The indignation and shame 
caused by such a state of things, has led, in these last few years, to the founding 
and organizing of several smaller or bigger anti-alcoholic associations, chiefly 
in Florence, Milan and Venice. One or two of them publish leaflets or small 
magazines and thereby scatter their ideas. The Anti-alcoholic League that I 
know best, and in which I feel a very deep personal interest, is the one that 
has been existing for these last sixteen years in our “Casa Materna,” an orphan¬ 
age housing one hundred and ten girls and boys, who are being brought up 
under the strictest dry regime. We have thus sent forth hundreds of young 
men and women who are, in their everyday life, practically preaching the 
gospel of prohibition. 

That an anti-alcoholic movement is urgently needed in Italy, is easily 
shown, through the following statistics: 

Deaths from alcohol were 664 in 1922, and have risen in 1925 to 1,315. 
There existed in Italy 187,000 saloons! It was then absolutely necessary to 
shut as many as possible. Twenty-five thousand have been closed up to the 
present time. 

That is a good beginning, and we should push on! Several rules have been 
enforced that are noteworthy; for instance, children are not allowed to buy spir¬ 
its; before 10 a.m. and after 10 p.m., no liqueurs may be sold to any one. 

My coming here, my witnessing this wonderful show of the strength- of 
American and world’s anti-alcoholism, is bound to have good effects on the 
movement in Italy. 

Surely Italy, that is on almost all sides surrounded with water—and such 
lots of it—is not going to get drowned in—wine! 

282 



EDUCATIONAL TEMPERANCE WORK IN SWEDEN 

Address by Jalmar Furuskog, Ph.D., of Filipstad, Sweden. 

I am glad to have the opportunity to bring to you a message from old 
Sweden. 

In the great time of the Declaration of Independence there was a brave 
Swede, by the name of John Morton, descending from one of the first settlers 
on the Delaware. 

He was a delegate to the first National Congress and a signer of the ' 
declaration. He left a bed of sickness to cast the deciding vote that put 
Pennsylvania on -the side of independence. 

Many of his old friends turned from him because of 'his action. But 
when he was dying he left them a message, saying: “Tell them that they will 
live to see the time when they shall acknowledge it to be the most glorious 
service that I ever rendered to my country.” 

This answer may be a good message to us all, to men and women who 
are fighting against alcoholism, fighting for a sober life and for prohibition. 
We may say as John Morton did:—it’s the most glorious service I ever ren¬ 
dered to my country. 

I come from a little country and I have wondered whether I have any¬ 
thing to tell that might be important to this splendid congress. But I am proud 
that there is one thing where Sweden has set a very good example and that 
is with regard to the educational work. 

I wish to say a few words about the measures which have been taken 
by the Swedish government. Two royal commissions have brought forth the 
principles of temperance education in the school and outside the school. The 
Swedish parliament is appropriating about 60,000 dollars every year for this 
work. 

Our first desire as to the education in the school, is, that the teacher 
may be interested in the temperance problem, and that he may possess the 

sufficient knowledge. 

Therefore, we are arranging every year a summer institute, or summer 
school, at Stockholm or Upsala. They go on about five weeks. Every 
third of these institutes has a program on a physiological basis. The other 
two have a sociological program. •Consequently: The first and the second year 
is a sociological school, the third year a physiological, and so on. The most 
complete and all-round program is that of the sociological institute. It in¬ 
cludes; Firstly, the influence of alcohol on the individual; secondly, the in¬ 
fluence of alcohol on society; thirdly, the fight against alcoholism by educa¬ 
tion, by the temperance movement, by social reform and by legislation. 

Every day, three or four lectures are given, and two hours are devoted to 
conference. A large number of teachers from the public schools attend these 
institutes. 

Another form of the summer institutes desires to give the leaders of the 
temperance movement a deeper knowledge of their work. The program is 
the same as of the sociological institute for teachers, only a little shorter. 
Consequently we find the leaders of the local temperance societies, the lead¬ 
ers of the juvenile work and the study circles, and the ministers of several 
churches as students at these summer schools. 

283 


I may bring you a personal greeting from such a. summer school, that was 
going on in the last of July at Birka, in northern Sweden, a very beautiful 
place, surrounded by high mountains. I was there giving some lectures' on the 
different legislative systems, and I was very glad to see the deep interest in 
the subjects discussed and the enthusiasm that was shown hy all participators. 

For the great public we have in Sweden a shorter series of lectures, dur¬ 
ing four, five or six days, in different places of the country. These usually at¬ 
tract very large audiences. Single lectures, arranged by the local temper¬ 
ance societies, are also very common, and receive appropriations from the 
state. 

Permit me also to mention that the manual of the alcohol question, pub¬ 
lished by the Swedish Board of Education, is the best that I know. This 
book ought to be translated into other languages. 

In Sweden, we believe, that the foremost need, is not beautiful phrases, not 
feelings, but knowledge. We must know how the world is, before we can 
make the world better. 

But the most remarkable educational work in Sweden has been done by 
the Temperance Societies, by the lodges of the International Order of Good 
Templars, the local Societies of Blue Ribboners, W. C. T. U. and many others. 
They have found a specially good form for their educational work in the Study 
Circles. 

I give here below a table showing the progress of the Study Circle move¬ 
ment in Sweden from 1906 to the present time. 

Expendi- Volumes 



No. of 

Mem¬ 

ture on 

in the Li¬ 

Book 

Lec¬ 

Meet¬ 

Year 

Circles 

bers 

Books 

braries 

Loans 

tures 

ings 

1906-07 

.. 200 

3,278 

10,304 

13,168 ’ 


373 

1,361 

1911-12 

.. 752 

11,499 

35,173 

81,103 

99,196 

673 

4,887 

1916-17 

.. 1,083 

14,676 

68,305 

205,974 

252,251 

1,003 

5,723 

1921-22 

.. 1,283 

20,240 

174,304 

323,955 

447,352 

2,966 

10,872 

1925-26 

.. 1,493 

20,522 

174,205 

430,101 

526,619 

3,116 

11,130 


We believe that there is nothing more important in our temperance work 
than to give to the people nobler interests, give them educating hobbies., I 
might say, perhaps, and thus lift the people to a higher plane of spiritual cul¬ 
ture. That is the only way to free the people from the old, primitive, super¬ 
stition that has resulted in the social customs and habits of drinking. 

For the progress of our cause I think it is also necessary to bring the 
temperance movement in harmony with the leading ideas of our own time. 

The world is not complete. Man has to continue the creation—he has to 
improve and reform the world according to the human ideals. The spirit of 
the present age is the spirit of progress, of reformation, of invention and dis¬ 
covery—I might say “The Spirit of St. Louis.” 

The man of the present age is a triumphant creator and he wants no nar¬ 
cotic stimulants. 

I am quite sure that Europe will follow America’s example and adopt pro¬ 
hibition. It will take a very long time, that is true. I have often heard peo¬ 
ple say: “Prohibition is a great step backward! It is the darkness of the 
middle ages; no friend of liberty can be a friend of prohibition.” But when I 

284 



return to my country, I shall tell them something about America, which most 
of them do not know or do not think about. I will tell them that America is the 
land of smiling faces and friendly hearts. I have wandered to and fro in this 
country for a couple of weeks as a green-horn, and I have not for a single 
moment felt as a stranger. Everybody has 'been so friendly, smiling and 
so ready to help. I believe that the Americans have more joy of life and 
more good humor than most other peoples. The Americans have learned how 
to ’’brighten the corner” where they are. And I think that prohibition has 
something to do with it. 

Finally, I may tell you that I live in the Swedish town of Filipstad, the 
place where Captain John Ericson was born and also buried, a hero of 
the Civil War in America, the inventor of the Monitor, the propellor, the cal¬ 
oric engine, sun engine, and so on. 

I wish you could follow me home. Then we should have a little trip 
to the grand monument that the Swedish nation has built to John Ericson. 
We should remember that John Ericson devoted his long life to solve the 
power problem, in order to realize the social liberty and peace forever. 

We should remember that John Ericson, in order to preserve his working 
ability, did not drink a drop of alcohol and did not smoke as much as a 
cigarette. 

John Ericson is one of the men who help us to understand, 'that all men 
and women all over the whole world, who believe in progress and liberty, 
are one people. 


ALCOHOL—A DISCREDITED DRUG 

By John Harvey Kellogg, M. D. 

Medical Director Battle Greek Sanitarium 
(Read in connection with moving picture “Alcohol and the Human Body.”) 

When the art of distillation was introduced into Europe in the Middle 
Ages and alcohol was discovered and exploited by the father of charlatans, 
Paracelsus, as the elixir of life, this delusive drug soon acquired a foremost 
place among medicines and spirituous liquors became in time the chief de¬ 
pendence in all cases in which the patient was supposed to need supporting 
treatment. Alcohol was regarded as a powerful stimulant, an agent capable of 
energizing the vital forces of the exhausted patient and aiding him in his 
battle against germs and other enemies of life and health. 

Half a Century Ago 

Fifty years ago, when I was beginning the practice of medicine, fever 
patients and consumptives were given whisky in such doses that they were 
kept in a state of continual intoxication. If they recovered, whisky got the 
credit, and the patients not infrequently became confirmed inebriates. A ven¬ 
erable and highly popular practitioner of the old school told me forty years 
ago that he often met on the streets reeling drunkards whom he knew had 
been made such by his prescription and that he often asked himself the ques¬ 
tion whether it would not have been better for them to have died than to 
have survived, to fill, later, dishonored drunkard’s graves. 

In those days the druggist’s shelves were lined with “tonics” of many col¬ 
ors and flavors, but all consisting chiefly of whisky, gin or plain alcohol with 

285 



the addition of something hot or bitter. One much advertised bitters, Rich¬ 
ardson’s, contained 50 per cent more alcohol than Scotch whisky. And so- 
called “temperance bitters” were convicted of being as intoxicating as beer 
or wine. 

But scientific research has changed all this. Alcohol is no longer re¬ 
garded as a stimulant. It is known to be a narcotic, and is so described in all 
treatises on drugs. Most of the so-called tonics have disappeared from the 
drug stores and the advertising columns of the daily newspapers and the ri- 
ligious weeklies. The popular monthly magazines long ago ceased to publish 
these meretricious advertisements. 

The modern, up-to-date doctor does not believe that alcohol is a food, a 
stimulant, a remedy of the highest value; that it is indispensable in the treat¬ 
ment of collapse, surgical shock, in blood poisoning, in pneumonia, in tu¬ 
berculosis or consumption, in weakness from whatever cause, as a preventive 
in exposure to contagion, in heart weakness from hemorrhage, or other cause. 
Alcohol is no longer the one and universal remedy, first on the list of emer¬ 
gency supplies, the biggest item next to foods in the hospital expense bill, 
the most frequent prescription of the medical practitioner, and the prescrip¬ 
tion which he most often takes himself. 

Careful Laboratory Experiments 

Laboratory researches conducted by the aid of instruments of precision, the 
same class of instruments which measure the velocity of light, the movements 
of the stars, and by which the occult forces of nature have been revealed and 
studied—these delicate methods of precision have been brought to bear upon 
the study of alcohol and its effects upon the human body, and the result has 
completely upset and reversed the old beliefs and the old teachings. 

Every function of the body has been subjected to the minutest scrutiny; 
every bodily activity and energy has been calipered with the finest accuracy. 
By this means we have become acquainted with the normal man. We know 
how long it takes him to think, to feel, to see, to smell, to hear, to taste. We 
know how much fuel in the shape of food is required to maintain body heat 
and to enable the body engine to do its work. We know how much oxygen 
is consumed, how many foot pounds of work can be done in a minute or in an 
hour or in a day. With a normal man before him, measured, calipered, tested 
and charted in every conceivable way, the modern laboratory physiologist has 
made a study of the influence of alcohol upon the human body, its tissues 
and its activities. The result has been the discovery that alcohol damages 
every tissue and impairs every function; that it is a universal poison; that it 
is of no essential assistance to the body under any circumstances whatever; 
that it is not capable of increasing strength or endurance or vitality one iota, 
but does the opposite. 

A Little Alcohol Shrivels the Nerve Cells 

Here are a few of the things which science has demonstrated that alcohol 
does to the body: In doses so small as one twenty-five hundredth of body 
weight, that is, one ounce for a man weighing one hundred and fifty pounds, 
alcohol shrivels the nerve cells and impairs every mental function. 

By most careful measurements, it has been found that under the influence 

286 


of alcohol the fires of the body burn low, the amount of oxygen consumed 
is less, and the tissue activites are slow. 

Alcohol is not a stimulant or a tonic in any sense of the word. It is a 
depressing agent, an anesthetic, a narcotic, it is the mother of many anes¬ 
thetics. 

The old idea that alcohol strengthens the heart and hence is just the 
thing to use in case of fainting, shock, or collapse, has been shown to be ut¬ 
terly fallacious. According to Professor Kronecker of Berne, Switzerland, a 
two per cent solution of alcohol (Bavarian beer), will paralyze a frog’s heart. 
Ordinary beer and hard cider contain two or three times as much alcohol; wine, 
five to ten times ais much, brandy and whisky, twetny to twenty-five times 
as much. Hence, the paralyzing effect of these strong liquors is proportion¬ 
ately greater. 

Lessens Vital Resistance 

One of the most notable discoveries made by modern scientific study of 
alcohol is the fact that it lessens vital resistance. Animals under the influ¬ 
ence of alcohol are a more likely prey to germs. For example, pigeons, which 
are ordinarily proof against bacteria which produce malignant carbuncle, under 
the influence of small doses of alcohol are easily infected and die. 

Now that the struggle of a hundred years has at last resulted in placing 
in the organic law of our land a mandate against the manufacture or use of 
alcohol except in the arts and sciences and for medicinal purposes, the value 
of this agent as a remedy for disease has become a question of imminent im¬ 
portance. If alcohol is possessed of valuable properties as a tonic or a stimu¬ 
lant or a means of supporting the vital forces or functions of the body, then 
every old toper stands greatly in need of it, and any physician is justified in 
prescribing the drug as a medicinal agent for every habitual user of alcohol 
who misses his matutinal or postprandial libation. 

The National Dispensatory still recommends alcohol in the treatment of 
typhoid fever and as a circulatory stimulant in collapse, and in the treatment 
of pneumonia, scarlet fever, and other infectious diseases; also as an aid 
to digestion and as a supporting measure in tuberculosis and other wasting dis¬ 
eases. But in this the dispensatory is entirely out of date and is following 
obsolete precedents rather than up-to-date knowledge. Not an atom of scien¬ 
tific proof can be adduced in support of the assertion that alcohol is a stimu¬ 
lant or a supporting drug. Alcohol supports nothing but bootleggers, alms¬ 
houses, hospitals, prisons and lunatic asylums. 

Since the ordinary sale of intoxicating drinks has been outlawed by 
constitutional prohibition, some physicians have been willing to assist rum- 
thirsty citizens by supplying them with prescriptions to be filled at drug stores, 
relying upon such obsolete and erroneous. teaching as that of the dispensa¬ 
tory to support and justify their action. But there is good reason to believe 
that in the near future such pernicious statements will cease to appear in 
standard medical literature. 

Alcohol Increases the Mortality of Typhoid Fever 

The death rate under the old method of treating typhoid fever and pneu¬ 
monia was from twenty to thirty per cent. Since the use of alcohol has been 
lessened, and water and other physiological remedies have been substituted, 

287 


the mortality from typhoid fever has been reduced to three to five per cent. 
In one series of twelve thousand cases the mortality was scarcely three per 
cent. 

Alcohol Lessens Nerve Sensibility 

Nervous impressions travel over nerves in a healthy person at the rate of 
ninety-one feet per second; but under the influence of alcohol the rate of 
transmission may be as low as thirteen feet per second. That is, under the 
influence of alcohol, seven times as long may be required to hear, feel, taste, 
or to receive an impression of any sort, as by a normal person. Such a 
man called upon in an emergency would require at least seven times as long 
to make up his mind what he ought to do as a healthy person requires, and 
when large doses of alcohol are administered, the effects are still more pro¬ 
nounced. Certainly this cannot be regarded as the effect of a tonic. Alcohol 
possesses no tonic or stimulant power. When taken into the stomach, there is 
a very slight, transient irritation produced, which gives the impression of a 
tonic or stimulant effect, but as soon as the alcohol has been absorbed into 
the blood, so that it actually comes in contact with the nerve centers and other 
delicate .structures of the body, its real effects which are those of a narcotic 
poison, become at once apparent. 

Effects Are Those of a Paralyzing Agent 

Smiedeberg, more than twenty years ago, pointed out the fact that under 
the influence of alcohol “the finer degrees of observation, judgment and re¬ 
flection disappear,” and that all the effects produced by alcohol are really those 
of a sedative or paralyzing agent. Benedict, of the Carnegie Nutrition Labora¬ 
tory of Boston, has shown that the depressant toxic effects of alcohol are 
produced by ordinary beverage doses, and that not alone the higher facul¬ 
ties are affected, but the automatic reflexes, including those which control 
the circulation and other vital functions. Indeed, the carefully conducted 
researches of Benedict and Wells showed that the reflexes are much more sen¬ 
sitive to the effects of alcohol than the higher faculties, and are the first to 
show its influence. 

Some twenty-five years ago the writer demonstrated by means of the 
chronometer of Verdin and other delicate measuring instruments, that al¬ 
cohol, even in small doses, depresses all the nerve functions concerned in 
the reception of impressions through the sense of touch and sight. The re¬ 
action time was notably lengthened, even by very small doses. The lifting 
power of the muscles was also reduced nearly twenty-five per cent, by one 
moderate dose of whisky. The maximum effect was noted at the end of one 
or two hours. 

F. G. Benedict has published the results of elaborate studies of the effects 
of alcohol by means of the most delicate psychologic tests, conducted by him¬ 
self and his colleagues, concerning which he says: “It will doubtless be con¬ 
sidered of enormous practical significance that in none of the data have we any 
indication of the pure facilitation of the motor processes, but depression .... 
seems to be one of the most characteristic effects of alcohol... . The general 
neuro-muscular depression may be regarded as presumptive evidence of the 
effect of alcohol on organic efficiency.” In other words, Doctor Benedict 

288 


found unmistakable evidence that alcohol is first, last and all the time, a de¬ 
pressing drug, a poison which strikes at the very foundations of life. 

Smith found that moderate amounts of alcohol daily (one to three ounces) 
for twelve days, diminish the power to memorize seventy per cent. Smith 
concluded that half a bottle of wine or two or four glasses of beer a day not 
only counteract the beneficial effects of “practice” in any given occupation, 
but also depress every form of intellectual activity: that every man who, ac¬ 
cording to his own notion,, is only a moderate drinker, places himself by this 
indulgence on a lower intellectual level and opposes the full and complete 
utilization of his intellectual powers. 

Alcohol Weakens the Heart and Lowers Blood Pressure 

One of the most common and pernicious of the popular errors relating to 
alcohol is the supposition that it somehow strengthens the heart. The. full, 
bounding pulse, usually produced by the administration of an ounce or two 
of brandy gives the impression of an increased vigor of heart action; but it is 
only necessary to determine the blood pressure by means of a proper instru¬ 
ment to discover that the blood pressure is not raised and may be lowered. 
The bounding pulse is not the result of increased vigor, but indicates rather a 
w eakened state of the heart, combined with a paralyzed condition of the small 
\ essels. 

The accumulation and sluggish movement of the blood in the paralyzed 
capillaries is shown by the purplish hue of the skin in a person under the 
influence of alcohol. 

No “Up-to-Date” Physician Uses Alcohol in Shock and Collapse 

The common practice of administering alcohol to persons in a state of 
shock or collapse from hemorrhage or accident, or a person who has fainted 
away, has been shown to be almost the worst thing that could be done. 

The apparent beneficial results following the administration of alcohol in 
such cases are caused by the irritation produced by alcohol when it first comes 
in contact with the mouth and stomach. Alcohol is highly irritating to the 
sensitive nerves of the mucous membrane, and the irritation or excitation 
thus produced is followed by a slightly exciting effect. But this disappears 
very quickly, for as soon as the alcohol is absorbed, its narcotic or depres¬ 
sant effects begin to make their appearance. Then the vessels dilate, the 
heart’s energy is weakened, and the pernicious effects of the drug become man¬ 
ifest. This fact is now so well recognized that railway surgeons instruct 
employes to avoid giving alcohol in cases of serious accident, as the effect 
of the drug may be to take away from the victim of a railway smash-up his 
one remaining chance for life. And at the present time, no up-to-date phy¬ 
sician thinks of administering alcohol as a remedy for shock or collapse. 

Alcohol Hinders Digestion 

It has long been known to physiologists that the administration of alcohol 
excites the stomach and causes an increased flow of gastric juice. But Rad- 
zikowski, the famous Russian investigator, has shown that the gastric juice 
thus produced by the action of alcohol upon the stomach is absolutely worth¬ 
less as a digestive agent since it contains no pepsin, which is one of the two 

289 


essential principles required for digestion. Alcohol, then, only induces the 
stomach to pour out an acid liquid which has no digestive power. 

Alcohol does not aid digestion, but, on the contrary, 'hinders it. It may be 
fairly be said, indeed, that there is no fact in physiology more clearly estab¬ 
lished at the present time than that the use of alcohol as an aid to di¬ 
gestion has no support on scientific grounds. 

Bad Hereditary Effects of Alcohol 

The poisonous effects of alcohol have been well shown by the striking 
experiments of Doctor Stockard, of the Cornell Medical College, to determine 
the hereditary effects of alcohol. It was .found that in the case of guinea pigs, 
if one parent was of normal heredity and the other from grandparents to which 
alcohol had been given, numerous defective offspring resulted. The descend¬ 
ants of inebriate guinea pigs were found to be dwarfed, weakly, malformed, 
sterile, and few survived more than a few days. 

Dr. Raymond Pearl, of the Johns Hopkins University, conducted experi¬ 
ments to determine the effects of alcohol upon domestic fowls. He found 
that alcoholized fowls produced only one-half as many fertile eggs as the non- 
alcoholized. Doctor Pearl concluded that alcohol has a destructive effect upon 
the germ cells of fowls, as well as upon guinea pigs. 

The facts clearly show the inevitable result of alcohol habits upon a com¬ 
munity or a nation, and leave no room to doubt that inebriety is one of the 
powerful and insidious forces that is dragging humanity down through race 
degeneracy. Any influence which depreciates the germ plasm is a race 
poison, and hence a race menace. 

Alcohol Is a Discredited Drug 

The verdict of modern science respecting the use of alcohol in disease 
may be briefly summed up as follows: 

(1) Alc'ohol never, under any conditions, increases the vital energy of 
the body, but, on the contrary, decreases it in a marked and uniform manner, 
through its poisonous influence upon the living cells. 

(2) Alcohol is never a tonic or stimulant. It is always a narcotic, inter¬ 
fering with the bodily functions and lessening the nerve tone and vital 
energy. 

(3) Alcohol always diminishes, never increases, the energy of the heart, 
and hence is detrimental rather than beneficial in cases of shock, collapse, 
fainting, etc. 

(4) Alcohol increases the liability to infectious disease, and prevents the 
development of immunity. 

(5) Alcohol does not aid digestion, but actually hinders it, especially in 
cases in which the digestion is already weak or slow; hence its use in con¬ 
nection with meals is absolutely unscientific and irrational, as well as its use 
as an aid to feeble digestion. 

(6) Alcohol diminishes the alkalinity of the blood, and so diminishes 
the vital resistance and increases susceptibility to disease. 

Fifty Years at Battle Creek Sanitarium 

In view of the above facts, what apology can be offered for the continued 
tise of alcohol in medical practice? So far as the writer himself is con- 

290 


cerned, he finds none, and is glad to be able to say that during an experience 
of fifty years as medical director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, an the treat¬ 
ment of more than 175,000 patients, he has found no necessity for the in¬ 
ternal administration of alcohol. 

Evidently, alcohol is a discredited drug, and only waits the further dif¬ 
fusion of knowledge respecting the baneful and deceptive effects among the 
profession and the laity to lead to its retirement and addition to the growing 
hst of obsolete drugs. 

The influence, the teaching, and the practice of the medical profession 
must be held more responsible than any other single influence for producing 
and maintaining the alcohol habit, and a practical appreciation of the facts 
now known and recognized by the leading men of the medical profession as 
scientific truth will ultimately lead to the exclusion of alcohol from the 
materia medica. 

The Doctors Should Lead 

The medical profession owes to society an obligation in relation to this 
question which should lead to a nation-wide effort by physicians to disabuse 
the minds of laymen of the false notions which are still held by the uninformed 
respecting the value of alcohol as a stimulant, tonic, or supporting agent. 
Scientific research has stripped the deceptive drug of every one of its sup¬ 
posed virtues, and it stands exposed as the most delusive, treacherous and per¬ 
nicious agent that has ever been widely trusted by mankind. The popular faith 
in its healing power, in its value as an emergency aid, must be uprooted by 
education. Physicians owe to their profession as an instrument of human 
welfare an earnest effort to destroy the false beliefs which the people have 
imbibed from age-long erroneous medical teaching and practice and upon 
which the public confidence in alcohol is based, and should be of all mien most 
active and efficient in supporting the administration of prohibitory laws. And 
in no way can this be done more effectively than by the frank acknowledg¬ 
ment that alcoholic liquors are useless as remedies and the refusal to write 
prescriptions for their internal use. 

The great need of the temperance cause at the present moment is educa¬ 
tion of old and young respecting the physical effects of alcohol. Every man, 
every woman, every child needs’ to be convinced that alcohol is a deadly poi¬ 
son; that so-called pure whisky is bad whisky; that the most costly and refined 
brandy is a deadly poison; that alcohol is not a stimulant but a narcotic; that 
it is not sustaining food, 'but a dangerous drug; that it does not strengthen a 
feeble man, weakened by disease or hardship, but makes him weaker; that 
it never helps, but always hinders the sick man in his battle against disease; 
that alcohol is never a friend or a helper, but always an enemy and a deceiver. 

By giving disproportionate attention to law enforcement and neglecting 
education respecting the fundamental facts about alcohol', the issue is being 
camouflaged and made to appear as a question of personal liberty; that is, good 
whisky is all right if one can only get it without being caught. 

Educate and Build Public Sentiment 

A great nation-wide and world-wide campaign of education is needed to 
waken intelligent men and women everywhere to battle against the Great 
Destroyer of soul and body. Every school in the United States from kinder- 

291 


garten to college, should teach and reiterate the basic effects of alcohol. Every 
pulpit, every Sunday school must be enlisted in the battle against alcohol, and 
the movie, the greatest of all educational forces, should be made to tell the 
story in every city, town and village of this great country. 

When the whole people know the truth about alcohol, the enforcement of 
the Volstead act will become as easy as the enforcement of city ordinances 
against the speeding and parking of automobiles, the location of factories and 
the disposal of garbage, because it will be backed by a robust public opinion 
which will demand and command the respect of legislators, public officials, 
and even bootleggers and rum-runners. 


MONDAY EVENING SESSION 

THE PROHIBITION PROBLEM IN CANADA 

Rev. Ben II. Spence 

Canadian Secretary of the World League Against Alcoholism 

Canada is a big country, containing within her borders 71,674,880 more 
acres than the United States of America, including Alaska. The Canadian 
flag flies over 3,729,000 square miles of diversified territory containing re¬ 
sources which are only beginning to be tapped. The finest wheat in the world 
is grown north of Edmonton, a thousand miles from the international boundary 
line, and Canada has become the largest exporter of wheat in the world. 

The per capita wealth of Canada is $2,523.00 as compared with $2,459.00 
in the United States. Her dollar bill with the face of King George upon it is 
worth more in New York than is the dollar of Uncle Sam and she leads the 
world in her per capita foreign trade. If any wish to come, there are still 
hundreds of millions of acres of the finest land in the world open for settle¬ 
ment at the lowest price 

Canada’s achievements and industry are phenomenal and the prospects for 
the future alluring. Her people match her mountains and plains, but in no 
country in the world is the percentage of non-native population so great as 
m Canada. According to the last census, 13.1 per cent of the population of 
the United States was foreign born; in Canada it was 22.26 per cent. The 
problem is aggravated by the fact that although Canada is preeminently an 
agricultural country, the incoming population goes largely to the cities. Only 
55.4 per cent of the population is of Anglo-Saxon extraction, 27.9 of French, 
and 18 per cent of other races. 

Not only is Federal action in Canada rendered difficult because of her het¬ 
erogeneous population, but the Dominion of Canada itself consists of five 
distinct sections, each really less intimately related to the others geographic¬ 
ally, socially and commercially than to the contiguous states of the American 
Union. There are the three maritime provinces, Price Edward Island, Nova 
Scotia and New Bruswick, which are a community in themselves; then Que¬ 
bec with its population 80 per cent French and Roman Catholic; then On¬ 
tario, largely Anglo-Saxon; the three western provinces of Manitoba, Saskatch¬ 
ewan and Alberta, in which 40 per cent of the population is of a race other 
than Anglo Saxon or French, this separated by the Rocky Mountains from 
the Province of British Columbia on the Pacific Coast; 

These varying sections, however, are bound to one another and to the 

292 



Empire by sentiment, which is after all the strongest tie in the world. 

While in -spirit and sympathy British, Canada is absolutely self-governing. 
Universal suffrage prevails except in the province of Quebec, where women 
have not yet the franchise. The Dominion parliament consists of two bodies, 
the House of Commons with 245 members, elected from constituencies through¬ 
out Canada, and the Senate, with 96 members, appointed for life by the Gov- 
ernor-General-in-Council, which is the Government of the day. 

What is virtually the constitution of Canada is known as the British North 
America act. At a conference of representatives of the various provinces or col¬ 
onies, a series of resolutions known as the Quebec resolutions were adopted 
embodying an agreement of union. These resolutions were made the basis of 
the British North America act. In and by these resolutions and that act, Fed¬ 
eral and provincial legislative powers by mutual consent defined'more or 
less clearly. In regard to certain specified matters, these powers are mutually 
exclusive, but unspecified power is vested in the Dominion. 

Thus, in its organization theory, the Canadian system is the exact op¬ 
posite of that of the United States which is a union of sovereign states, the 
Federal authority possessing only such powers as are delegated to it by the 
states, the residue of the authority or power resting with the state. There is 
this further important difference, that the United States constitution may be 
amended. The states may, as you did in adopting the Eighteenth Amendment, 
confer power that had heretofore adhered in the states upon the federal au¬ 
thority. In Canada neither provinces or dominion have power to delegate 
authority to the other. Where there is concurrent jurisdiction of the prov¬ 
inces and dominion, but no federal legislation, provincial laws are supreme; but 
where provincial and dominion laws overlap, dominion laws take precedence. 

The force of this is very clearly seen in connection with liquor legis¬ 
lation. Roughly speaking, the provinces of Canada have power only to deal 
with the liquor traffic within provincial boundaries, that is transactions which 
begin and end within the province and are therefore within the terms of the 
British North America Act “of a local and private nature within the province.” 
Federal authority has been conceded to extend to manufacture, importation, 
exportation and inter-provincial shipment and sale of liquor. 

It will be seen therefore that the power to pass complete prohibition rests 
with the Dominion Parliament, and, regarding its action, we have the difficul¬ 
ties enumerated, of diversity of race and religion and the handicap of sepa¬ 
rated communities. Furthermore, any prohibitory law passed by the Dominion 
Parliament would at any time be subject to change, modification or repeal by 
a majority vote of any parliament. The situation is in effect the same as if the 
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States constitution were simply an 
enabling provision under which Congress might act or not, or to such an 
extent as it saw fit. 

Keeping these facts in mind, let us consider the Progress; Reaction; Pres¬ 
ent Conditions; and Outlook, of the temperance reform in Canada. 

First then, the Progress. 

In the growth of public opinion, in the advance of prohibitory legislation 
there is a direct parallel between Canada and the United States. In both coun¬ 
tries there was early a pledge-signing movement followed by the formation of 

293 


temperance societies building up sentiment which expressed itself in first, 
restrictive license legislation, then in local prohibition, municipal, county and 
State. Thus, both nations advanced until, during the war, the culmination was 
reached in the enactment of national war-time prohibition. This, you will re¬ 
member, was not at first legislation, but was in both countries by proclama¬ 
tion of the Government for the purposes of food and man power conservation 
and increased efficiency, or what might be termed a “win the war” policy. 
This was early in 1917. 

Here, however, the parallel ends for the: United States took the further 
legislative step of amending the constitution, passing the Volstead Act, with 
analogous measures in every state of the Union. 

Now the Reaction. This set in after the war. In the United States how¬ 
ever, national prohibition now being embodied in the constitution, remained 
firm and still stand's stronger than ever in state and in nation. In Canada, our 
national prohibition being simply a war-time proclamation was rescinded and 
and almost immediately, lacking the binding, uniting completion and coordi¬ 
nation of the national measure, Provincial prohibition began to slip until Que¬ 
bec, British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario and New 
Brunswick adopted varying systems of Government sale of liquor. 

It is well here to consider some of the factors in this reaction in Canada. 

First and foremost was the repeal of national prohibition itself. With 
the resumption of manufacture, importation, and export shipments, rum-run¬ 
ning on the international border developed. As it developed it began to work 
both ways for the boats and cars carrying contraband liquor into the United 
States became dissatisfied with returning empty and began bringing back con¬ 
traband consignments of silk, tobacco, and other goods and also oftentimes the 
very liquor that had ostensibly been exported. 

A glance will show how the international border lent itself to this situation. 
Take the province of Ontario as an example. Ontario has always been the 
great liquor manufacturing province of Canada. Here, although the provincial 
prohibitory law remained in force, by and under Federal authority, 27 breweries 
and 6 distilleries resumed manufacturing operations. The liquor from these 
breweries and distilleries leaked locally to supply a local demand. Further, 
it could be legally conveyed from any place of manufacture to any customs 
port for export and the border between the United States and Ontario, which 
is practically all navigable water is dotted with customs ports to any of 
which liquor could be legally exported, and therefore to which it could be 
legally transported. Here another difficulty arose. When this liquor was le¬ 
gally shipped the Canadian Customs practically washed their hands of the 
whole proposition. That liquor was now on the high seas, the lakes or the 
rivers. It could not legally land upon the American side; it could not legally 
reland upon the Canadian side, but to the inland waterway there are only 
two sides, and as a matter of fact, it was easier for it to reland in Canada than 
to land in the United States where a closer watch is kept and the penalties more 
severe. Thus, this system facilitated the operation of bootleggers, enabled 
them to get their supplies and carry on. Another factor in this is the fact 
that when liquor is cleared for export the excise tax amounting, in the case 
cf distilled liquors to $9.00 per gallon, is remitted. That difficulty persists 

294 


today under Government sale. Liquor exported from a Toronto distillery 
presumably to some port gets out into Lake Ontario and into the hands of the 
rum-runners $9.00 a gallon cheaper than the Government of the Province of 
Ontario can buy that liquor at the distillery. This whole situation naturally 
developed lawlessness generally. 

Another factor was that this ease with which liquor could be obtained 
meant the keeping alive of appetite, meant the perpetuation of old drinking 
associations and carousing and atmosphere and customs. 

But, most important of all, this situation reestablished the liquor traffic. 

By the liquor traffic, I mean the liquor traffic as we have it today, and 
as we had it just before prohibition. For lack of a better term, let me call 
it “Booze Big Business.” By the “liquor traffic” or “Booze Big Business” I 
do not mean the retail liquor seller, the old tavern keeper, or saloon keeper, 
but I do mean the manufacturer and wholesaler, the brewer and the distiller. 

In the liquor trade, a*s in general business, the tendency for years was 
towards consolidation. For instance, there were in 1911 in Canada 146 brewer¬ 
ies employing 1,411 people with a product valued at $4,768,000. In 1925 there 
were only 62 plants but the production aggregated $38,897,000. 

Not only did this business develop within itself intensively but exten¬ 
sively. Prior to prohibition, many of the retail liquor selling places were tied 
houses practically owned and controlled by the brewers. In the city of To¬ 
ronto, of the 110 remaining licensed taverns, 90 per cent were tied houses, that 
is, simply selling agencies of the breweries. 

Furthermore, with this development the saloonkeeper or retail liquor 
seller became less and less important as a political factor. In the early days of 
local option the fight was with the little local dealer, his social connections and 
local influence. In the latter days of state and national prohibition fighting, 
the local dealer became, to some extent, a negligible quantity and the battle 
became more and more with “Booze Big Business.” Indeed, toward the end 
the tavern keeper and the saloonkeeper became a political liability rather than 
an asset that “Booze Big Business” oftentimes had to disavow and disown. 
In other words, as “Booze Big Business” waxed, the retail liquor trade waned. 

In Canada, “Booze Big Business” which was temporarily suppressed by 
war-time prohibition, got a new lease of life when the war-time restrictions 
were lifted. Manufacture again began and, naturally, the manufacturers sought 
an outlet for their product. They found this first in export trade, hence 
the development of rum-running which has developed enormously. Let me 
give you some figures. The value of liquor exported to the United States 
for the twelve months ending March 31 in each of the last five years was as 


follows: 

Year Value 

1923 . $ 3,178,908 

1924 . 8,714,709 

1925 . 11,610,169 

1926 . 17,995,758 

1927 . 22,162,370 


Just before leaving my office the report came forward that showed for the 

295 







twelve months ending June 30 of the present year the total value of export 
was $23,507,816. 

But the liquor business was legally handicapped in the development of 
trade. As United States enforcement tightened the dangers became greater, 
and at home there were legal handicaps, and it naturally turned to politics to 
remove these legal disabilities. The scandal of this rum-running business 
and the return smuggling trade became so great as to bring on an investiga¬ 
tion, which is now in progress, conducted by a Commission appointed by the 
Dominion government. The sworn testimony brought out in that investigation 
has given an insight into this business such as we have not had before. 

From the facts there brought out, and other happenings, we now see that 
the liquor business proceeded to find a market and sell its goods in various 
ways. First, it encouraged law breaking. It was 'shown by sworn testimony 
that certain brewers of Ontario paid the fines of bootleggers caught selling 
their beer. The penalty for illicit sale was jail for a second offense but when 
once a man was caught, the liquor trade simply paid the fine and changed the 
selling agent. The business as a whole paid a profit, the bootlegger ran no 
risk. Thus, the traitorous and unpatriotic character of the liquor trade, as| 
shown up before and during the war, still manifests itself. The liquor traffic 
has been proved to be a rebel. 

Next, to secure a relaxation of restrictions it sought to influence public 
opinion. Prohibition was attacked. The law breaking which the liquor traffic 
itself incited was exaggerated. Adroit use was made of that subtle power 
of suggestion, a “taking for granted” which is being so cleverly used today in 
the United States by which it is assumed that prohibition is a failure. This 
continuous suggestion of the failure of prohibition undoubtedly had its effect 
upon the public mind. 

Again, the Royal Commission testimony showed that lump sums were 
paid to newspaper publishers. In one case in Vancouver, a daily newspaper 
received $5,000 for which it was not shown that any advertising was given 
but simply the editorial influence of that paper was purchased. 

The liquor business went further and resorted to bribery. Again the cus¬ 
toms investigation showed moneys paid to customs officials to shut their eyes 
to what was going on and allow rum-running boats to go through and allow 
return shipments to land. But it went further and bribed parties, for again 
rhe customs investigation showed that enormous sums were given as politi¬ 
cal contributions and given impartially to the machine politicians of both politi¬ 
cal parties. What for? For exactly the same purpose as $50 would be handed 
to a customs officer that he might shut his eyes, these contributions were made 
to the politicians to shut their eyes or to shut their mouths. 

But the new liquor traffic went further and in some instances actually 
succeeded in purchasing the management or control or the governing machin¬ 
ery of a political party. For instance, in the Province of Ontario, New Bruns¬ 
wick and Prince Edward Island, it captured the control of the dominant po¬ 
litical party. How they did this I am not going to say other than to quote 
again from the sworn testimony of the President of the greatest distilling com¬ 
bine in Canada, Mr. Hatch, when asked to account for an item of expenditure 

296 


on his books, $25,000 sales promotion, to the question, “what was it for?” he 
said. “Sales promotion.”- The Toronto Globe stated: 

“When questioned by the chief commissioner as to the reason for listing 
pdlitical funds as ‘sales promotion,’ Mr. Hatch frankly replied that a cam¬ 
paign to make Ontario ‘wet’ would increase sales.” 

When in the early days we were trying to secure good license laws, to 
shorten the hours, to reduce the number of selling places, to raise the age 
limit, to oppose this, that and the other restriction, the liquor traffic fought us 
at every turn. There was not a line or word of restriction put in the old 
license laws that was not bitterly opposed by the liquor traffic. Then, when, 
in the Province of Ontario, we began campaigning for local option, the liquor 
traffic, which had been opposing restrictions in the license law, made a policy 
flop and actually formed in Ontario a Model License League and became 
ardent advocates of what they had been opposing. They wanted a rigid li¬ 
cense law, a limited number of places conducted by high class license holders 
under restrictions and penalties; (Here we had the beginning of what later de¬ 
veloped into a control policy) but local option, to stop the sale entirely, that 
was arbitrary, autocratic, unjust, unreasonable and a whole lot of other things. 

Then, as the local option campaign's evolved in the campaign for Pro¬ 
vincial prohibition, the liquor traffic which had been fighting local option, flop¬ 
ped again. Now it became an advocate of local option and actually formed 
local option associations. Local option, it said now, was the ideal plan. If one 
locality wants local option and another prohibition, let them have what they 
want but for the Provincial authorities to arbitrarily impose a measure upon 
the people of a locality against their will was undemocratic, tyrannical, a 
violation of the fundamental principles of Government, a breaking down of 
civilized institutions, and a lot of other things. 

Then, when the campaign assumed national aspects, the liquor traffic 
flopped again. Now it became a vigorous advocate of the doctrine of state 
rights, provincial autonomy, don’t let the Federal authority interfere with the 
rights of the sovereign province. This would be to defeat self government, 
to break down national unity. There is not a liquor sympathizer in Canada 
today when we are facing the issue of national prohibition that is not an ardent 
advocate of provincial autonomy. 

Now the result of this campaign of the liquor traffic has been the sub¬ 
stitution of Government sale of liquor for prohibition in six of the former pro¬ 
hibition provinces, namely, British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, 
Ontario, New Brunswick. Quebec never had provincial prohibition law in 
force. Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island still hold their laws. Let it be 
remembered, however, that provincial prohibition in Canada was something 
radically different from state prohibition in the United States. It was only 
prohibition of local sale. 

The liquor traffic would rather have the government as its selling agent 
than the old retail liquor dealer who was, as I have said, a liability rather than 
an asset. “Booze Big Business” has absolutely no objection to government 
control so long as it controls the government, and, while it enables the gov¬ 
ernment to obtain and retain office, it does control the government. The old 
Scotch proverb holds in full force, “Th’ mon wha pays th’ piper ca’s th’ tune.” 

297 


“Booze Big Business” is calling the tune in the government sale provinces of 
Canada and the dance is on. 

Recent developments show that the capturing of a political party is the 
most profitable policy for “Booze Big Business.” This is illustrated in the 
province of Ontario. Here we were going to have a model control system 
and a big 'strong man was to be appointed to do the controlling under the 
government. How has it worked out? The element of permission is very 
much more in evidence than that of control. Control is shown by the regu¬ 
lation that no one may purchase liquor without a permit, but permission in 
the fact that anybody 21 years of age, resident or non-resident, may obtain a 
permit. Control is shown by the fact that every purchaser must produce the 
permit at the time of purchase and the purchase must be endorsed on the back 
thereof. Permission is shown by the way the endorsing is done. 

Control is shown in that the liquor can only be purchased from the gov¬ 
ernment vendors but permission by the wide extension of the selling facilities. 
The selling places are located at strategic points so as to serve the demand 
more efficiently. Now government selling places are located all through the 
City of Toronto, in stores picked out as a chain store grocery management 
would pick out the most advantageous places for trade purposes and as con¬ 
venient to residential sections as it is possible to get. Moreover, there is prac¬ 
tically no limit to the quantities that may be purchased. Distilled liquors 
and wines are sold at cut rate prices. Native wine may be sold by manu¬ 
facturers, a bottle at a time, without a permit and some of this runs over 30 
per cent proof spirits; but the supreme triumph of the Government sale system 
of Ontario is the policy by which beer is sold at cost. That is, not at cost to the 
brewer, oh no, but at cost to the government. The brewer gets his price and 
his profit, but the government acts as selling agent without any margin for 
commission over actual expense. To still further make things good for the 
brewers, a Government agent is located in any brewery and in every brewery 
warehouse, and of these there are many throughout the province, and from 
these premises liquor is sold to permit holders or orders received or at the dis¬ 
pensaries orders are taken. Small quantities may be carried away, but orders 
will be received and sent to the breweries and delivered directly therefrom to 
the permit-holder. Then there is an efficient mail order system. 

Thus, there has been set up a smooth-running, highly efficient liquor 
selling machine respectabilized by government auspices, and while everybody 
is shouting (perhaps loudest of all the liquor business) that the temperance 
people should carry on an educational campaign and confine themselves to 
that, the very association of the government with the liquor trade and the status 
and respectability thus given to it cuts the ground from under the feet of 
all the warnings that reformers may issue. 

Government liquor sale in Canada is an utter failure from the standpoint 
of prohibitionists. It has increased the sale and consumption of liquor and 
particularly convivial drinking. It therefore, has increased alcoholism. 

The systems have been a stupendous success from the standpoint of the 
liquor business, the politician and the drinker. The liquor business has found a 
market and a marketing agency. The politician has got a great political ma- 

298 


chine giving him patronage to dispense, enabling him to collect graft and to 
easily supply party funds while the drinker gets his booze. 

The outstanding fact made strikingly clear by the present situation in 
Canada is the imperative necessity for Federal legislation prohibiting manu¬ 
facture, importation, exportation and inter-provincial transportation and sale 
of intoxicating beverages. 

Provincial prohibitory laws have accomplished much good. The only 
ground for criticism of results was not because of what they did but what 
went on in spite of them. The trouble was not too much but too little prohi¬ 
bition. This lack in the provincial laws was not because of inherent defects, 
but rather constitutional limitations. 

Canadians want the liquor problem settled. They are seeking a solution 
and are experimenting with various systems, but they are being driven to the 
conclusion that so long as liquor is made and sold anywhere in Canada, Pro¬ 
vincial forms of prohibition cannot be made safe or fully effective anywhere in 
Canada. The inescapable conclusion which they are being forced to is the 
enactment of a complete nation-wide prohibitory law. 

Patriotic citizens must fight the government liquor selling systems even 
harder than they did the old-time privately conducted liquor traffic. They must 
seek not only to secure the reenactment of Provincial prohibition, but strike at 
the very root of the evil and urge action by the Dominion Parliament, that 
will prohibit the manufacture, importation, exportation, and inter-provincial 
transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes. 

A battle has been lost, but the war is on, and victory must and will event¬ 
ually crown our efforts. 


AMERICA’S NEW DAY 

Mrs. Mary Harris Armor, 

l)irector Evangelistic Dept., National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 

Tate, Ga. 

Instead of trying to say all the beautiful things I might wish to say, I shall 
just quote the words of the homespun Texas poet: 

“It’s the human touch in this world that counts— 

The touch of your hand on mine; 

It means far more to a weary soul 
Than shelter or bread that’s fine; 

For the shelter is gone when night is past 
And the bread lasts only a day, 

But the sound of your voice and the touch of your hand 
Will last in my soul alway.” 

The sound of your voice from across the sea will sing in our hearts always. 

I am glad to talk about America’s new day—a new day in government. Do 
you realize what it means to have the Eighteenth Amendment? It means 
this, that we have put the liquor government out of business, the liquor busi¬ 
ness out of the government, and the liquor business out of business. There is 
a new day dawning for the United States of America. 

• We have put the liquor business out of business. The liquor industry is 
not a business in America any more; it is a crime. We have made it a fugi- 

299 



tive and a vagabond. The proudest moment of my life was the moment when 
I knew the stars and stripes would never again float over a brewery, a dis¬ 
tillery, or a winery. A British poet said: 

“Republic free, thy stars shall shine 
Where Freedom forms her battle line, 

Till all shall see the dawn draw nigh, 

And all around the world is dry.” 

We are not going to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment to the constitu¬ 
tion. We are talking about how to keep it, we are talking about how to im¬ 
prove it, how to extend its blessings to the rest of the world. If we could 
get all good church members in America to bless God every day for what Pro¬ 
hibition has done, and tell the world what prohibition has done, instead of 
taking up so much time talking about repealing the prohibition amendment, 
I think you would find out that prohibition is worth fighting for. 

Prohibition has already done more for the United States of America mor¬ 
ally and spiritually, than all the laws that have ever been written or than any 
laws have done since the Magna Charta was wrested from King John. I 
have traveled for twenty-two years with my eyes and ears open, a good part 
of the time. I have seen America wet and dry, and without any exception, 
not excepting Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, I 
don’t care what city you take, there is not a city in America today that does 
not behave better and look better and smell better than it did before we had 
prohibition. Already the prohibition law has done more to build that city, 
too long a dream, where the sun that shineth is God’s grace for human good. 
Already in the mind of God that city rises filled with splendid palaces, where 
He bids us see the whole of life and chant His glory there. 

A new day of wealth, health, happiness and holiness is dawning for Amer¬ 
ica because of the Eighteenth Amendment. The proof is based on common 
sense and what you already know. I don’t want to brag about America being 
so rich, but would like to tell you how much prohibition has to do with it. 
We are the richest people in all the world. Maybe that is not much to our 
credit. If nations are going to act as individuals, I don’t know that our wealth 
will be a blessing. I don’t want to be rich personally. As long as I have the 
gold in sunsets, the diamonds in the dewdrops, the power to appreciate nature 
and to see God’s sun and rain, I am not poor, and I don’t want to get so rich 
I can’t see these things and enjoy them. I love God’s folks and anything and 
everything God made—but God never made Alcohol! 

An article in Scribner’s Magazine, August number, says that America’s 
steel output last year was three million, three hundred thousand tons ahead of 
the highest point of war production when we thought we were producing all 
the steel this nation could possibly produce. Here is the point: Some people 
tell you prohibition in America has not done any good. Why did we go into 
this fight? Did we expect it to stop everybody from buying or selling liquor? 
We knew no other law had ever stopped everybody from breaking the law. 
Do you suppose any thieves are left in the world today? In other words, 
civilization has not yet civilized, and Christianity has not yet Christianized and 
prohibition has not yet prohibited. Success is doing what we set out to do. 
What did we set out to do? Did we expect Prohibition to stop everybody from 

300 


buying or making, or selling liquor? No! We knew it would slow up the 
process, and we knew the less they sold and bought or drunk, the better off 
the human race would be, because the use of liquor tends to disease and 
damnation. We knew we could not stop it entirely, but we said that our flag 
should not protect the liquor traffic. It is a disgrace to make liquor, drink 
it, sell it, or vote for it. We have gone that far in America’s new day. 

If you would go into some foreign lands, and tell them what is going on 
in America so far as our welfare is concerned, they would think you were 
te'lhng fairy tales, because you would tell them practically every working man 
has electric lights, owns his own home, has a piano in it, a sewing machine, 
and an automobile. Why is it we do have more wealth per capita than 
any other people in the world? We are a most generous people, the most reck¬ 
less spenders in the world, but we are saving two billions every year that for¬ 
merly went for drink. We know you can’t drink yourself rich—you can’t drink 

shoes on your feet, clothes on your back, or drink yourself into a job. You 

can drink the shoes .off your feet, clothes off your back, drink yourself out 
of a job, but it never works the other way. 

With prohibition, we have a new day of health; who ever heard any in¬ 
telligent doctor say that alcohol is a cure-all? They believed that 75 years 
ago in America. Everybody kept a bottle of liquor in the house and took a 
drink of liquor for every ailment. According to 1924 statistics from the life 
insurance companies, after having Prohibition four years, we had the lowest 
death rate we ever had in this country. How could that be if people are 

drinking more liquor today than ever before? We know that alcohol in¬ 

flames the stomach, hardens the arteries, weakens the heart, softens the 
brain, etc., etc. 

Last, if not least, prohibition has brought us a new holiness. I believe 
the book which says that the day will come when the “evil men and seducers 
wax worse and worse,” but prohibition has turned it into a new day of hap¬ 
piness. And when you saw these two men stand, saw England and Germany 
clasp hands, if the tears were not in your eyes, you had better go out and 
ask the Lord to break your heart of stone. A new day has dawned making 
it possible for the North to love the South, a Democrat to love a Republican, 
a rebel to love a Yankee, and today in America we know no North, South, 
East or West, we are united everywhere. 

We have been in this temperance fight fighting a common foe, never think¬ 
ing of defeat but determined that the victory shall be won. In closing I say 
to every American here, lest politics shall divide us, that I am thinking of the 
words of a great missionary who said—“Pray for us, give for us, talk for us, 
but above all, Live for us.” and in saying good night, I think of the concert 
master hearing the rehearsal of a great masterpiece. The singer sang “I know 
that my Redeemer liveth,” singing with perfect technique but lacking feeling. 
Finally the singing master said: “Do you know that your Redeemer liveth?” 
and the woman said, “Why, yes, I know that my Redeemer liveth,” “Then,” 
he said, “in God’s name, tell it,” and then she lifted that man to his feet and 
his heart to the throne of grace as she really sang “I know that my Redeemer 
liveth.” Remember, everyone in this fight, you are always to prove to the 
world that your Redeemer liveth. Remember to be so courageous, so faithful, 

301 


so earnest, so loving, and tender, so true and loyal and so determined to win 
and proclaim to a good world that victory is certain, that your life will tes¬ 
tify to the world, “I know that my Redeemer liveth.’’ 

THERE ARE NO SUBSTITUTES FOR PROHIBITION 

Dr. John A. Lapp 

President National Council of Social Agencies 
Superintendent National Catholic Welfare Council , Chicago 

When it is proposed to abandon the policy of prohibition, what is offered 
in its place? Will we go back to the saloon? Not a single opponent of 
prohibition of any standing has ever declared in favor of that. Universally it 
is declared that the saloon must not come back. The saloon has not a re¬ 
spectable friend left. It is an outlaw and will remain so. It cannot be re¬ 
habilitated and will not be restored if sentiment on all sides is to be respected. 

If not the saloon, then what? If we are to have liquor someone must sell 
it. The opponents of prohibition must show how we are to have liquor with¬ 
out the saloon or an institution like it. They answer by naively urging that 
the government engage in dispensing liquor. Government ownership of the 
liquor business is the proposal now meeting their favor. Strangely enough 
this proposal comes from conservatives like Nicholas Murray Butler—men 
who do not believe in municipal ownership of waterworks because they think 
it socialistic are not troubled about government ownership of the corrupting 
business of liquor dispensing. The liquor business in the old days amounted 
to as much as four billions of dollars a year. Think of conservatives who do 
not believe in public management of public utilities, the total business of 
which amounts to but a few hundred millions, actually approving government 
management to the extent of four billions a year! It is a high price they 
are willing to pay for the return of liquor. It ought to arouse suspicion as 
to motive. My own judgment is that such a proposition is a mere cover 
under which the saloon will return. I believe in government ownership of 
public utilities but I can see no good sense in public ownership of a business 
which is low, contemptible and corrupting. It is not an honest proposal. 
Senator Borah was right in saying that it would rot the foundations of the 
Republic in a brief space of time. I believe that no respectable support can 
be honestly given to the proposal. 

Another smoke screen is the proposal for light wines and beer. Of all 
proposals this is the most insincere. To say that those who are now drinking 
will be satisfied with two per cent or four per cent beer or wine is to talk 
nonsense. There are two main classes of drinkers today—the low down hair 
oil drinkers and the smart aleck newly rich and would-be fashionable class. 
Imagine either one satisfied with four per cent beer. It is merely an entering 
wedge to break down all prohibition. No one would be satisfied with it, and 
there is no sincerity among intelligent people who advocate it. The sham 
of it is self-evident. Bootlegging would not be affected by it any more than 
it would be under government management. 

There may be other alternatives but these are the only ones that are 
seriously discussed. They have no merit in logic or common sense. There 
are no substitutes for prohibition and we need none. Certain it is that the 

302 



saloon cannot come back. Certain it is that the government of this country, 
which is founded for the purpose of promoting the public welfare, will not en¬ 
gage in the corroding and corrupting business of dispensing intoxicating liq¬ 
uors. Prohibition will continue. With few exceptions in some of the large 
centers it is working with reasonable success. 

Ninety per cent of the people of this country are, at this time, neither 
drinking systematically, nor trying to drink. There is a noisy fringe of wets 
with widespread means of propaganda that has given a very distorted view of 
the actual conditions resulting from prohibition. I believe that prohibition 
has been as great a success as anyone ever had a reasonable right to expect 
when the vastness of the social problems involved is considered, and I make 
the prediction that no national political party will openly declare for repeal 
or any considerable change in the prohibition law. 


TUESDAY MORNING SESSION 

ADDRESS 

Mrs. Elizabeth A. Perkins 
President Michigan W. C. T. U. 

We have come to the last day of this Congress of the World League 
Against Alcoholism. The great program has gone forward as planned from 
day to day. We have studied the problem of alcoholism in the light of the 
home and the youth and the peoples of the world. 

All through this Congress we have had a spirit of interest and care for all 
human beings; we have had a spirit of interest and care for nations; many of 
us have come here from this country, the United States of America; many 
have come from other nations; but together we have met, day after day, in 
the spirit of interest and care for every nation, for all nations. 

Internationalism 

What is a real world spirit? What is true internationalism? It is when 
men and women who love their own homes, who love their own flag, come 
together in a great spirit of sacrifice and sympathy and understanding for all 
homes and all flags and all countries. 

Supreme internationalism means much more than a will to keep peoples 
and nations from warring with each other; it means much more than that 
nations shall work together on an honorable commercial basis, desirable and 
great as these purposes are. Supreme internationalism means that we shall 
help each other to forward the highest individual and national life; you to 
help my nation, I to help your nation in all that brings moral and spiritual 
strength to our nations; and that we shall help each other to wipe out, to 
obliterate those things which drag down individuals and -nations. 

As representatives to this Congress you have brought messages to this 
C ongress. Some have told the history of past years in the great Cause of 
Prohibition. Some have told of the work of young people, both in history 
and in prophecy. Some have brought scientific facts. Some have given the 
results of economic research. Some have told of prayers and tears. All 
these messages are to be woven into the enduring fabric of this Congress of 
the World League Against Alcoholism. 

303 



The Women’s Crusade of 1873-74 

Women have had a great part in the movement to wipe out the evil and 
curse of alcoholism. You have heard much about the Woman’s Crusade. You 
know its beginning—that on a cold, December day, in the little town of Hills¬ 
boro, Ohio, a little band of gentlewomen went from a church, down to the 
saloon, and there on the sidewalk knelt and prayed that the saloon-keeper 
might give up his awful business, and that the homes and children might be 
spared. 

You know that this Crusade fire swept over more than 250 towns and 
cities in our land. You know that this Crusade was the forerunner of the 
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union.... The wonderful example of these 
women with their faith and vision and courage, is a priceless heritage to us 
in the year 1927, as we work to hold prohibition. 

The World’s Organization—International Spirit 

Those early leaders in the temperance reform had an international spirit. 
World prohibition, world service, supreme internationalism, even in those early 
days, were in the hearts of those temperance women; very soon this spirit took 
a concrete form, and the World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union was 
founded in 1883 by Frances E. Willard. 

In 1884 Mary Clement Leavitt, a gifted Boston teacher, went out as the 
first world-wide W. C. T. U. organizer; through her toil, the World’s W. 
C. T. U. in foreign lands became a fact. She traveled 100,000 miles, visited 
forty-three different countries; traveling alone, for seven years she never saw 
a familiar face; today fifty nations are federated in the World’s W. C. T. U. 

The Polyglot Petition 

Those early days were days of education; tliose early days were days of 
petitioning; of making appeals to lawmakers by appeals signed by signatures 
in one’s own handwriting. 

To Frances Willard, in 1884, there came the God-given message “write,” 
and in her study at Rest Cottage, Evanston Illinois, Miss Willard wrote the 
Polyglot Petition, addressed to all rulers and nations of the world; an appeal 
for world prohibition, world purity and freedom from the opium trade. 

It was titled 

The Polyglot Petition for Home Protection 
and was addressed 

To the Governments of the World (Collectively and Severally) Honored 
Rulers, Representatives and Brothers: 

When Mary Clement Leavitt went forth she carried this petition, and 
within a few years it was endorsed by more than seven and one half millions 
cf people; Catholic and Protestant, Gentile and Jew, Hindu and Mohamme¬ 
dan; and was presented to the people of more than fifty countries. 

Mrs. Rebecca C. Shugman undertook the great task of mounting on white 
muslin, the signatures which had come to hand in fifty languages, and in 1895 
Mrs, Shugman in her work of mounting, had consumed time that aggregated 
two years of steady work. 

Years have gone by, signatures have poured in. The Polyglot Petition has 
become a priceless, revered and world-famed document. This Polyglot Petition 

304 


stands out historically significant for it is the first world-wide proclamation 
against the liquor traffic. I have seen those great rolls of names, piled high, 
tier on tier. I have read the names. 

Work for Prohibition in the United States 

Just a word or two about the work for prohibition in our United States 
of America. Alcoholism was an evil existent in our country almost from the 
beginning, and as the decades passed, becoming more and more a menace to 
the general welfare. Prohibition of the liquor traffic must needs come. Briefly 
and quickly let us consider some of the factors which aided in bringing National 
Constitutional Prohibition. 

Human Sympathy 

Men and women, I am not ashamed to think, and you are not ashamed 
to think that the first great reason which impelled men and women to work 
for prohibition was just the reason of human sympathy. Men and women saw 
the distress in the drunkard’s home, the misery and want that came to drunk¬ 
ards’ children; they saw liquor bringing low the brightest minds in our land; 
they saw liquor destroying the young even in our Christian homes. Is it not 
so in every land? The first factor in bringing prohibition was human sympathy. 

Science 

Following human sympathy, science became a factor in bringing pro¬ 
hibition. Science declared that alcohol is a poison, that taken even in small 
quantities it affects both body and brain. Because we have had the “Thus 
saith science” we could put scientific temperance teaching in our schools; be¬ 
cause we had the “thus saith science” we could have temperance lectures in 
our universities and colleges, for there comes a time in the lives of young men 
and women when they do not want to be emotionalists; they want scientific 
facts. Science became a factor in bringing prohibition. 

Industrialism 

Industrialism followed science as a factor in bringing prohibition. The 
liquor business injured employer and employed. The money taken from the 
workman’s pockets was a small loss compared with loss of time, loss of effi¬ 
ciency, likelihood of accidents. Industrialism helped bring prohibition. 

Human Progress 

Human progress declared for prohibition. Homes were built close to¬ 
gether; cities became congested; what injured one home affected the other 
homes; modern machinery demanded clear brains and steady hands. Again 
and again men say to me, “the automobile is the greatest reason for prohi¬ 
bition.” 

We have “some” automobiles in this country; we have to choose between 
the gasoline station and the liquor station; but there are other great reasons 
besides the automobile. The young men who go up in our air-ships must 
be clear-brained; the men who man our railroad trains cannot be drunken 
men. It is a long story—this of human progress. Human progress demands 
prohibition, and vice versa PROHIBITION IS HUMAN PROGRESS. 

The Golden Rule of Christ 

“Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy 
soul and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength, and thy neighbor as 
thyself.” The Golden Rule of Christ is the golden link which binds together 

305 


human sympathy and science and industrialism and human progress in the 
work for prohibition. 

Work of the Future 

What is our work for the future? Some not obeying the law? Yes. Some, 
traitors to the Constitution. Yes. What is our work? Our work is to put 
prohibition into the hearts and minds of the minority of the people, as already 
it has been written into the laws of our land by the will and purpose of the 
majority of the people. 

How? 

By our own observance and respect and recognition of the sacredness 
and necessity for this law. How? By continuing the teaching of scientific 
temperance in our schools; by pledging our children to total abstinence and to 
loyalty to law. 

We must broadcast through the press, through public gatherings, over 
the radio, and by that greatest of broadcasting stations, the human tongue, the 
facts about prohibition. Study statistics; know the facts about prohibition. 
The facts are all in favor of prohibition. No measure, state or national, has 
had such beneficent effects upon the homes and communities of our land as 
has National Constitutional Prohibition. 

Your Remembrance of America 

May we say to you who have comie to us from other lands, that we 
wish you to take back as your remembrance of America, our desire as a people 
for purity of spirit, for greatness of soul, for the banishment of evil things 
from our land. We desire that whatever of forwardness and progress we may 
have as a nation, may be translated into terms of moral and spiritual progress 
for all our people. And may we add to these qualities a world vision of hope 
and interest and supreme internationalism. 

Towards Complete Prohibition 

We rejoice .that in these United States of America we are so far on the 
road to complete prohibition; that when there was written in our consti¬ 
tution “the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, 
the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States 
and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof, for beverage purposes is 
hereby prohibited,” the government declared the liquor business an outlaw and 
an evil thing even as murder is an evil thing. 

The law can be enforced. Every decade will find it easier of enforce¬ 
ment. Old appetites will fade away. The liquor forces will be dissolved. 
National prohibition is the law. Complete prohibition is on the way. In this 
Congress of the World League Against Alcoholism we have the vision of 
World Prohibition. 

Hosannas sing, 

To God our King, 

Ye people of America. 

Your prayers and tears 
Your work of years, 

A goal have reached. Alleluia! 

306 


But wait. Press on. 

The task’s not done. 

The goal has moved—the World to save. 
Fare forth my soul, 

To this new goal, 

With faith still strong, with heart still brave. 


THE ANTI-ALCOHOL MOVEMENT IN ROUMANIA 

Lt.-Colonel Ghinea of the Roumanian Army 

The anti-alcoholic movement in Roumania had its inception and initia¬ 
tion in the period following the World War. From the time of the war to 
the present time a new alcoholic political situation has sprung up among the 
people. Instead of following the right process and course after the great war 
the people continued to have the same habits they had during the World War. 
The prohibition party has seen the dire results of this course upon the part of 
the people, and are alarmed at the increased use of all forms of alcoholic 
drinks among the Roumanian peoples. Instead of following the dictates of 
their consciences and their religious training and the continuance of their 
attendance upon the services of the churches, they have all too generally pat¬ 
ronized the saloons. Not alone have the drinking people been content to 
attempt to satisfy their own habits of intemperance, but they have been polit¬ 
ically active in inducing the non-drinking folks to join with them in their 
habits of intemperance, and in demanding the freest possible use of intoxi¬ 
cating liquors. 

In Bucovina in 1924, these anti-alcoholic groups banded together under the 
name of Societatea Trezvia. In other provinces of Roumania an organization 
was evolved under the name of Sanatatea Sociela, meaning healthful sociabil¬ 
ity, having allied purposes. 

From its start Societatea Trezvia has been under the untiring leadership 
of Mr. Stefan Biidnei, who resides in Cernauti, the capital of the Province of 
Bucovina, and which city is the headquarters of that organization, which has 
thirty-nine branches scattered all over Roumania. 

Sanatatea Sociela began its work in another part of Roumania and es¬ 
tablished its headquarters in Bucharest, the capital of the nation. Its great 
founder and leader is General Manolescu of the Roumanian army. 

These two great anti-alcoholic movements found fine encouragement in 
the success of the prohibition cause in America and particularly in the 
amendment of the United States constitution and the several state statutes 
prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale of inoxicating liquors. The 
founders and leaders of these two organizations, Mr. Bidnei and General Man¬ 
olescu, carried on for many months a great volume of correspondence with 
the prohibition organizations and leaders of the United States of America, to 
obtain a history of the movement here, the methods of organization, the steps 
followed to enact prohibition legislation and particularly the writing into 
the Federal Constitution and the statutes of the voice of the people on this 
question. 

These leaders and their splendid associates were assisted, encouraged and 
inspired by the story of the work and leadership of such outstanding prohi- 

307 



bition proponents as General Secretary Dr. Cherrington of Westerville, Ohio, 
and many others well known as the leaders of the anti-alcoholic movements 
in American territory. 

These two organizations in Roumania have very lately consolidated, 
which consolidation means a united anti-alcoholic movement in that nation. 

It may be of interest to learn that a local branch or society in this move¬ 
ment is organized by a group of at least eight men who secure from the head¬ 
quarters of the two organizations necessary application blanks which must 
be taken to the local court, before which court all charter members must ap¬ 
pear in person and as a group and indicate that they are fully familiar with 
the purposes of the organization and the requirements of the charter appli¬ 
cation before attaching their signatures there in the presence of the court. 
They then obtain a legalization by the court, and later receive their local 
charter. 

Up to the present time the membership of these. organizations is largely 
made up of the educated groups, professions and trades. The movement has 
the endorsement of the provincial and national governments. They have 
among their leaders many representatives from the different branches of the 
state and national governments, such as army officers, among them no less than 
General Manole-scu, himself at the head of Sanatatea Sociela. These two 
organizations seek out for membership those persons who are abstainers, and 
rapidly, on the liquor question, Roumania is dividing itself into two camps, 
the users and the non-users, or into the wets and the drys. These two organ¬ 
izations are following in the footsteps of America in demanding an abolition 
of the legalized saloon. 

Societatea Trezvia and Sanatatea Sociela heartily endorse and commend 
the work, the purpose and the success of the World League Against Alco¬ 
holism. 

These two national societies through their late consolidation respect¬ 
fully beg leave to present to the World League Against Alcoholism in con¬ 
vention assembled the following declaration and resolutions: 

1st. Societatea Trezvia and Sanatatea Sociela, furthering, endorsing and en¬ 
couraging healthful sociability in the Roumanian nation, express their great 
admiration for the boundless and measureless value of the fine leadership 
of the good American people in making possible a realization of the anti¬ 
alcoholism and widely-spreading prohibition movement by adding to their 
Constitution the Eighteenth Amendment forbidding the manufacture, sale and 
transportation of intoxicating liquors. 

2nd. They seek and urge that the prohibition movement may be caused 
to be spread throughout the world in the shortest possible time, and' par¬ 
ticularly into the Roumanian nation, where alcoholism causes so much havoc, 
pain and suffering. 

-3rd. That the Anti-Alcoholic Movements of Roumania may add to their 
program the work and purposes of the World League Against Alcoholism, 
and that they may accomplish in their own nation the enactments of statutes 
against the manufacture, sale and use of alcoholic drinks; and that this pro¬ 
gram and this work may definitely take away all legalization of the saloons 
and in general wipe out all manipulants of alcohol in Roumania. 

308 


4th. That on account of the economic and financial conditions existing 
among a great body of people of Roumania Societatea Tresvia and Sanatatea 
Sociela are greatly handicapped in their fight against alcoholism, and they 
seek and urge the encouragement and assistance of the American people in 
maintaining in Roumania the principles of anti-alcoholism. 

5th. The anti-alcoholic movements of Roumania, encouraging and foster¬ 
ing healthful sociability in that country, pray that the World League Against 
Alcoholism may establish an office of the League in East Europe with its head¬ 
quarters in Roumania. 


ADDRESS 

By Adolph Hansen 

Representing Federation of Danish Temperance Societies 

Much has been said in these days of the congress here about what Europe 
owes to the United States, and that is true, and we shall never forget it. But 
on the other side many homes in my country, in Denmark, have given to 
the U. S. A. what cannot be paid in gold, their sons and their daughters! 

In 1900 my mother received from America this small'medal—and why? 
Just a few years before, my only brother went to America, and in 1899 he gave 
his life for this country as a volunteer in the Spanish-American war. This 
medal was given to the American soldiers who returned home from that war, 
and one medal was sent to my mother. 

It is a fact that a great many Danes and a great many people from the 
other Scandinavian countries have given their lives for the U. S. A.—not 
only in war, but in work, and we are glad and thankful for that. 

And we Danes are thankful to the U. S. A. that a man from this country 
went home to Denmark and took up the temperance work, and in 1879 organ¬ 
ized the first Danish Temperance Society, “Denmark’s Afholdsforening.” (Den¬ 
mark’s Temperance Society.) This man was a Methodist minister, Rev. 
Carl F. Eltzholtz, who is still living out in California, in Los Angeles. My 
thoughts are going to him in this moment with the wish that his last days— 
he is now more than 86 years old—may be richly blessed and filled with peace 
and happiness. 

I have the honor of representing said temperance society, and I am to 
bring the best of wishes not only from “Denmark’s Temperance Society,” but 
from the Christian Temperance Society “The Blue Cross,” with its more than 
24,000 members and from the Union of Danish Temperance Societies with 
more than 155,000 members. 

*1 am not going to speak on the temperance work of Denmark. My friends 
Mr. Larsen-Ledet and Rev. David Ostlund have told you about that work. 
You have heard that we are awaiting just now the reports of the Second Dan¬ 
ish Commission on Sobriety. A minority of the members of this commission 
are to present a bill, which should extend the local option, which we got by 

the Licensing bill of 1924. County option is also proposed, and a number of 

50,000 electors should be able to get a state referendum on prohibition. 

When the report of the commission is published, the fight will be going on 

in Denmark, and we think that it should be good if—when we are to fight 

the Goliath of the drink traffic—the World League Against Alcoholism would 

309 



send its David, I mean Rev. David Ostlund, to lead the fight and give us 
every possible help. 

My time has gone, but like Prohibition, I am here to stay until mj 
task is done, and I could not finish without saying that we in Denmark do not 
fear, even if the fight will be hard. Denmark is, as well as America, 

“the land of the free 
and the home of the brave!” 
and we are marching on 

“fighting for the right; 

upon the breeze resplendent 

our colors now we toss, 

and o’er our heads shall ever float 

the banner of the cross.” 

Finally, just a short story: 

A little girl was sorry because her brother was laying snares for the 
dear little birds. The little girl talked to her mother about this sad affair, 
and mother told her, that the birds were God’s, so it would be wise to tell 
God about the snares. In the evening when the little girl went to bed and 
said her evening prayers, she remembered what her mother told her and added 
the following words to her prayer: 

“Dear God: Mama tells me that the dear little birds are yours. You 
know that my brother is laying snares for the birds, I am very sorry and I 
pray that you will not forget to take care of the birds. I may tell you, that 
I have destroyed the snares.” 

I should wish that all of us should be as wise as that little girl. Let us 
not forget to pray that God will take care of the dear little birds, your children 
and mine, and the children all around the world, where the drink traffic is lay¬ 
ing its damned snares to catch our youth. But our part of the task is to de¬ 
stroy the snares. That means for Denmark removing the 16,000 places for 
sale and serving of strong drinks. And w r e shall see this thing through! 

Some days ago, in the Public Library in Washington I read again a few 
words well known to me, words that ought to be the motto for our fight 
against alcoholism in every land, the words of Abraham Lincoln in his second 
inaugural address in 1865. 

“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, 
as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in, to 
bind up the nation’s wounds.” 

TEMPERANCE PROGRESS IN JAPAN 

Mark R. Shaw 

Secretary for Japan, Methodist Board of Temperance 
Adviser to the National Temperance League of Japan 

I had very much 'hoped that Mr. Hampei Nagao, one of the leading Chris¬ 
tian laymen of Japan and Chairman of the Board of National Temperance 
League, or Mr. Kazutaka I to, pioneer and for fifty years an inspirational leader 
of the temperance forces, recognized by his fellow workers as the “father of 
prohibition in Japan,” or Mr. Kanji Koshio, the splendid young leader recently 
called to serve as General Secretary of the League, or even better, all three 

310 



of them, might be present at this convention to speak for the temperance 
forces of the Island Empire. It is to my deep regret and your very great loss 
that, owing partly to the great distance, none of these could attend. In their 
absence, I count it a very real privilege to have the honor to represent officially 
the National Temperance League in Japan and to speak briefly regarding the 
splendid work which the prohibition organizations there are carrying on. 

Alcohol a Major Problem in Japan 

Time will not permit me this morning to dwell very much upon the ex¬ 
tent of the liquor evil in Japan. Suffice it to say that the alcohol problem there 
presents the pessimist with an abundance of material. While the outstanding 
need of the Empire is -the conservation of her resources—material, physical and 
spiritual—the alcohol traffic is tragically sapping her vitality in every one of 
these spheres of her national life and doing so at an increasing rate. The 
drinking custom is deep-rooted and its ravages in the economic, social and 
moral life of the people are far more extensive and destructive 'than many of 
her people, or even some of the leaders of the Christian forces, realize. 

While urgent and fundamental reconstruction measures, sorely needed 
new schools, vital health precautions, sanitary improvements, more adequate 
housing and important government projects, and a hundred other pressing 
needs, are put off for “lack of funds,” and the government continues to borrow 
abroad, the Japanese people continue to spend over 1,500,000,000 yen annu¬ 
ally ($750,000,000) for alcoholic drinks. In proportion to their national wealth, 
this is an amount twice as large as the drink bill in America when it was at 
its height. And the degradation of personality, the human misery and suf¬ 
fering that follows in the wake of this gigantic traffic, no statistics are ade¬ 
quate to portray. 

Conservation Sentiment Growing 

The optimist, however, is not without significant facts to strengthen his 
faith. It has been said that the pessimist sees a difficulty in every oppor¬ 
tunity, while the optimist sees an opportunity in every difficulty. There are 
many indications of an awakening public consciousness on this issue that gives 
promise of a new day. 

Most promising of all is the presence of a group of noble leaders of the 
prohibition movement. Fifty years ago Dr. Clark, an American teacher in the 
Sapporo Agricultural College, altho not a total abstainer himself, saw the 
harm that drinking was doing among the students and the people. Recogniz¬ 
ing that he was his brother’s keeper, and that he was responsible for his ex- 
emple, he became a total abstainer and urged a number of his students to join 
with him in the pledge. (I wish, indeed, that more of our leaders in America 
today might remember their responsibility to their fellow men.) One of this 
group who took the pledge was Kazutaka Ito. Throughout his life, altho serv¬ 
ing as a government official and a business man, he has been an inspiring 
leader of the temperance forces and a few months ago, last November, the 
dry leaders of Japan gathered to honor the “father of Prohibition in Japan,’’ on 
the fiftieth anniversary of his signing the pledge with, the other students, under 
the influence of Dr. Clark. 

Back in the eighties, a young man of great ability, was appointed consul- 
general for Japan at Honolulu. At holiday time he received, as is the cus- 

311 


tom, some cases of very highly prized wine from friends in Japan. His wife, 
knowing something of what these cases held in store, broke them with an ax 
and poured out the contents. At first, enraged by her rash act, then driven 
to meditation by her evident courage and conviction, he resolved to give up 
drinking. He came in touch with the Methodist pastor and after careful 
deliberation he became a Christian. Turning his back upon a most promising 
future in government service, he returned to Japan to give his life to the 
temperance reform, and for forty years, the late Hon. Taro Ando, one of 
Japan’s great Christian laymen, was the recognized leader of the cause. 

About the same time there was a Japanese student attending the Uni¬ 
versity of Vermont. While in the home of Mr. Billings, he met Miss Frances 
E. Willard and her secretary Anna A. Gordon, who came there to speak. 
Inspired by them, he returned, upon graduation in 1889, to give his life to 
the anti-alcohol movement in his beloved country. Elected to the Diet when 
Japan was given constitutional government, he early introduced bills providing 
for public education and, that the benefit of the schools might not be lost, 
forbidding the use of tobacco and alcohol by minors. The first two were 
passed, but for ten years the Juvenile Temperance Bill was defeated. Then at 
last it was passed by the lower house, only to be defeated by the House of 
Peers. For ten years more he courageously introduced the bill in the Diet, 
and each time it got through the lower house only to suffer defeat in the upper 
house. Then in 1922, after over twenty years of struggle, the bill was victor¬ 
ious also in the house of peers, and was promulgated by the Emperor. And 
Sho Nemoto, another noble Methodist lawman, saw the fruits of his noble 
service! 

Prohibition Organizations 

In 1890, Mr. I to, Mr. Ando, Mr. Nemoto, Dr Julius Soper, for forty years 
a splendid leader of the Methodist Mission in Japan, and others whom I can 
not take time to mention, founded the Japanese Temperance League which was 
largely a Christian organization. Later on, Mr. Shozo Aoki and Mr. Hampei 
Nagao formed another League to include both Christians and Buddhists. In 
1920 these two were united into the National Temperance League of Japan, 
“The Anti-Saloon League,” which today has nearly two hundred local socie¬ 
ties and something like twenty-five thousand members. It is a powerful and 
growing force. 

In 1886 the World W. C. T. U. organizer, Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt, 
visited Japan,, and the result was a splendid organization of the Japanese wom¬ 
en, the Kyofukwai, or “Woman’s Christian Temperance Union of Japan.” 
Under the inspiring leadership of Madame Kaji Yajima, who was president 
from its founding in 1886 until 1920, and honorary president until her death two 
years ago, this group of noble women has become a tremendous force for 
purity, peace and prohibition, with an enrollment today of over eight thou¬ 
sand members. It was Madame Yajima, you will remember, who in her nine¬ 
tieth year, came to the Washington conference with a magnificent petition, 
for world peace from ten thousand women of Japan. Led by Mrs. Chiyo 
kazaki, the present president, and Mrs. Tsuneko Gauntlett, Miss Uta Hayashi, 
Mrs. Ochimi Kubushiro and Miss Azuma Moriya, these women are today 

312 


an 


increasing factor for righteousness in Japan far out of proportion to their 
numbers. 

A few years ago temperance groups were started in some of the leading 
schools and universities, and in 1923 representatives of nine institutions met to 
form the Japan Intercollegiate Prohibition League. It was my privilege to 
be associated with these students as Adviser and to work with them in this 
movement to challenge the students of Japan and to train them for leadership 
in this cause. Today this League has local branches in forty-one leading uni¬ 
versities, colleges and high schools, and is rapidly taking its place as a vital 
force to awaken public sentiment on this critical problem. Of these young 
leaders, Mr. Kanji Koshio, Mr. Shibagaki, Mr. Suge, Mr. Minamura and others, 
the first two have already been called to places of responsibility in the active 
force of the National League. The student League has already held its third 
annual summer camp and training school, and sends out many deputation 
teams to challenge their fellow students and the community at large. 

Among the various Christian agencies which are contributing to the 
growth of temperance sentiment, two or three deserve especial mention. Under 
the inspiration of its noble leader, Commissioner Gumpei Yamamuro, the Sal¬ 
vation Army, in Japan as elsewhere, is leading in the crusade to remove the 
cause of so much of the human wreckage which it is striving to save. In 
1924 the Japan Methodist Church Committee on Social Welfare, was organized 
to take an active part in the preparation of literature, posters, slides and other 
urgently needed educational material. The same year the new National Chris¬ 
tian Council of Japan, representing about thirty different bodies, established 
its committee on Social Welfare, which for the present is stressing especially 
the campaign against liquor and licensed vice. All of these are giving new im¬ 
petus to the movement. The National Temperance Society, organized among 
the Buddhists, is also making its particular contribution to the cause. 

Signs of Progress 

Thus the leaven has been at work. There are many indications of an 
awakening individual and national sentiment. The very aggressiveness of 
the liquor industry may serve to hasten the day of its undoing, for more and 
more of Japan’s thinking men and women are coming to see that there will 
be a limit to the Empire’s endurance, and that it cannot afford thus to- sap 
its own material, physical and moral vitality. 

The prohibition organizations, while still relatively small, are all growing. 
The Social Bureau of the Home Department is taking an active interest. The 
National Conference of Social Workers has urged advance temperance meas¬ 
ures. A few leading individuals are daring to refuse to serve sake at wed¬ 
dings and other social functions. During “thrift week” in 1925 the Govern¬ 
ment published 19,000 posters urging the saving of the billion and a half yen 
wasted annually for drink, and has recently instructed the teachers in all 
schools to cooperate in the spreading of temperance sentiment on September 
first, which has been designated as “Temperance Day” as an appropriate ob¬ 
servance of the anniversary of the great earthquake disaster. The new em¬ 
phasis upon health and athletics is having its effect. Several newspapers, 
while not fully dry in policy, are giving the dry cause a hearing and are taking 
an advanced, if not a radical, stand on the liquor question. The Juvenile 

313 


Temperance Law, while not especially well enforced, is nevertheless having 
its educational influence and will help to raise up a new generation not ad¬ 
dicted to drink. The personal attitude of the new Emperor, who uses neither 
tobacco nor alcohol, is a very wholesome example for the new generation. 

The recent appearance of newspaper ads stressing the “food value” of beer 
indicates that already they are feeling the growing temperance sentiment 
and are striving to stave it off. But they can not fool all the people all the 
time. The fact that enough food for five million people, in this crowded em¬ 
pire, is being destroyed annually for the manufacture of alcoholic drinks can 
not be overlooked indefinitely. If it were not for this waste, the empire could 
today feed itself! 

The little village of Kawaitanimura, over on the west coast, by action 
of its town meeting, went dry on April 1, 1926, for a period of five years, in 
order to save its drink money to build a new school. In urgent need of a new 
school, it awoke to the fact that it had been swallowing one every five years! 
Already the village people are finding life more abundant and happy. Al¬ 
ready other villages are following its example. Kawaitanimura’s experiment 
is a challenge to the nation whose average drink bill, per family, is seven 
times as big as it was in this little village. 

America’s growing prosperity under prohibition is a tremendous object 
lesson to the people of Japan. If America, with her large resources could 
not afford this waste, can Japan, with her limited resources, afford this tre¬ 
mendous drain? The fact that, if Professor Fisher’s estimate of six billion 
saved a year, is correct, America, just by the prohibition law alone, in eight 
years, has saved more than the total wealth of the Japanese Empire, is a 
challenging fact to a nation greatly concerned about its relative poverty! 
Leading business men are beginning to see more in this question than the 
matter of mere personal appetite. 

Campaign for the Revision of Juvenile Law 

The present effort, so far as legislation is concerned, is being devoted to¬ 
wards securing the revision of the Juvenile Temperance Law, raising the age 
of those to whom it applies from twenty to twenty-five years. The present 
law makes a distinction between the younger and the older students, between 
the younger and the older men in the army. The new law would apply to 
practically all students and men in the military and naval service. It is the 
next logical step towards ultimate prohibition. To this end the Association 
for the Twenty-five Year Law has been organized, including twelve different 
reform and church bodies, to lead in a cooperative movement. 

A year ago this revised bill was passed by the Lower House during the 
closing hours of the session, too late to come before the House of Peers. It 
was expected that it would again pass the lower house, as a majority of-the 
members were pledged to its support. But as the campaign developed the op¬ 
position, which had hitherto been largely that of indifference and conservatism, 
became more organized and aggressive. They organized a counter offensive. 
The government is understood to have passed the word along that the bill 
should be defeated, one reason being that the passage of the bill stopping 
the drinking by youth between the ages of 20 and 25 years would reduce 
by 15 to 20 per cent the sake consumption and mean a consequent loss to 

314 


the government of forty million yen (40,000,000 yen) in revenue. The pres¬ 
ent revenue from sake is about 200,000,000 yen, or about one-eighth* of the 
total revenue of the Imperial government. 

After several attempts of the dry leaders to get action on the bill, it was 
brought up for discussion in the lower house on March 17. After limited de¬ 
bate it was defeated by 139 to 87, which killed the measure until next year. Of 
the 211 members who had promised support, 108 were absent and 16 changed 
their minds under pressure of the opposition. The sudden death of Mr. Ma- 
saji Yamaguchi, one of the strong younger leaders of ithe dry cause in the Diet, 
on February 23, after he had introduced the bill on Feb. 17, was a great loss 
to the dry forces. 

Several leading dailies, including the Osaka Mainichi, the Osaka Asahi, 
Tokyo Asahi, Kokumin, Yomiuri, and Hochi, have given nominal, though 
not very aggressive, support to the bill. The great majority of the heads of 
the colleges and universities endorsed the bill. Dr. Masataro Sawayanagi, of 
the House of Peers, president of the Imperial Education Association and 
president of the Intercollegiate Prohibition League, declared the bill to be 
really the most important measure before the Diet. 

Apparently, although there seems to be quite general agreement that 
it is well for minors not to drink, there is not yet sufficient public sentiment 
for a more inclusive measure, especially if that is considered as a step towards 
complete prohibition. The fundamental need, of course, is more extensive 
and intensive education, not only on the physiological, but also on the psy¬ 
chological, sociological, economic, financial, historical and political aspects 
of the problem. 

To this task the dry forces have set themselves with rugged determi¬ 
nation. The Association for the Twenty-Five Year Law, with which the 
Young Women’s Buddhist Association has recently affiliated, and with which 
the Central Association of Social Work is actively cooperating, began in March 
a comprehensive and aggressive campaign of education for the coming year. 
At the annual conventions of the National Temperance League, the W. C. T. 
U., and the Intercollegiate League, this spring, plans were made to con¬ 
centrate upon this measure until victory is won. And ultimate victory is 
certain. 


THE HOSPITAL AND PROHIBITION 

Dr. Nedjib Moustafa, 

Children’s Hospital of Michigan 
Representative of Green Crescent of Turkey 
The opportunity to speak to you on this great and important problem of 
civilization: “Alcoholism as seen in the Hospital,” I appreciate, as a great 
honor. As a representative of the Green Crescent of Turkey, and as a student 
of medicine in my adopted country, America, I would like to relate briefly 
the history and present status of Prohibition in Turkey. 

No doubt you know that Turkey has always been ruled by the Koran 
of Mohammed. The influence of the Koran is all powerful among Moham¬ 
medan people, under it the Khaliphates in former times led the Asiatic mos- 
lem world to success and glory from India to Vienna, from Arabia to the west- 

315 



ern shores of Africa and Spain. Millions of soldiers fought valiantly to be¬ 
come conquerors and witness Mohammedan supremacy on earth or to die 
and experience the immortal joys and happiness in the heaven promised by 
the Koran. This powerful spirit which ruled and is still ruling large masses 
of humanity alw r ays strictly prohibited the use of alcohol; yet history tells 
us that some of even the greatest and most influential leaders who would gladly 
have given their lives in defense of their religion were victims of the drug 
so forbidden. For the Mohammedan prohibition could have no stronger back¬ 
ing than the Koran, yet from 600 A.D. to the present time in their land can 
be seen the pitiful slaves of this curse. 

This sketchy outline will serve to illustrate that legislation of Church and 
State has always failed to save humanity from the insidious and merciless 
ravages of alcoholism. Still we have faith that there is another way to re¬ 
lease the world. 

About ten years ago a group of young physicians under the leadership 
of Dr. Mazhar Ossman Bey who is well known and respected in Turkish and 
international medical circles, and who is a successful teacher of neurology and 
psychiatry in Constantinople, formed an organization, The Green Crescent of 
Turkey. Realizing the futility of all legislative and religious measures to en¬ 
force prohibition, they started an active campaign. Dr. Mazhar Ossman Bey 
showed his colleagues the hundreds of tragic victims of alcohol in his insti¬ 
tutions whose pitiful state impelled him to do somethinig to lessen theii 
numbers. 

The small group of pioneers who started the fight on a purely scientific 
basis of education of the people, entirely free from all religious and civil in¬ 
fluences, has grown greatly in numbers. Branches of the Green Crescent 
are admired and respected throughout Turkey and of recent years are more 
widely disseminated abroad. 

This band of workers and similar associations find all too many cases 
to work on in the vast population of our hospitals, sanitaria, and insane 
asylums, for this is where we see the deepest degradation and misery of man. 

In our hospitals and asylums we see the depraved wrecks of one-time 
splendid bodies and minds, broken in body and decadent in souls; frequcnl:lj 
wildly insane, then indeed, we realize the awfulness of alcoholism. 

Again we look into our homes for nameless and feeble-minded children 
and realize that of these pitifully large numbers the greater percentage are 
the product of alcoholism. No one who has ever visited these institutions 
could again be indifferent to this question of indulgence. A day does not pass 
even in this land of prohibition among which in our hospitals we do not wit¬ 
ness the effect of the curse, broken homes, unhappy wives, maltreated child¬ 
ren. Our aim is not only to reclaim some of these derelicts but to educate the 
people in prophylaxia against alcohol. 

Though alcoholism at its worst is seen in the hospital, I cannot, in all 
fairness, close without saying that I would be greatly alarmed to see alcohol 
prohibited from hospital use. For the failing life, the case just on the border, 
the mentally and physically anguished patients, alcohol stimulates, saves and 
brings relief. For the weak it has a food value and ease of assimilation. In 
short; alcohol in the hospital is indispensable until such a time as a suitable 

316 


substitute can be discovered and through years of experiment none has proven 
so valuable. 

Thus we see, alcohol is as fire to humanity; properly and carefully handled 
it serves and saves, but let one individual abuse its use or let it gain ascendancy 
it sweeps all before it with devastating ruthlessness. 

GREETINGS FROM TURKEY 

Madame Sofie Hussein Bey 
Representing the Green Cr&cent of Turkey 

When I accepted the invitation of the World Teague Against Alcoholism 
and came over to America, it had never ocurred to me that I would stand on 
this platform and have the privilege of addressing this unique audience com¬ 
posed of these whose aim and high ideal is the betterment of the human 
race. 

We ladies of the East are passing through a stage of evolution, and we 
fully realize that we must walk in the wake of our European or rather Ameri¬ 
can sisters. 

One of the fundamentals of the Moslem religion is abstinence from al¬ 
cohol; but the psychology of the human race is unfathomable and we read of 
the great Persian poets such as Sadi and others praising the juice of the grape. 

Until recently Turkish women took no alcohol, but the young generation 
is trying to be smart and apparently smartness seems to have some affinity 
with alcohol drinks—and there the trouble begins. 

On March 6, 1920, through the endeavors of Dr. Mazhar Osman, an anti- 
alcoholic society was formed and named “Hilal Ahzar,’’ or Green Crescent. 
But Constantinople at that time was under the control of the Army of Oc¬ 
cupation and no meetings of any kind whatever were allowed by the Allies. 

After the evacuation of Constantinople the Green Crescent began its ac¬ 
tivities and we are plodding on since then. With the very little means at our 
disposal we publish a little paper called the “Hilal Ahzar,” (the Green Crescent) 
through which we try to educate the public. And then most of the members 
of our council are doctors, and they go to the different boys’ and girls’ schools 
and lecture on the baneful effects of alcohol on the human body. A fine series 
of lectures was given by Dr. Fahreddin Kerim, at the school of nursing of the 
Green Crescent; also very interesting lectures have been given at sporting- 
clubs and other organizations. Let me repeat to you our great satisfaction at 
the privilege of responding to the kind address of welcome, on behalf of the 
Green Crescent, of the Moslems of the East. 

NORWAY’S STRUGGLE 

By Johan Hvidsten 
State Inspector of Labor, Nortvay 

I beg leave to state only a few facts about the struggle in Norway, and 
naturally they are to be dry facts. 

The organized movement against strong drink in Norway is 90 years 
old. The first temperance organization was founded in 1836. For the first 
decades the movement was directed only against distilled liquor, but from 
1859—nearly 70 years ago—the struggle in Norway has been fought according 

317 




to quite modern principles: total abstinence for the individual and suppression 
of the drink traffic until prohibition of all intoxicating liquors will be the 
law of the land. Many are saying—as surely is said in other countries—that 
the prohibition policy is a new and bad thing, with which the old promoters 
of the temperance cause had nothing to do. People outside our ranks are 
quite willing to advise us about the right way to work for temperance. They 
say: You should abandon prohibition and go back to the old ways: save drunk¬ 
ards and educate the young people that they may keep away from strong drink. 
Well, I think temperance peo^e all over the world do that work—nobody 
else is doing it—but we do- more; we fight the drink traffic of every kind, in 
every place. It is not true that this last way is new. The man who in 1859 
founded the first total abstinence society in Norway, Asbjorn Klostor, had from 
the very first, a clear understanding, that if the drink evil should ever be 
abandoned we had to use the law against the drink traffic. In 1860 he said that 
the time was coming on to make preparations for the obtaining of prohib¬ 
itory laws, and in 1862 he wrote in a newspaper that the newly organized tem¬ 
perance society had to consider the question: What can be done in order to 
abolish strong drink by legislation? 

I call your attention to the fact that words as these were uttered in the 
first years of the modern temperance movement in Norway, nearly 70 years 
ago, and said by the founder himself. I further wish to state that those lines 
for temperance work in Norway always have been followed. And I am glad 
to say that in these years thousands of drunkards have been saved, many more 
thousands have been protected, and that our country even before the world 
war had made such progress in regard to prohibition that nine-tenths of all 
our rural communities had prohibited all the sale and all serving in hotels and 
restaurants of all intoxicating drinks, and, furthermore, that more than one- 
third of all our towns had done the same. 

This was the situation when the war broke out. As in many other coun¬ 
tries we got prohibition as a war measure in Norway (from Dec. 18, 1916), 
prohibiting the sale of distilled liquors and strong wines, allowing no grain 
tor strong beer production or other intoxicants. This law worked exceedingly 
well during the first years. The cases of drunkenness fell from 62,000 in 1916 
to 32,000 in 1917 and 23,000 in 1918—the last year only a little more than one- 
third of the figures for the last year preceding prohibition. 

When the war was over some of the restrictions were given up. Strong 
beer came back, strong wines, too, and a good deal of physicians were too soft¬ 
hearted not to open their pocketbook for income when people wanted whisky 
and believed that brandy was the only cure. 

We had to take a fight in the autumn of 1919 on the question, whether 
prohibition of brandy and the stronger wines should be maintained. We won 
at the polls with a majority of 184,000 (62 per cent of all votes cast). But 
the foes of prohibition would not give up their campaign for brandy and they 
got valuable help in the slackening of the restrictions which I have already 
mentioned, in the upheaval (through pressure from the wine-growing coun¬ 
tries) of the ban against strong wines, in the misuse of doctors’ prescriptions, 
in smuggling and moonshining, the latter things going on in the shelter of the 
lawful traffic in wines containing upwards to 21 per cent of alcohol. To this 

318 


can be added the slack enforcement of the liquor laws, which we had tor 
some years. 

In spite of all these things there was not a single year under our par¬ 
tial prohibition measures that was not better than the years before.—And if 
three 10-year-periods (from 1897 to 1926) are compared, it is seen that the last 
one, with 50 per cent or even 25 per cent prohibition, insufficiently enforced as 
it was, at an average had one-third less arrests for drunkenness than the two 
preceding 10-year-periods. The conditions were much better than before, but 
not as good as many had expected, and so we had to face a new fight—in Oc¬ 
tober last year—and we lost out. The votes for prohibition had gone down, 
compared with 1919, by 66,000, while the anti-prohibitionists had gained 
226,000. In percents, we had 44% for the drys as against 56% for the wets. 
The total amount of votes had increased very much since 1919, because the 
voting age had been lowered from 25 to 23 years. The new, young voters, I 
think, generally voted against prohibition. They had seen very little of the 
older times’ drink misery, they had grown up in the demoralizing years of 
war and greed for gold, and we had not succeeded in reaching that youth with 
our educational and agitation work. 

From the beginning of May this year prohibition in Norway is abolished, 
and we are in the same position as we were before the war, with the sale and 
serving of distilled liquors in nearly a dozen of our towns and with the right 
of local option to throw down that traffic or to open sale in other towns hav¬ 
ing more than 4,000 inhabitants. In smaller towns and in rural districts the 
sale and serving of brandy is not allowed. Beer and wine are sold and served 
in 100 of our 800 communities. The other 700 are dry as before. 

For some years to come we have to fight the drink traffic in local option 
fights, but in the meantime we are preparing for the next great battle in this 
unceasing war—a battle which we hope will settle the whole liquor question 
in our land and close up every kind of liquor sale. 

It is impossible for me—as president of the Federation of Norwegian 
temperance societies, to leave this platform without bringing warm, hearty 
thanks to the World League Against Alcoholism for the exceedingly valu¬ 
able help we have received from Rev. David Ostlund as leader of the 
League’s office in northern Europe. He has done a great work in our country 
in organizing the churches into an Anti-Saloon League as also in Sweden. 
He has inspired the people of the churches to take up a more active work 
against the drink evil. I am quite sure that every temperance worker in Nor¬ 
way would give it a high appreciation, if the work of Rev. Ostlund also in 
coming years could be devoted to the Scandinavian countries and as much as 
possible to Norway. 

We lost out in our last battle in Norway. But our loss was not a loss for 
the prohibition idea. To say it shortly, our loss was due to the fact that we 
had too little of prohibition. 

The struggle in Norway the last year has again manifested that we have 
to fight the whole liquor traffic and fight it completely. That is what we are 
• going to do. 


319 


GREETINGS FROM NEW SOUTH WALES AND NEW ZEALAND 

George Shearer 

Of New South Wales Temperance Alliance 

It gives me great pleasure to be able to say a few words as the represen¬ 
tative of the New South Wbles Alliance and the New Zealand Alliance, al¬ 
though it is largely due to the International Order of Good Templars that 
[ am here today. I have come from the land of the Southern Cross, which 
is not a small state, but covers 309,000 square miles, but even there the liquor 
traffic has got a hold similar to what has been reported from the older nations 
of the earth at this congress. In New South Wales we have had a big fight 
tor the last 50 years. The fight has been straight out for prohibition as far 
as the Good Templars have been concerned, but there have been other people 
who have been advocates of state control and local option. Today the tem¬ 
perance forces are more united than ever before in the history of the temper¬ 
ance movement in New South Wales. 

While I have heard some critical remarks made about the officials of the 
United States, .1 want to tell you that your representative in New South 
Wales is a true representative of the United States. I refer to E. N. Lawson, 
the American consul general there. . He stated as his opinion, and it was pub¬ 
lished broadcast in New South Wales, regarding your position in America, 
that prohibition in the United States is a great success, and he is convinced 
that the law will never be repealed. He made a visit to the United States 
recently and traveled over 5,000 miles, and said that he saw one drunken man 
only, and no open bars. 

I want personally to thank Dr. Cherrington and the World League, 
through Dr. Cherrington, for some valuable literature which has been sent 
to this state and which has been used and is doing a splendid work. 

Our movement has been held up through the action , of the politician as 
in other countries. We have had people who are good prohibitionists, 
by act of mouth, but actions differ, who put the political party first, then bring 
in the sectarian issue second, and the temperance issue comes along third. They 
were quite satisfied to see their political party returned, they got somewhere on 
the sectarian issue, and the temperanc forces were shattered. For the last 
thirty years we have had this situation, and we have one of the worst laws 
you could possibly ask. Next year a vote is to be taken on the question, “Are 
you in favor of prohibition with compensation, yes or no?” I will not cast 
a vote in favor of prohibition with compensation. I would rather see that vote 
go for five years than to see it taken that way. It would cost us over $70,- 
000,000, and if we did adopt it, in three years the liquor traffic could come back 
again. We are not going to support such a measure as that. In addition to 
that we have had a liquor bill on the statute books for years which gives us a 
right to vote every three years on no-license. We have had no vote for nine 
or ten years because of this promised bill. 

Now a few words regarding New Zealand. New Zealand is putting up 
a wonderful fight and had it not been for the third issue brought in by the 
friends of the temperance movement in the way of state control—many big 
churchmen including bishops, who thought this would be the best way—had 
it not been for this third issue, New Zealand would have prohibition today. 

320 


Iii 1917 the vote for continuance was 241,251; for national prohibition, 270,000. 
Still they did not get it for at the same election state purchase had 32,000. The 
vote for state control was added to continuance and we were defeated by a 
small majority. In 1922 the vote for continuance was 222,000 and for national 
prohibition 300,000. I believe that the next issue in New Zealand will be, 
liquor or no liquor, by a simple majority and I am of the opinion that New 
Zealand will be the first place to go dry, and when she does go dry the law 
will be enforced. 

In New South Wales we have had six o’clock closing and it has been 
fairly well enforced. The industrialists have been calling for certain legis¬ 
lation. Upon the minister’s insistence a bill was introduced for the extension 
of hours in the larger hotels, for selling liquor with meals up to 8 or 9 o’clock. 
A protest went up, but the hours have been extended to 8 o’clock. But 
there is such a feeling going through New South Wales on this matter 
that I feel sure that the liquor politicians little dream of the harvest that they 
will reap from it. 

As I sometimes go to speak in Sydney on the benefits of prohibition in 
America it has been thrown up to me, “You have never been there—what do 
you know about it?” I will tell them now, I have been there and have seen 
for myself. I have sent on my reports already. And though I have now 
been away from home eight weeks, through that period I have seen three men 
under the influence of liquor, but if I were to take you to one spot in Sydney, 
at a certain railway station, between five and six o’clock on any Friday or 
Saturday night, I will guarantee you will find at least thirty staggerers in 
one half hour. 


TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION 

ADDRESS 

Rev. William A. Sunday, D.D. 

(“Billy Sunday”) 

If anything were needed to furnish evidence of my interest in the cause 
which you are interested in it would be my presence. For me to try to speak 
on temperance after you are surfeited with it seems to me as asinine as it 
would be for me to go out and try to tell Babe Ruth how to hit the ball or Jack 
Dempsey how to lick Tunney, which I hope he will. I don’t know what I can 
say that you have not already heard. I have just come from Portland, Ore¬ 
gon, and would not be here now, were it not that the Pennsylvania railroad 
stops its fast trains for me so that I can get off at my home. I know that 
the great anti-prohibition crusade is going on down there in Washington, 
the wets are aroused and are bellowing forth their anti-prohibition defiance. 
For thirty years I have put my fist in their faces and defied them. I am 
the most cursed and vilified man on earth, 'by that same old white-livered, 
red-nosed, despicable liquor gang. History informs us that a good many coun¬ 
tries have lost their liberties, and if America loses hers, my boast will be 
not that I was the last to desert her, but that I never deserted her. 

The arguments against prohibition are as weak as soup made from the 
shadow of a chicken that has starved to death. The anti-prohibitionists are 

321 



crawling into the cellars of the capitol at Washington with a box of matches 
in one hand and a stick of dynamite in the other. 

The dangers today are on the inside. The church is being attacked not 
from the outside but from the inside. There is more religion in the pew today 
than there is in the pulpit. The danger is not from the outside in, but from 
the inside out. This is getting to be some great United States. United we 
stand and divided we fall. Those who love our country and those who glory 
in its achievements, its institutions, they are going to uphold its standards of 
peace, of truth, and justice, and square dealing. Not even the church is more 
dependent upon the truth than this nation is upon respect for law. The spirit 
of radicalism is as destructive to America as disease is to health and as vice 
is to virtue. Lincoln said: 

“Let every American ,every lover of liberty, every well-wisher to his pos¬ 
terity, swear by the blood of the revolution never to violate in the least partic¬ 
ular the laws of the country, and never to tolerate their violation by others. 
As the patriots of seventy-six did'to the support of the declaration of in¬ 
dependence, so to the support of the Constitution and laws let every American 
pledge his liberty, his property and his sacred honor. Let every man re¬ 
member that to violate the law is to trample on the blood if his father and to 
tear the charter of his own and his children’s liberty. Let reverence for the 
laws be breathed by every American mother to the lisping babe that prattles 
on her lap; let it be taught in the schools, the seminaries, and in the colleges; 
let it be written in primers, in spelling books and almanacs: let it be preached 
from the pulpit, proclaimed in the legislative halls and enforced in courts of 
justice. In short, let it become the political religion of the nation.” 

A generation which avoids or refuses this resonsibility sows to the wind 
while they leave the whirlwind to be reaped by their children. I believe that 
nobody has any right by speech or print or act to do anything to perpetuate 
an institution which defies the law and which the law forbids. The liquor 
crowd cries, “Give us wine and beer.” Is there anybody fool enough to 
think that they would be satisfied with it if they had it? “Leave the question 
to the several states” I hear them cry out. All right. I would like to know 
what constitutional question was ever left for a state to enforce? I have never 
found it. They were not willing to leave it to the states when they could 
lawfully do so, and that is one reason why we got the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment. I helped put 17 states dry before we ever got to the Eighteenth 
Amendment. The wets poured their liquor into the dry states and defied the 
law, and when we saw that the state’s right could not be enforced without the 
federal law, and the states that had adopted prohibition had their sovereignty 
invaded by the wet states, then they joined with others to enact the Eight¬ 
eenth Amendment and voted the country dry. When a country votes dry 
do the wets who live in another country respect it? They respect nothing. 
“We challenge you to a referendum”—a referendum on what? Whether the 
law should .be enforced. Who ever heard of a gang of bootleggers and cut¬ 
throats and pimps and thieves challenging the government to a referendum as 
to whether the law should be enforced? “More liquor sold than when we had 
saloons.” The law of supply and demand controls everything. The high price of 
whisky today says that they lie. Another thing; nobody need be surprised if any 

322 


man who boasts that he is breaking the law is opposed to prohibition. Any 
man who declares prohibition cannot be enforced is either a fool or a knave, 
I don’t know which. Any man who places obstacles in the way of enforce¬ 
ment is a traitor to his country and should never be allowed to hold a public 
office that has anything to do with the law. 

Let us dedicate ourselves to the noble purpose of freeing our nation from 
the grip of the bootlegger and the lawless enarchist. The saloon is dead— 
thank God, it is as dead as an Egyptian mummy. It is the publicity he gives 
himself that kills a skunk. We aire going to put that thing out of business 
in the world. A great movement is on foot to defeat prohibition, financed 
by the old whisky crowd. Shall we repeal the law that the crooks don’t like 
and replace it by a law that the crooks do like? If that is not treason I will 
shake hands with Benedict Arnold. I don’t say anything against the boot¬ 
legger that I don’t say against the man who patronizes him. They are both 
crooks. The fellow who comes in the front door and holds you up is a front 
door crook. They all defy the law. And if you are willing to buy from the 
bootlegger crooks that break the law, some other crook has just as much 
right to come in your front door or your back door and hold you up and 
rob your till and break into your place of business, or some irapist to entrap 
your daughter. 

If the Democrats nominate A1 Smith—I hope they do—I am not a Dem¬ 
ocrat, I am a Republican—if the Democrats nominate A1 Smith and the 
Republicans nominate a wet man, I am going to run for president on a dry 
platform'. I can tell you of four or five states in the south that no wet can¬ 
didate can carry. I can name four states that I would bet my life would go 
Republican on a dry proposition. Whatever is good in this world, prohibi¬ 
tion is responsible for it and helpful to it. I have some figures that are 
absolutely staggering, from the bankers’ associations. Of the 27 million auto¬ 
mobiles owned in the word, 23 millions are owned in the United States alone. 
Think of the prosperity. There is nothing like it since God said “Let there 
be light.” 

The most shameful thing that the wets have said is the maligning of 
the young people. By the eternal God, I am going to live long enough to see 
America so dry you will have to prime a man before he can spit. I made 
a list the other day of nearly 500 names of men that were arrested for vio¬ 
lation of prohibition laws and it reads like a page of the directory from Russia 
and southern Europe. I will keep on going up and down the land with all 
the energy that God gives me to fight the liquor business. We can live 
without our national liberties, but we cannot live without law. And we 
could stand the denial of free speech and free press and religious liberty but 
we cannot stand -the destruction of law. 

The bootlegger is the symptom of two diseases—a traitorous citizen 
and a spineless official—a traitorous citizen who will buy it and a spineless 
official who will allow it to be sold. The existence of our institutions de¬ 
pends upon the will of the majority,' and when the will of the majority has 
been recorded and we understand that that will is recorded, it is not a ques¬ 
tion then as to whether any man or woman in America is wet or dry, the 
question is whether you are for or against the law. The security of your 

323 


home and your family depends upon maintaining a respect for the law. The 
Supreme Court has decided the question and it is standing behind the law. 
When a man takes the oath of office to uphold the constitution as inter¬ 
preted by the courts, if he does not do it, he is a traitor. 

Now I must ask you to excuse me. I have come direct from the train, 
even before going to my home, to show you my great interest in the cause 
you stand for, and to pledge my allegiance to the cause of prohibition. I 
bid you heartily welcome to Winona Lake. 


THE VISION OF YOUTH 

Lofton S. Wesley 

Student Secretary Intercollegiate Prohibition Association , Washington, D. G. 

“I’m tired of sailing my little boat 
Far inside the harbor bar, 

I want to go out 

Where the big ships float— 

Out in the deep where the 
Great ones are. 

And if my frail craft 
Should prove too slight, 

For the storms that 
Sweep those billows o’er. 

I’d rather go down 
In the stirring fight 
Than drowse to death 
By the sleeping shore.” 

Youth today is tired of sailing so close to the shore line. Youth is not 
complaining of the small bark in which they have to sail, but they crave the 
deeps. “Deep calls unto deep”—the deep of the truths of life calls unto the 
deep in the life of every individual youth. And the deep in the life of the 
individual responds to the call of this cosmic universe—we are eager to hear 
this call from the realm of truth; we crave a fuller demonstration of truth; 
we want concreteness and accuracy, an appeal to every element of our nature, 
but we want more than all else to enter into and live irf this realm of truth; 
we crave experience of reality. Most of our lives are lived near the shore 
line, on the surface. We live in a temporary, phenomenal world which can 
never give satisfaction. 

To illustrate, I use an analogy of the tree. The bark is a true part of 
the tree, but not the essence of its life. It is continually falling off. It is 
like the shallow lives of many. It doesn’t go to the heart of things. A cer¬ 
tain small part of the bark becomes a part of the permanent life of the tree, it 
abides, but the essence of its life is some mystic power that comes through 
the ohloryphyl of the leaves, the synthesizing process that utilizes' the ele¬ 
ments of the atmosphere and the rays of the sun, drawing life from the unseen 
out of the depths below and the blue above. Herein lies the essence of ‘truth, 
of reality. Draw your picture and apply the diagram to any number of con¬ 
cepts—at the center, the mystic, inexplicable power, God; the demonstration, 
the heart of the tree, the visible, revealing Christ; at the circumference, 

324 



dogmas, creeds, theories about—hew the bark, these last fall; Christ in¬ 
creases by their accretion. God, truth, reality forever synthesizes and forever 
is. Take another—Love at the center; sympathy, understanding at the heart; 
and affection, infatuation, or even lust at the edge; Eternity, time, incident; 
Universe, synthesis, analysis, enumeration—order, confusion, chaos, space, phe¬ 
nomena, infinite, finite, death. 

It is this sort of a world into which youth wants to enter—a world of truth, 
of reality, a world of appreciation as over against a world of mere sight; one 
of understanding, of wisdom instead of illusion; one of ecstacy instead of de¬ 
pression. 

Certain things must be said of this visionary world of youth: First, it 
must be available here and now. We are living in this present world and are 
more interested in it than in any other. Any acceptable salvation will be a sal¬ 
vation unto truth here and now. We are curious about the future life, etc., 
but have no tendency to worry about it. In fact, we feel there are other 
things more important. We accept the universe, and if we did worry ever so 
much, I am not sure we could add one cubit to our stature. Frankly, we are 
not worrying about our individual salvation. We believe that except a man 
find heaven with him, here and now, he has little chance to find it here¬ 
after. And he that sets out consciously to save his life is in danger of 
losing it. He that would save his life must think of bigger things. 

Secondly, this visionary realm must be one in which perfect frankness 
reigns. There can be no hypocrisy, no sleuths, no under-cover work. Except 
ye become as frank, as open, as free from harboring suspicion as a little 
child, ye cannot enter in. Youth despises nothing more than failure to be 
open and above board. 

Thirdly, this visionary realm must be one where relationships are based 
on the principle of brotherhood. Superficial distinctions and artificial bar¬ 
riers must be broken down. And this involves more than a confession in a 
belief in God and the Book. It involves action on the principles of brother¬ 
hood, an attitude toward humanity. This applies to the matter of class dis¬ 
tinction based on wealth as well as to racial differences. But one of the 
gravest questions this generation in America and the world is called upon to 
face is the race question. In my opinion when this great world conference 
is uniting in fellowship and purpose these delegates from more than half .a 
hundred nations, to combat a common enemy, one of the highest notes it 
could sound would be to register a conviction against unjust discrimination of 
one race against another. I am sorry we have this discrimination in America. 
In my former speech I mentioned an unfortunate incident which happened here. 
We have taken this incident to those in authority here. From the ones with¬ 
out particular responsibility we have received expressions of surprise and even 
indignation. From those responsible, we have received little but evasions 
and a deaf ear, with a few vague promises to investigate. It is significant 
that those who are most interested in the religious life of this place profess ig¬ 
norance of any existing problem on this question, while those running the 
hotels say that they face it continually. And visitors cannot come a day without 
facing it. Youth is impatient with the religion that does not emphasize 
strongly the necessity of outgrowing our social evils, and building a world 

325 


here and now where all men are treated as brothers, and where men are ag¬ 
gressive in fighting to bring this to pass. Again I say, this place is ahead 
of most places in treatment of our negro brother, but keeping him in one’s 
private home, even, and refusing him admission to the public facilities will 
not solve the question. “God hath made of one blood all the nations to 
dwell together upon the face of the earth.” 

Finally, Youth wants a world in which not only is every man created 
free, but equal in opportunity. It is evident surely to the most blinded that 
this is not that sort of world. This, visionary realm must be one builded 
on the principle of cooperation, and not competition. One of the main motives 
for drink, in my opinion, is to secure release from the drab, dull monotony 
of the work-a-day life. There is a release to a higher life, but if men can’t 
secure this, and many can’t, under our present paternalistic and orphanized 
industrial system, they will find release by stupefying their higher senses 
and finding happiness as “they wallow in the mire, because they are uncon¬ 
scious of the slough.” The man who matches his life in industry against the 
other man’s dollar, should have, and finally will have, as much to say of the 
management of working conditions, rates of pay, distribution of profits, etc.,, 
of that industry as the representatives of the stockholders. Production will 
be for consumption and not simply for profits to enrich a few. The man who 
accepts an unreasonably high dividend on his investment, while the laborer is 
forced to slave at an unreasonably low wage and to suffer periodic unemploy¬ 
ment, will be looked upon as being as dishonest as the man who refuses to 
pay his grocery bill. And in this world the basis for judging a man shall 
be what he has within him, and not how many things he commands about him. 

You can see this will be a world wherein organizations are made to serve 
man, and not man for the institution. And no institution is accepted as final 
or ultimate. When a form of government, an industrial system, a religious 
institution or formula, or social order, shall have served its. usefulness, it 
shall give way to a better, as monarchies have been displaced by democracies. 

And in all this Youth will have an everlasting part, living in the present 
world but moving towards a better, with a faith and an assurance that it 
will come, the faith of Carlisle who wrote of faith: 

“She sees the best that glimmers thru the worst, 

She feels the sun is hid but for a night; 

She spies the summer thru the winter’s bud, 

She tastes the fruit before the blossoms fall; 

She hears the lark within the songless egg, 

She finds the fountain, where the others wailed mirage.” 

COMMEMORATIVE SERVICE 

BENJAMIN RUSH—AN APPRECIATION 

Harry M. Chalfant, D.D. 

Editor Pennsylvania Edition American Issue, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia filled a large place in the early his¬ 
tory of the Republic. Few men of his day have outlived him in the good deeds 
of their lives. In three particulars he was outstanding. First, he was Surgeon- 
General of the Continental’ Army, and in that capacity helped to win the 

326 



Revolution. Secondly, he was a pioneer in the establishment of medical 
schools on American soil. Third, he rendered notable pioneer service in 
giving the modern prohibition movement its early start. 

In religious belief Rush was of Quaker origin but later became a com¬ 
municant of the Presbyterian church. He was a man of deep piety. He took 
an active part in affairs of state and was a member of the Provincial Assembly 
and also of the Continental Congress. He had tremendous energy and la¬ 
bored with unflagging zeal in many good causes. 

In the days of Benjamin Rush’s young manhood there lived and labored in 
Philadelphia Anthony Benezet. Benezet was a native of Picardy but at the 
age of two was taken to England where his parents became Quakers. Later 
the family came to America where the son became a teacher in the Friend’s 
English school, a position that he held for forty years. Concerning him Ben¬ 
jamin Rush once said that he was “one of the most laborious schoolmasters 
l ever knew. Few men since the days of the apostles ever lived a more disinter¬ 
ested life.” Rush was trained in this same Friend’s school and a careful study 
of the lives of both men indicate that the teacher had a marked influence 
on the pupil. Benezet was an extensive writer both on slavery and drink. In 
1774 he published an elaborate essay entitled “The Mighty Destroyer Display¬ 
ed.” Two years prior to this Doctor Rush had published in a small pamphlet 
three “Sermons to Gentlemen upon Temperance and Exercise.” 

In 1785 Rush published his celebrated essay, “An Inquiry into the Effects 
of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body.” A year later this essay was re¬ 
published in England. Due in part at least to his high standing in the medi¬ 
cal profession, his writings were widely read and exerted great influence. He 
contended against the use of distilled liquors, but did not, in his earlier writ¬ 
ings, advocate total abstinence from wine. To show how keen was his un¬ 
derstanding even in that far off day of the effects of alcohol on the human 
system we quote him in two brief paragraphs: 

“Spirits in their first operation are stimulating upon the system. 
They quicken the circulation of the blood and produce some heat in 
the body. Soon afterward they become what is called sedative; that 
is they diminish the action of the vital powers and thereby produce 
languor and weakness. 

“The effects of spirituous liquors upon the human body in pro¬ 
ducing diseases are sometimes gradual. A strong constitution, espe¬ 
cially if it be assisted with constant and hard labor, will counteract 
the destructive effects of spirits for many years. But in general they 
produce the following diseases: a sickness at the stomach, a universal 
dropsy, obstruction of the liver, madness, palsy, apoplexy and epi¬ 
lepsy.” 

In 1798 Doctor Rush published an essay on this same subject and ad¬ 
dressed it especially to ministers of the gospel, hoping thereby to induce them 
to preach vigorously on the subject. He told them the only time liquor was 
necessary was in case of sickness, and even then it had best be applied to 
the outside rather-than to the inside of the body. 

In 1811 Doctor Rush addressed the General Assembly of the Presby¬ 
terian church, and distributed his writings on temperance. That body ap- 

327 


pointed a committee to confer with other church bodies in the hope of en¬ 
listing the churches in the interest of sobriety. ,T'hat the other churches needed 
it is evident when we find that in the General Conference of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in 1812 the effort was made at five different times to pass 
a resolution preventing a stationed or local preacher from retailing spirituous 
or malt liquors without forfeiting his ministerial character. Each time this ef¬ 
fort met with failure, but the resolution was finally passed four years later 
after all reference to malt liquors was stricken out. By his voice and by his 
pen Doctor Rush reached not only Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregation- 
alists, Baptists and other Protestant bodies, but even carried his appeal to 
the Bishops of the Roman Catholic church. 

Of all the men he reached and influenced, the one who later became the 
greatest factor in carrying forward his work was Lyman Beecher. In 1825 
Beecher blocked out and preached six sermons to his congregation at Litch¬ 
field, Connecticut. He says that his inspiration for preparing and delivering 
these six sermons was received while he was reading Rush’s celebrated essay. 
Beecher’s six sermons were published and widely circulated. The writer of this 
sketch in making investigations concerning the early history of temperance 
and prohibition movements in northern and central Pennsylvaia discovered 
that most of the early temperance societies organized in that state came as 
a direct result of the distribution of Beecher’s six sermons. 

It is well that we pause today to pay tribute to the pioneers. We are 
building on foundations laid by these early groups of temperance advocates. 
Their inspiration to work came from the sermons of Lyman Beecher. Beech¬ 
er’s inspiration came from Benjamin Rush, Christian physician and patriot. 
Rush was unquestionably influenced by Anthony Benezet, Quaker schoolmas¬ 
ter, who, when a little lad, came out of the poppy covered fields of Picardy, 
France. 


LYMAN BEECHER 

Rev. E. V. Claypool, PhD., Mulberry, Ind. 

Almost exactly half way between the battle of Lexington and the Decla¬ 
ration of Independence, a frail mother gave birth to a baby, within a few 
miles of what is now the center of the city of New Haven. The baby was so 
feeble and blue that the woman into whose hands it was placed put it in a 
blanket and laid it away on top of a box and forgot it. The mother was so 
weak that all attention was given her in the bare little blacksmith’s cabin. 
About a day later the baby was remembered, and they went to get the body to 
bury it, but for almost 88 years thereafter life persisted. 

A graduate of Yale, prepared for the ministry, with a year of special 
schooling, in 1798 licensed and ordained as a Presbyterian minister, with his 
bride, Lyman Beecher went across Long Island Sound one stormy day to 
settle as pastor of a little fishing village, East Hampton, Long Island. For 
eleven years he retained the pastorate, having the privilege of living in the 
house built for him and his bride, to which additions were made until it con¬ 
tained three rooms, in addition the privilege of digging in the Very unproductive 
sandy garden, and receiving from the tax collector $300 per year. At the end 
cf the eleven years he and his family moved to Torrington, Connecticut, 

328 



where still his salary was paid by the tax collector, but he now received $600. 
The year& passed. 

In 1825, almost at the end of the year, he responded to a call of one of 
his special friends—a call of distress. He found that the woman’s sorrow 
was because of the fall of her •brilliant young husband under the curse of 
liquor, after repeated reformations. This, added to the experience of twenty- 
seven years of pastoral relationships with the presence of liquor in all homes, a 
universal spread of its use, and an indifference and callousness as to its ef¬ 
fects, to us inconceivable, urged him to the preparation of the famous series 
of six sermons, to which reference has already been made. In January, 1826, 
began the delivery on consecutive Sundays of the six sermons. Dr. Beecher’s 
eloquence was unusual. No minister builds all of his sermons on a single 
skeleton, if he is a live minister, but the great sermons of Lyman Beecher all 
contained a three-fold arrangement: First, an excitation of curiosity and a con¬ 
sequent interest, then a logical, reasonable, but not cold, presentation of facts 
and arguments, closing with a red-hot excitement to action. These elements 
are to be found in each one of the six sermons, yet the six are together but 
a single discourse divided into the sections. 

God blessed Lyman Beecher with a wife who suffered and died. She 
suffered during the years on Long Island and some of the years in Tor ring- 
ton, and after her death God blessed Lyman Beecher with another wife who 
suffered and lived with him for many, many years and blessed him with 13 
arrows in his quiver, so that when an increase of salary was offered him to 
go to Hanover Street church in Boston, he decided that for the best interests of 
his family and the necessities of those desirous of going to college and those 
still at home as well, it was advisable for him to accept the larger salary. This 
call came after the delivery of the six sermons in Connecticut, and in April of 
the same year, in Hanover Street church in Boston, the same six sermons, 
practically unchanged, according to his own statement, were again delivered. 
Laymen enthusiastically volunteered to provide the money and personally 
oversee the preparation of the pamphlet which resulted in the distribution of 
these sermons not only in Connecticut but other states; the Massachusetts 
Temperance Society was organized in consequence and the movement be¬ 
came a National movement. 

The theme in the six sermons is a very remarkable theme. Facts have 
been added, incidents have multiplied in the hundred years since, but no new 
principle or argument on the question of temperance has yet been produced 
other than those found in those six sermons; and to the best of my knowledge 
and belief, with careful reading to discover, Lyman Beecher in these sermons 
was the first man of high influence and standing to say that the end of the 
curse of intoxicating liquor would not come until it was driven from the chan¬ 
nels of legitimate commerce. And in these sermons began not a movement 
for temperance merely, but the Prohibition movement which has culminated 
in the Eighteenth Amendment’s adoption, which will continue the climax in 
its enforcement in the United States of America, and will spread through 
the world. 

Any man who promulgates one single germ of life power as a moral 
principle which grows in the lives of others to a fruition of social betterment 

329 


is worthy of honor, a place in the records of history. Lyman Beecher pro¬ 
duced this thing peculiarly in the declaration that alcoholic liquor must be 
driven from the channels of legitimate commerce, and that principle is result¬ 
ing in the decrease of poverty and crime and the multiplication of blessings 
a hundred years after the utterance. Honor to this man for his greatness 
of thought, greatness of personality, and for the dropping of this germ of 
life in our social history! 

NEAL DOW 

Mrs. Frances E. Fuller 
Treasurer Ohio W. 0. T. U. 

Thirty years ago there passed to his heavenly reward General Neal Dow, 
of Portland, Maine, who for fifty years had been the greatest leader of the 
temperance forces, not only of Maine, not only of this nation, but of the 
entire world. 

Neal Dow- was born a Quaker and he very early learned to listen for and 
to experience the voice within. That voice spoke to him in his young man¬ 
hood when a sorrowing wife and mother asked him if he would not go to the 
saloon-keeper who was selling her husband liquor which was fast destroying 
his manhood, and plead with him to stop the practice. That was a very rea¬ 
sonable request. Neal Dow went to the saloon and laid the matter before 
the proprietor, but the man simply pointed to the government license upon 
his wall and said: “I have paid for that license. I intend to sell liquor to any¬ 
one who wants it and has the money to pay for it. I am supporting my family 
by selling liquor and I do not want any of your advice.” Dow looked at the 
saloon-keeper and said: “You have a license to sell liquor, have you? You in¬ 
tend to sell it to anyone who wants it and can pay for it? You support your 
family by destroying the family of others? Heaven helping me, I will see if 
I cannot change all this.” Now note the transformation. When Neal Dow 
went into that saloon he was a total abstainer—a young man of splendid char¬ 
acter, but not yet fully aroused to the demoralization, the selfishness, the 
greed and the cruelty to women and children of the open saloon. When he 
left that saloon, Dow. was a prohibitionist, highly resolved to do everything in 
his power to make the saloons in his own state outlaws. 

Immediately he began his work, and how wise he was in his methods! 
Dow knew that perhaps the great majority of the people of Maine thought 
it was perfectly proper to use liquor in moderation, and that many of them 
too, believed that prohibition was an impractical thing, never to be secured, or 
enforced if it could be secured, and that the saloon was a necessary evil from 
which the state and nation derived a certain amount of very much needed 
revenue. The Good Book says: “As a man thinketh in his heart, so is he,” 
and so will he vote, I might add. Dow saw that it was necessary to change 
the thought of those people in order that they might think right and vote right 
on that great issue. And so he began a great educational campaign. 

For ten years at his own expense and in his own conveyance he and some 
of his faithful friends traveled over the entire state, lecturing in churches, 
homes, school-houses, street corners, talking to the men and women he met, 
and giving to every one of them some temperance literature and making them 

330 



promise they would read it and think about it. Afterwards he said: “Maine 
became a prohibition state by sowing it knee-deep with temperance literature.” 
And there is no better program today than that of Dow’s. 

At last there came the first fruits of his efforts when in 1846 Maine secured 
her first prohibition law. It was a good law, but did not go far enough be¬ 
cause it did not provide sufficient penalties. He continued his great work of 
education, and agitation until in 1851 he drafted a bill, went to the legislature 
of the state, and in a most convincing speech secured the passage of that 
measure which prohibited throughout the entire state /the manufacture and sale 
of intoxicating liquor. What a wonderful victory that was! 

People said: “You cannot enforce that law.” Dow said, “we are going to 
try,” and so in Portland, the largest city and having the most saloons of any 
city in Maine, Neal Dow ran for mayor and was elected in. the face of much 
opposition, and he did enforce that law and enforced it so well that within 
a comparatively short time Portland was free from the open saloons—and 
not only that but the inspiration of his work hastened on over the state, 
and in other cities and towns and counties officials sworn to do their duty 
rallied to his support, and in due course of time the state of Maine, the old 
Fine Tree state which had been so cursed with breweries, distilleries and sa¬ 
loons, became in reality a prohibition state; and from having been one of 
the poor states of the Union, became one of the most prosperous. 

It seems to me the great glory of Dow’s life is that lie was the first man 
who had the courage and the farsightedness to bring down from the sky the 
great theory of Prohibition, just as Franklin did the lightning, and to prove 
to all the world that prohibition is not a mere theory, not a mere idle dream, 
but that it is God’s way of dealing with wrong, and the only effective solution 
of the liquor traffic because it puts the government on the right side instead 
of the wrong side of this great moral question. What a thrill this victory 
brought to Temperance people of this great nation! Many years ago I remem¬ 
ber going to a convention in Portland from Ohio which, at that time was a 
very wet state. How thrilled I was to stand in that Prohibition city in a 
prohibition state, and when the president of our organization one day pre¬ 
sented to us from the platform the mayor and sheriff and deputies and told how 
they were enforcing the law, and showed us all the implements bootleggers 
were using, and then—best of all—invited us to go to his home where we 
saw a large amount of confiscated liquor poured into the sewers, oh, how 
thrilled we were! We went back home with a new inspiration, realizing that 
the time was soon coming when all of these wet states would be free from 
the domination of the drink traffic because Neal Dow had made the way. His 
influence extended all over the world. He went to England at his own ex¬ 
pense. He delivered 500 lectures on prohibition. 

I would like to emphasize a few lessons from the life of this great hero, 
this father of Prohibition. 

First, that he was obe^dient to the heavenly vision. When he heard that 
voice he obeyed it. Think of what it would mean if tomorrow morning in 
this nation of ours the men and women in our churches who are now indif¬ 
ferent on this great question, the women who say, “Oh, we have not time to 
help the W. C. T. U. We are too busy with many other things,” the men 

331 


who say, “I don’t want to be too prominent in this temperance work, it might 
hurt me if I should run for office some day,” or “let the Anti-Saloon League 
do the work, or the W. C. T. U. That is their job.”—Suppose instead of this 
there should come to everyone of these people now indifferent and self-satis¬ 
fied, what Frances E. Willard once called the “arrest of thought.” Suppose they 
should say: “There is too much violation of law. This bootlegging must 
stop. This disrespect for the constitution must stop, and Heaven helping me, 
I will try to 'do what I can tO' change all this.” What would happen? It 
would hot be long under those conditions until we would have such a mighty 
sentiment awakened all through this nation for the enforcement and observance 
of the law, and against disloyalty for the constitution and the flag, that we 
would not be in danger of a wet candidate being elected president of the 
United States; we should be in no danger of further violation of law, but we 
could show to the whole world the spectacle of a great nation freed from 
the dominion of the liquor traffic. 

Another lesson that I want to point out from this wonderful life of Dow 
is in regard to—the wisdom of his methods. I am so glad that the W. C. T. U. 
in its publishing house in Evanston, has such a great store of temperance lit¬ 
erature, and I rejoice at the display that has been made here of the publica¬ 
tions of the World League Against Alcoholism, as well as of the Anti-Sa¬ 
loon League of America. What a wonderful lot of information! But let me 
say, friends, it will do no good if you and I and other temperance workers 
leave it upon the shelves of these publishing houses. Let us put our money 
and effort into it, get it and distribute it among those who most need it; 
and thereby we may help change the thought of those indifferent to prohibition. 

What faith in God Neal Dow had! He did not go out in his own strength. 
I rejoice that all of these great temperance organizations united in this great 
movement were founded in prayer, in faith. We have a weapon which our 
enemies do not and will never possess—the weapon of prayer, of divine leader¬ 
ship and support and guidance. 

Then Neal Dow’s 'Courage. Think of what he faced—the whole nation 
wet, and not this nation only but every other nation in the world; no prohi¬ 
bition laws; no laws for the protection of the home, womanhood and child¬ 
hood, when Dow there in the Maine legislature presented that bill which he 
had drafted for prohibition in his own state. It was Dow and God, against 
the liquor business of the whole world. Oh, how brave he was! He faced 
difficulties that you and I never can face, never will face. How small our 
discouragements seem compared with his, and yet we too today need courage, 
and we cannot, it seems to me,build any truer monument to Dow’s memory 
than to go on with deeper consecration, with something of his trust in God, 
with something of his great courage, feeling as Dr. Gladden so well wrote: 

“In the darkest night of the year 

When the stars are all gone out, 

Courage is better than fear 

And faith is stronger than doubt. 

And fierce though the fiends may fight 
And long though the angels hide, 

We know that Truth and Right 

332 


Have the universe on their side; 

And that somewhere beyond the stars 
Is a life that is truer than fate; 

When the night shall unlatch her bars 

We shall see Him, and we can wait.” 


FRANCES E. WILLARD 

Howard Hyde Russell, D.D. 

Let the Quaker poet Whittier begin our exordium in the words he wrote 
in Miss Willard’s presence: 

“She knew the power of banded ill, 

But felt that love was stronger still, 

And organized for doing good 
The world’s united womanhood.” 

We are to think of Frances E. Willard, as she would wish, in a reverent 
spirit of thankcgiving and honor to Almighty God. Horace Bushnell, in his 
greatest sermon, clearly taught that the life of every person of submissive 
will is a plan of almighty God. There is no biography which more truly 
typifies this inspiring truth. 

In this 'brief sketch it will be convenient to use the outline of four es¬ 
sential factors constituting a great life which it was the speaker’s high privilege 
to hear named, fifty years ago, by Wendell Phillips in 'his eloquent tribute to 
Charles Sumner: 

I. First Factor. A great character must be A Person of Great Talents. 

What were the qualities, characteristics and talents of this inspired life? 
Upon both sides of the ancestry the hereditary values were very high. Both 
her father, Josiah Flint Willard, and her mother, Mary Thompson Hill, were 
inheritors of the best New England characteristics. Her rugged and righteous 
English ancestor, Major Simon Willard of Kent, in 1634 one of the founders of 
Concord, Massachusetts, was a man of iron will and invincible courage. 
“Willard” means one who wills. The family motto was “Gaudet Patientia 
Duris”—“Patience Rejoices in Hardships.” Upon the mother-side, the father’s 
forbears, the Hills, were a singularly gifted family. Her great-grandfather Hill 
was one of self-sacrificing integrity who as an endorser for a friend, when he 
might legally have avoided the debt, stood firmly in the gap, and lost his for¬ 
tune. Her maternal grandfather, Nathaniel Thompson, had the moral 
courage which was found in Frances, our fearless reformer, while the women 
of all these families were of high intellectual and moral fiber. Carefully reared 
in such a family, trained in the best schools, in which she stood at first rank, 
it is not surprising that her equipment for life was of the highest quality. 

Those who knew her intimately speak thus of her equipment for service 
as a woman engaged in her life work: “Among her divine gifts were a body 
firmly knit and of unique endurance yet finely constituted as an Aeolian harp, 
a voice sweet as a flute yet clearly heard of many thousands, rare common 
sense, strength of reason and memory, singular insight into human nature, 
intuitive knowledge of public men and manners, tact, sympathy, imagination, 
enthusiasm, with a genius for sacrifice and self-renunciation.” 

333 



A close friend says of her: “‘What went ye out to see?’ one might ask 
as that frail form stood in the midst of the vast assembly. A woman of 
magnetic eloquence, called of God, a woman who preached Christ in politics, 
Christ in the home; the equality of and the same standard of purity for men 
and women, the liberation of the oppressed, the destruction of legalized 
wrong, the upbuilding of all that was great in home, in government and in 
nation. And she who had gone forth without money and without influence 
but with an untarnished name, a clear brain, an indomitable will and a God- 
given inspiration, in her twenty years of work gathered round her not only the 
sympathizers of her own land, but the admiration and good will of the whole 
world.” Miss Willard was a person of great talents. 

II. The second essential factor, Great Powers Devoted to Noble Ends. 

Very early in life the original mind of the girl had a vision of what may 
be called by no name better than the Sacredness of Personality. This solemn 
and just individual right she conceived of at first in the home for herself, her 
brother and her sister. She claimed the privilege to dress simply and in a 
way consistent with the same freedom to romp, play and exercise about the 
barn and the pastures which her brother and younger sister possessed. Wisely 
the mother gave her the liberty to develop physically and mentally according 
to her own inventiveness. The day she came “of age,’’ at eighteen, she as¬ 
serted her legal liberty: 

“I am eighteen. 

I have been obedient. 

Not that the yoke was heavy to be borne, 

For lighter ne’er did parents fond 
Impose on child. 

It was a silver chain 
But the bright adjective 
Takes not away the clanking sound, 

The clock has struck! 

I’m free! Come joy profound! 

I’m alone and free 
Free to obey Jehovah only, 

Accountable but to the powers above!” 

Having been forbidden theretofore to read novels, she took “Ivanhoe,” 
seated herself on the porch and read with calm satisfaction. Her father 
chanced up the steps. “What have you there?” “One of Scott’s novels.” 
“Have I not forbidden you to read any novels?” “You forget what day it is, 
Father.” “What difference does the day make in the deed?” “A great deal. 

I am eighteen today, and I do not have to obey any laws hereafter but those 
cf God. In my judgment ‘Ivanhoe’ is good to read.” ,The amazed father 
was at first minded to take away the book by force. Then he laughed, called 
her mother and wisely said: “She is evidently a chip of the Puritan block. 
That was an old fashioned Protestant declaration of independence. Well,, 
we will try to learn God’s laws and obey them together, my child.” 

When a few years later, after differences of her views regarding educa¬ 
tional methods between her superior officers and herself caused her to re- 

334 


sign from the Northwestern University, and Frances was about to be em¬ 
ployed by Dwight L. Moody to assist in evangelistic meetings for women, 
Mr. Moody asked: “How did you come to leave your work as a teacher 
at Evanston?” She replied: “Doctor Fowler was an irresistible force 

and I was an immovable object. Something had to give way!” It is 
easy to understand how this insistence upon the sacredness of person¬ 
ality developed into a mighty vision of freedom for women and children to 
which her life was dedicated. 

After preliminary success as an authoress, after having been highly hon¬ 
ored with position and rank in the realm of higher education, after a period 
of studious travel, after competent work as an editor and after useful service 
in evangelism, Frances E. Willard turned her back upon all offers of pro¬ 
motion and enlisted as a reformer. The women’s crusade of prayer had at¬ 
tracted her interest. She had gone East to study the temperance movement 
and had visited the missions. The pity that never left her for the squalor 
and misery that drink causes among the poor was kindled in her soul. While 
yet a teacher she made a few stirring temperance addresses. 

Upon a certain day in 1874, Miss Willard received two letters. One was 
an invitation to be principal of an elegant school for young ladies at a high 
salary. The other was from Mrs. Rounds, of Chicago, begging her to take 
the presidency of the new Chicago branch of the Woman’s Christian Tem¬ 
perance Union. While Mrs. Rounds admitted its present weakness of or¬ 
ganization and finances, this inspired, great-soul did not hesitate. She wrote 
Mrs. Rounds she would accept. This was her life choice of a career. 

III. The third factor of greatness is Great Success in the Achievement of 
These Ends. 

Of the new work upon which Miss Willard entered at Chicago, listen 
to her distinguished biographer, Miss Anna Gordon: “It was not ease or the 
prompting of cultured taste only which Frances Willard sacrificed; she en¬ 
dured real hardship, the prosaic hardship of poverty, and even at times of hun¬ 
ger. So determined was she in her heroic soul to be led of God alone that she 
would not suffer the women of the Union to speak of compensation, 'and they, 
thinking that in some unknown way abundant means were supplied her, accept¬ 
ed her service all unmindful of the fact that the slender figure which stood 
before them day after day had often walked many miles because she did 
not possess the ‘nickel for car£ fare,’ or that she came to them hungry be¬ 
cause she had no money with which to buy bread. 

“When Madame Willard’s common sense prevailed, and the situation was 
revealed, their regret partook almost of the nature of remorse, and a modest 
but adequate salary was immediately provided. When persuaded that her po¬ 
sition was no longer tenable, Miss Willard did not regret the experience of 
those months, which gave her an insight into human hearts and a revelation 
of human needs. Often as she went about the great city, searching for the 
friendless and forgotten, she had said to herself: ‘I am a better friend than you 
dream; I know more about you than you think, for, bless God, I am hungry 
too’.” 

Soon after this she was made corresponding secretary of the Illinois W. C. 
T. U. Then when the National W. C. T. U. was organized at Cleveland, in 


November, 1874, she was elected secretary. Her friends say she would have 
been elected the first president but she refused. Five years later, in 1879, she was 
elected national president and began her twenty years’ service in that leader¬ 
ship. 

As early as 1875 she began to say there must be a world movement. 
Though she was a patriot of patriots, her home-loving heart had ample room 
for all other countries. In 1883 she sounded the new slogan: “For God and 
Home and Every Land!” In that year she commissioned one of her great or¬ 
ganizers, Mrs. Leavitt, to begin the white ribbon work around the world. Later 
Jessie Akerman and many others were sent. Her polyglot world petition 
hastened world expansion. This had a final enrollment of 700,000. It included 
great lists from our 48 states and from 52 other countries. This appeal for 
freedom from alcoholism was presented to every government in the world. 

While building rapidly the World Union, she pressed the spread of the 
national work. During her 20 years of double toil she really did 40 years' 
work. In one of her great tours with Anna Gordon as her secretary and with 
her office in Pullman sections she visited every city of 10,000 or more in the 
United States. In the year 1883 she traveled 30,000 miles and visited every 
state and territory and every capital city but two. Frances Willard by her 
kindly'speeches and her Temperance Union Building in the Southland did the 
finest service ever performed to help on a peaceful reunion of the Blue and 
the Gray. Before she finished her national and world work so well established 
it was sure to go and to grow, she had held four great World Conventions and 
had planted country-wide Unions in every part of the world. 

Thus far we have mentioned three of Wendell Phillips’ conditions of true 
greatness: (1) Great Talents; (2) Great Powers Devoted 'to Noble Ends; (3) 
Great Success in Achievement of Those Ends. Now the fourth: 

IV. An unsullied Private Life. 

Miss Willard’s experience in humble and unreserved submission of her 
will to God’s will is most beautiful. Even in so brief a sketch it would 
omit keystone from arch not to quote the testimony frankly given under the 
subject: "“God and My Heart.”— 

“It was one night in June, 1859. I was nineteen years old and was lying 
on my bed in my home at Evanston, Illinois, ill with typhoid fever. The doc¬ 
tor had said that the crisis would soon arrive, and I had overheard his words. 
Mother was watching in the next room. My whole soul was intent as two 
voices seemed to speak within me, one of them saying, ‘My child, give me thy 
heart. I called thee long by joy, I call thee now by chastisement; but I have 
called thee always and only because I love thee with an everlasting love/ 
The other said, ‘Surely you who are so resolute and strong will not break 
down now because of physical feebleness. You are a reasoner and never yet 
were you convinced of the reasonableness of Christianity, Hold out now and 
you will feel when you get well just as you used to feel.’ 

“One presence was to me warm, sunny, safe, with an impression of snowy 
wings; the other cold, dismal, dark, with the flutter of a bat. The controversy 
did not seem -brief; in my weakness such a strain would doubtless appear longer 
than it was. But at last, solemnly, and with my whole heart, I said, not in 
spoken words, but in the deeper language of consciousness, ‘If God lets 

336 


me 


get well I’ll try to be a Christian girl.’ But this resolve did not bring peace. 
‘You must at once declare this resolution,’ said the inward voice. Strange 
as it seems, and complete as had always been my frankness toward my dear 
mother, far beyond what is usual even between mother and child, it cost me a 
greater humbling of my pride to tell her than the resolution had cost of self- 
surrender, or than any other utterance of my whole life has involved. After 
a hard battle, in which I lifted up my soul to God for strength, I faintly called 
to her from the next room and said: ‘Mother, I wish to tell you that if God 
lets me get well I’ll try to be a Christian girl.’ She took my hand, knelt beside 
my bed, and softly wept and prayed. Then I turned my face to the wall and 
sweetly slept.” 

From that memorable June, Frances lived a prayerful life which she tells 
us she had not done for some months previously: “I studied my Bible,” she 
says, “and as I believe, evinced by my daily life that I was taking counsel of 
the heavenly powers. Prayer meeting, class meeting, and church services were 
most pleasant to me, and I became an active worker, seeking to lead others to 
Christ. I had learned to think of and believe in God in terms of Christ Jesus. 
This had always been my difficulty, as I believe it is that of so many.” 

In the winter of 1877, Miss Willard was invited by Mr. Moody in connec¬ 
tion with his revival services in Boston to conduct daily meetings for women. 
“For three memorable months,” Miss Gordon tells us, “the Gospel according 
to ‘Saint Frances’ was the magnet for mother Phearted women, young and old, 
who crowded Berkeley street, Park street, and Clarendon street churches 
giving sisterly help to the young leader, and learning as never before the 
meaning of the love that never faileth and of ‘that light which lighteth every 
man that corneth into the world.’ And not alone were women’s hearts warmed 
and uplifted by the glow and enthusiasm fresh from the spirit of this woman 
evangel, for to many a manly heart was revealed through her the truth that 
there is neither male nor female in Christ Jesus.” Upon the fly-leaf of the 
Bible Miss Willard studied and used during those “Boston days” is this entry: 
“My first whole day of real, spiritual, joyful, loving study of the kernel of 
God’s word, simply desirous to learn my Father’s will, is this 17th of Feb¬ 
ruary, 1877, with the Boston work just begun. And on this sweet, eventful 
day, in which, with every hour of study, the Bible has grown dearer, I take 
as my life-motto henceforth, humbly asking God’s grace that I may measure 
up to it, this wonderful passage from Paul: ‘And whatsoever ye do in word 
or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the 
Father by Him.’ Col. 3:17.” 

Later on when her spiritual knowledge and experience had deepened, 
Frances wrote: “The Life of God flowing into the soul of man is the only 
Life, and all my being sets toward Him as the rivers to the sea. Celestial 
things grow dearer to me every day, and I grow poorer in my own eyes save 
as God gives to me. I still care a little too much for the good words of the 
good, but God helps me even in that.” 

Ever our Saint Frances was instant in prayer. Ever she went often to her 
Almighty God in supplication and intercession. She went upon her knees 
before every address or other engagement. Thus one of the most active lives 

337 


m history was lived steadily in the presence of God. She was as one who 
dwelt apart. Her life was a God-crowned biography. 

We have thus thought all too hastily today of her whom a distinguished 
British woman who knew her intimately has called “the greatest woman phil¬ 
anthropist of all history.” Measured by the import of the errands upon which 
God’s plan sent her and of their high accomplishment, it was only just that a 
great State should have selected her as its most noble citizen to stand as 
the only woman in the gallery of the great beneath the dome of our Capitol 
in the historic valhalla of our nation; it was right that in the Hall of Fame 
at our metropolis she should have been one of the first group to be selected. 
Jt is just and right to declare in that yet wider sphere of recognition, the 
grateful loving hearts of the good people of the whole world, abides the sacred 
memory of the greatest woman philanthropist of past centuries, the saintly 
prophetess of Almighty God—Frances E. Willard. 


RESPONSE 

By Col. Fred N. Dow, of Portland, Maine 

I am much more thankful for your cordial reception of me because I know 
it was more as a manifestation of your respect for one who in his day and 
generation did what he could to promote what he conceived to be the highest 
interest of the individual and prosperity of the state. 

We have listened this afternoon with the pleasure which such graceful elo¬ 
quence always gives to the tributes that have just been uttered to some of 
those whose names we hold in high respect because of the great service 
which they rendered to humanity. We have contemplated, perhaps, with a 
higher degree of interest the characters and life and services as they have been 
depicted before our mental vision. Certainly while we know that they have 
passed away we may feel that we have no occasion to weep for them. “God 
marked their high career; they know no shame, no folly and no fear.” 

I have been requested to respond to these tributes. Theirs are immortal 
names, names not born to die, names that will be held in reverence and respect 
in all the years to come, whenever the roll of those shall be called who have ren¬ 
dered great service to mankind. I would I were sure that what I say 
this afternoon in the few moments that I shall have, would be pleasing to 
them were they in our presence. But we receive no inspiration from death 
and from the grave no word can be heard of advice. But I venture to say that 
if it were permitted those who have passed through the depths of the mys¬ 
tery which separates temporal life from the life in general, to concern them¬ 
selves with the affairs of this world, we may be sure that they have been 
looking down upon this congress from their heavenly home and this tribute to 
the progress of the work in which they were so much interested may add even 
to their heavenly joys. And if I could hear a voice from the great beyond 
advising me what to say I am sure I would hear the message “Give no praise 
to what we tried to do that can be better given to the promotion of the cause 
to which we devoted our lives.” There is one other message that I imagine 
might be sent and I might under those circumstances be told to say to Doctor 
Russell and the representatives of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 
that no higher service can be rendered, no greater honor could fall uoon 

338 


men 



or women, no service more acceptable to Almighty God, than to have organ¬ 
ized and led the church of Christ militant and the men and women of Amer¬ 
ica against the immense evils which are embodied in the licensed beverage 
liquor. And I think possibly there might come one other counsel. Certainly 
it would be perfectly natural. It might be considered even worthy of a holy 
place if they should contrast what has been said and thought of them today 
with what they experienced during their lifetime. For I can recall how 
my young boyhood held much that leads me to believe that there was that 

in the experience of all of them as I know there was in the experience of one 

of them which made their life work far from an easy task. Theirs was the 
fate of all reformers. Prophets have no honor in their own country and re¬ 
formers no praise or appreciation in their own generation save possibly a 
few followers, some of whom, as was in the experience of the greatest Re¬ 
former of all, in the time of danger and trouble forgot and denied them time 
and again before the dawn of the morning. 

But it is not, for all that, an entirely hopeless task. One of our New 
England poets, in a moment of gloom, said: 

“Right forever on the scaffold, wrong'for ever on the throne/’ and yet 

as perhaps he saw the eastern sky illumined by the sun rise he dipped his 

pen in the wellspring of his faith and hope and wrote: 

“Yet that scaffold sways the future and behind the dark unknown 

Standeth God within the shadow, keeping watch above His own.’’ 

And another of our New England poets said: 

“I have not seen, 1 may not see 
My hopes for man take form of fact, 

But He who doeth all things well 
Will surely give the victory.” 

In that firm faith I act.” 

And so is our faith, remembering that the blood of the martyrs is the 
seed of the church, that “seven cities claimed Homer dead, through which the 
living Homer begged his bread,” that today ten thousand spires point heav¬ 
enward and ten thousand times ten thousand voices are raised in hosannas to 
the memory of one who in His lifetime knew not where to lay His head, who 
was sent to a shameful, cruel death because the judge of his day who found 
no guilt in Him preferred to send an innocent man to death rather than to 
offend the influential men of his day, who were demanding death. Those 
friends of ours, leaders of ours, who have been referred to this afternoon, like 
Moses on the mountain height of Pisgah, through faith and hope saw the 
Promised Land, saw the vision of the beajity and the glory of a fuller reali¬ 
zation of all those possibilities which (jfibd has given to men to lead them on 
their fight to the field of high endeavor and great accomplishments. But 
they, like Moses, saw the path to it blocked with tangled ignorance, wilful dis¬ 
regard of the laws of God, careless, selfish indifference to the rights of man, 
foolish fashionis and degrading customs, and they resolved, although they 
knew that they might not themselves enter that Promised Land, to make 
straight through that wilderness a path through which civilization might pass 
to otherwise unattainable heights. Through their devotion, through the pre¬ 
cepts they taught, the example they set, their consecrated lives, they made 

339 


I he day nearer to us when we should attend that great consummation of the 
hopes of humanity when all men from the least to the greatest, from all lands, 
from all nations and of whatever religious faith or political affiliation they 
may be, shall come together in unison, rallying around the banner upon which 
is inscribed upon one saide, “Peace to all nations of the earth/’ and upon the 
other, “God’s will be done on earth as it is in heaven,” marching in solemn 
and majcstie step to the words of “Bless God from whom all blessings flow” 
to the full realization of the effective relationships between man and God, 
and between man and his fellow man. 

“Blest and thrice blest the Roman 
Who sees Rome’s brightest day, 

Who sees that long triumphal march 
File down the Appian way, 

And through the bellowing Forum 
And past the Suppliants’ Grove 
Up to the everlasting hills 
Of Capitolian Jove.” 


TUESDAY EVENING SESSION 

PROHIBITION MAKING GOOD 

Gifford Gordon 

Representing The Australian Prohibition Alliance 
Is prohibition making good? This seems to be the one dominant thought 
in the minds of American people who are sincerely anxious to know the 
facts in regard to prohibition. It is over four years now since we first be¬ 
came interested in American prohibition. During these years we have trav¬ 
eled about 70,000 miles in this great land and I am positive that the most 
common of all questions asked me is, “Is prohibition making good?” Of 
course my answer has always been in the affirmative, but such an answer 
would be valueless unless it could be backed up by facts. I am positive if 
the good people of this great country knew of all the good prohibition has 
accomplished in the face of all the odds it has had to go up against, there 
would be no doubt nor fear in their minds as to the wisdom of the reform. I 
am confident there is no more vital need in this prohibition hour than to get 
these facts into the homes of the good people of America. Unless this work 
is accomplished, I do not see any hope at all of the revival of that great moral 
passion that really swept the Eighteenth Amendment into the Constitution 
of the United States. There is nothing like the truth on any question, to 
hearten, encourage and inspire. I can conscientiously say it is only the truth, 
the whole truth and nothing but the truth that I am presenting to the Amer¬ 
ican people today on this great prohibition question. Here are some of these 
truths. 

Prohibition and Alcoholism 

One of the many things the opponents of prohibition have been at¬ 
tempting to do during the past seven prohibition years is to prove that pro¬ 
hibition has produced a great alcoholic problem. So many fine, intelligent, 
cultured persons have in all seriousness told me how all the alcoholic hospitals 
of this country are over-crowded with patients, due to prohibition. Whenever 

340 



these people have been asked to quote their authority for making such as¬ 
sertions, their only reply is: “Well, they say it is so.” You can well im¬ 
agine their embarrassment when the real facts are presented them on this 
phase of the question. The day I interviewed Dr. Neal of Los Angeles I put 
to him one brief question, which was: “Doctor, has prohibition increased your 
business?” Here are his exact words in reply: “We had 68 alcoholic hospitals 
scattered over America twelve years prior to the Eighteenth Amendment; 
we treated 125,000 alcoholic patients. Within two years of prohibition, 66 of 
our 68 hospitals went out of business.” The encouraging part about it to 
me is that they have remained out of business these seven prohibition years. 

Not long ago I read an article in one of the American magazines, that 
told its readers how the great Keeley cure in Dwight, Illinois, has had to 
more than double the number of its wards since 1920 in order to cope with 
the great increase in aucoholic patients due to prohibition. How far, far 
from the truth is such an assertion. It was my privilege to go through this 
building in 1922. Dr. Keeley sold it to the United States government after 
two years of prohibition. It has been used ever since as a hospital and home 
for some of our disabled soldiers. Dr. Keeley is still doing business in 
Dwight, but a brick cottage is large enough for the number of patients 
coming to him now. He once operated 50 alcoholic hospitals in America. 
Today he is operating 12; 38 have gone. People who listen to the wet talk of 
today have long since come to the conclusion that many more are dying from 
alcoholism today than in the old days of the legalized saloon. Professor Irving 
Fisher, of Yale university, is repsonsible for the statement that in the saloon 
days 50 people per every one million of the population died each year from al¬ 
coholic poisoning, but under prohibition the average is about two per every 
million of the population per year. 

New York City in 1916 had 9,000 open saloons. People could get all the 
good liquor they wanted, and get it legally. For that year the health rec¬ 
ords showed 687 deaths from alcoholic poisoning. Of course the people of 
New York never heard a word about this in those old days. It is only since 
the time of the prohibition law that people dying from alcoholic poisoning 
have found a prominent place on the front pages of the great dailies in that 
city. Such prominent publicity has succeeded in influencing good people to 
conscientiously believe that prohibition has brought about a great alcoholic 
problem to New York City. In 1920, the first year of national prohibition and 
the only year the law had anything like a decent chance to make good there, 
the health records show but 98 deaths from alcoholic poisoning, proving 
what prohibition could do when given a real chance. 

Prohibition, a Great Economic Blessing 

Undoubtedly the great moral forces of this country wrote the Eighteenth 
Amendment into the Constitution of the United States. Since then, however, 
we believe it has gained a new ally—the economic ally. All great employers 
of labor and captains of industry whom I interviewed, were absolutely united 
as to the great economic blessings which have followed in the wake of pro¬ 
hibition. Leading American economists have studied this phase of the 
question with much care and we believe that no one has given more thought¬ 
ful consideration to this subject than has Professor Irving Fisher, the dis- 

341 


tinguished economist of Yale University. It was my great privilege to hear 
Professor Fisher testify before the Judiciary committee in Washington, D. C. 
last year. He assured the men on that important committee that it was a 
very conservative estimate on his part when he said that prohibition had 
saved this country six billion dollars a year. If a rabid prohibitionist had 
made such a statement, no matter how true it might be, it wouldn’t be worth 
anything. But when a man of the caliber of Irving Fisher makes it, we are 
forced to sit up and take notice. Furthermore, in his general position that 
prohibition has made, and is making, enormous additions to our national 
wealth, he is supported by such men as Professor Thomas N. Carver, of 
Harvard, Henry Ford, Judge Gary, Herbert Hoover, Roger Bab son and many 
others who speak as experts on this question. These men cannot possibly 
be classed as rabid prohibitionists. On the contrary, they are sane, intelli¬ 
gent and among the best of American citizens. We cannot trample beneath 
our feet as if it were dirt the testimony of such men. On the basis of Pro¬ 
fessor Fisher’s reckoning, seven years of prohibition means the saving of forty- 
two billion dollars, and yet the opponents of prohibition are going over this 
great country holding up their hands in holy horror at the thought of Wash¬ 
ington having to grant thirty million dollars a year for the enforcement of 
our prohibition law. As an excellent illustration of the great economic waste, 
the legalized liquor traffic has ever proved itself to be, it would take only three 
of Great Britain’s last year drink bills to square her entire war debt with the 
United States of America—a debt this generous country has given her sixty- 
two years in which to pay, she could pay in three short years if the money 
that went down the throats of her people could only be diverted to this one 
specific purpose. Those who are in a position to know are absolutely unani¬ 
mous in declaring prohibition to be one of the outstanding reasons for Ameri¬ 
ca’s unparalleled and unprecedented prosperity today. 

Prohibition Asa Health Measure 

One of the higher blessings of prohibition is seen in its contribution to 
the good health of the nation. Eminent physicians have for many years 
been pointing out to us the very serious pathological consequences of the 
use of alcoholic drinks.. It is not surprising then, that the tone of the na¬ 
tional health should improve with prohibition. The average death rate in 
the pre-prohibition years 1913-17 was 13.92 per 1,000 people; in 1924 it had fall¬ 
en to 11.9. This means the saving of hundreds of thousands of lives every 
year. The sudden and dramatic decline in tuberculosis with the coming of 
prohibition is one of the most impressive accomplishments in recent med¬ 
ical history. The average mortality rate from tuberculosis for the ten years 
immediately preceding prohibition was 150 per 100,000 of the population. 
With the advent of prohibition there came a sudden drop in the rate until in 
1923 it stood at 94 per 100,000—a decrease of 56 per 100,000. Other diseases 
and disorders such as cirrhosis of the liver, pneumonia, alcoholic insanity, de¬ 
lirium tremens, have been greatly reduced under prohibition. Subsequent 
centuries will acclaim prohibition as one of the greatest health measures of 
history. 

But the boon prohibition has been to American babies is to my mind 
the greatest and most outstanding achievement of the whole reform, and it is 

342 


certainly here that I get my greatest inspiration to re-dedicate this life of 
mine afresh each morning to this great humanitarian and beneficent cause. 
The child has probably never had a greater enemy than beverage alcohol. 
It has slaughtered children by the uncountable thousands. Those who today 
are trying to rehabilitate the personal liberty defense of the liquor traffic 
should remember that you can’t restore this traffic without walking rough¬ 
shod over the sacred rights of childhood. 

Dr. Isaac D. Rawlings, Health Director of the State of Illinois, informs 
me that “Since the Volstead act went into effect five thousand fewer babies 
have died in the state of Illinois each year. Where once the beer bottle 
reigned supreme the milkman now makes his daily rounds leaving a bottle 
of the most perfect food known to< man—milk.” Thirty thousand babies saved 
in the state of Illinois alone in six years of prohibition! The question I 
ask of all American people is this: Which is of greater value to America, 
beer or babies? The modifrcationist in asking for the return of beer is wanting 
to reestablish upon his throne a most deadly enemy of little children. 

I beg, I beseech, I plead, I challenge all those who hear me to re-dedicate 
their lives this very day to this great humanitarian cause—Prohibition; for the 
only way to a Dry World is through a Dry America. 


ADDRESS 

William E.* Johnson (“Pussyfoot”) 

Forty-two centuries ago Hammurabi was king of Babylon. He was a 
great, good and wise king—the first great lawgiver in the history of the 
world. He recognized the fact that there were evils connected with the drink¬ 
ing of intoxicants, and sought to correct those evils. So he enacted a long law, 
licensing the drink business, seeking thereby to get rid of the evils of drink, 
without getting rid of the drink. 

Ever since that time, good men, philosophers, scientists, statesmen, and 
lawmakers have been seeking to devise some scheme, to inaugurate some sys¬ 
tem or to enact some law that would get rid of the evils of the drink, without 
getting rid of the drink itself. 

Hammurabi failed in his attempt, forty-two centuries ago. And every 
effort of that sort from that time to this also has failed. We in America finally 
came to the conclusion that 4,200 years of a failure was long enough and 
that the time had come to try something else. So we hit upon the idea that 
perhaps it might be a good scheme to get rid of the evils of drink by getting 
rid of the drink itself, the cause of these evils. That is the history of our 
Eighteenth Amendment told in two minutes. 

When America took this high stand before the world, she not only did 
something historic for America, but she started something in nearly every 
corner of the world. No matter where the liquor traffic exists, no matter un¬ 
der what auspices it may be sold, no matter who sells it, no matter what the 
regulation may be—wherever it exists, it results in suffering. If Jesus Christ 
himself should come down from the cross and go to selling liquor, He would, 
make folks drunk and cause suffering. 

Who is it that suffers, anyhow? The drunkard doesn’t suffer, he is 
DRUNK. The wife of the drunkard usually did not drink and yet she suf- 

343 



fered the torments of the damned because of the drink. The little children of 
the drunkard did not drink and yet they went hungry and were clothed in 
rags because of the drink. It was the people who did not drink who did 
most of the suffering and they suffered in order that a few might get rich out 
of their suffering. America’s message to the world was that this whole sys¬ 
tem was wrong and that no amount of revenue, no amount of diseased appe¬ 
tite, and no amount of vested interests could make it right. Thus America, 
instead of becoming the laughing stock of the world, awoke to find herself the 
supreme hope of the world. And wherever people suffered because of the 
drink, there people caught the American inspiration and began struggling for 
their liberty. 

There are in the world entirely outside of Christianity, approximately 
700,000,000 people who have been taught by their religions for a thousand 
years that the drink is wrong. Two hundred millions of Hindus have been 
teaching that doctrine for 3,000 years. A hundred and fifty millions of Bud¬ 
dhists have been teaching it for a couple of thousand years. Untold millions 
of Sihks, Jains and Animists have been teaching that principle ever since those 
religions were established. Then 1,200 years ago Mohammed burst into the 
world with his whirlwind and from the beginning, denounced the drink as a 
“harem,”—that is, something accursed. And to this day the 250,000,000 follow¬ 
ers of Islam have ruined the drink traffic in vast remote regions of the world. 

Now when America flung up into the skies this Eighteenth Amendment, 
the whole oriental world was stirred to its depths. For the Eastern world 
quickly saw that America, the greatest Christian nation on earth, had not 
only adopted these oriental teachings as to drink, but she had actually written 
these teachings into the fundamental law of the land. That is why there began 
springing up in every part of the orient, all sorts of movements, all sorts of 
activities, each seeking to strengthen, support and extend this American pro¬ 
posal for a dry and a decent world. 

That is why we have here in this auditorium voices from every part of the 
orient. That is why devotees of varying faiths come, each worshipping God 
in his own way, but all united in combatting this thing from which all suffer 
alike. 

Some muddled oaf may say that because Mohammed said the drink is bad 
that it must be good. Shall we pick each other’s pockets because Mohammed 
said that stealing was wrong? Shall we all begin practicing adultery because 
Mohammed said that was wrong? Shall we withhold the hand of charity 
because Islam cares for the poor? Away with such rot. Say what you will 
about the theology or lack of theology of Mahomet, the fact remains beyond 
dispute that the Arabian prophet accomplished far more for the sobriety of 
the world than any other man who had ever lived. 

You will hear that our dry law is a failure. Who says it’s a failure? A 
good many people will tell you that. Every known thief and bawd will tell 
you that. Every gambler and hijacker will tell you that. 

Who says that it is a success? More than 60,000 Christian churches in 
America combined their efforts to bring about prohibition because of the 
hundred years of license failure. If prohibition was a failure, don’t you think 
that some one of these 60,000 Christian churches would find it out? Of the 

344 


60,000 Christian churches that combined to bring about Prohibition, not a single 
one has changed its mind—not ONE. Every last one of them is supporting 
prohibition today. 

You will hear the shrieks, the lamentations and outcrys of former brewers, 
distillers and dive keepers. The louder these people howl, the more convinc¬ 
ing the evidence of Prohibition’s success. 

Go back to your homes and say that America is not going to lie down 
to be walked over by the offscourings of the former saloon system. Tell the 
world that America has settled this problem. Say that she is going straight 
ahead with this dry program. Say that straight ahead is the only direction 
that America knows anything about travelling. Say that America is no crab 
that crawls backward. 

We in America tried out for a hundred years, every form of license or 
regulation that we ever heard of, and got nowhere except into the ditch. We 
tried out the prohibition policy. We tried it out in 12,000 towns and cities. 
We tried it out in 32 states. We tried it out in one form or another for a 
hundred years and, while the results were by no means perfect, yet they were 
so far ahead of any benefits that we ever got out of any form of license or reg¬ 
ulation, that the people adopted it for the whole country; they wrote it into 
the constitution and there it is going to stay as long as our flag-flies over 
his country, and that is going to be for an awful long time—I tell you that. 

I believe that the day is close at hand when what has happened in Amer¬ 
ica will happen in every part of the world. I believe that the time is close 
at hand when no father anywhere on earth will need to worry if his boy fails 
to show up at six o’clock. I believe the time is close at hand when no mother, 
anywhere on earth, will need to worry any longer about that dirty drink 
shop around the corner. I believe the time is near when the working man, the 
toiler, anywhere in the world will no longer be compelled to live in slums 
created by the drink traffic, but can stand erect, and walk erect, a man among 
men. I believe the day is close at hand when every little soul born into the world 
will have an even chance for a respectable life. I believe the time is near when 
the flag of no civilized nation will any longer fly over a brewery, a distillery or 
a drinking hole. 

And when that day comes, the word America will take on a new mean¬ 
ing. The stars on our flag will shine a little brighter, for a triumphant de¬ 
mocracy will have justified herself in the history of the world. 


FINAL ROLL CALL OF NATIONS 

RESPONSES 

Australia — R. T. Chenoweth, J. P., Kew, Victoria. —May I, on behalf of 
Australia and on my personal behalf, thank you very heartily for the way in 
which you have received us at this congress, for the kindness of those who 
have been acting as officials, those who have been connected with this or¬ 
ganization for so long a time, for the young ladies who have made my life 
very attractive here, and the young men also. I never knew you were so 
kind and generous in America as you have proved to be. Now you people take 
•on a big job., Your soldiers proved that they took on two men’s job. When 
your splendid navy came to visit Australia, notwithstanding that we tried to 

345 



influence them to come inside of a night, they took on two men’s job and 
walked thru the streets with a girl on each arm. We are going to have a 
great •prohibition conference in June of next year, and if you will just come 
down there and send Dr. Cherrington down to help in our fight, we will be 
delighted to see you and Australia will try to respond to the hearty welcome 
which you have given us. 

Austria—You recognize the difficulty that I have to speak English and 
cannot speak my mother language to you. I am most glad to speak to such 
a big meeting. I have traveled now one month in the states and a few days 
in Canada. I say to you my impressions. They may be in some way perhaps 
a little dreary for me as I see some German people here living in the manner 
of the brewers, and as a German speaking man, I would be glad if they be¬ 
came real Americans. I know we get people back in the form of children we 
save. If we once get Prohibition, wet get it from you. But I have seen still 
in America that real Americans are led by strong men with good will. I 
have seen many of them here and I have heard from many of them, by tele¬ 
gram or letter as they were sent to us. I have been in Detroit, Buffalo, and 
Chicago. You know about the frontier to Canada. There is the place where 
the German-speaking people are, and I know very well—it is driven to my 
heart, as I heard the people in Detroit pay protection to the policemen. It is 
driven to my heart, as I know they take t\ie protection, but I know too that 
the policemen who are now acting were not educated in the times when Pro¬ 
hibition was brought out. I know the difficulties are great and I know you 
teach, your educators and I know too that you go out and speak to them, not 
only speaking to members of your societies. That is the important thing 
and t am glad myself to say to you that yesterday still I spoke to a teacher. 
He was not fond of prohibition, and afer half an hour he was fond of pro- 
hibiion. If you will do with the other teachers as I did with one of your 
teachers, then will prohibition be enforced, then Prohibition will be understood 
and followed likely, that is more than necessary to be enforced. Then pro¬ 
hibition will be spread out over the whole world. 

Belgian Congo—Rev. J. M. Springer.—Out in Africa we have the same 
human nature that you find in all countries and out there the same devil is 
roaming around seeking whom he may devour. In Our conferences we found 
there were no native people our missionaries knew of whom the devil had 
not taught to take the good gifts of God and change them over into alcohol. 
Africa is almost entirely governed from Europe and we are tremendously inter¬ 
ested in what the other countries of Europe and America are doing, for we 
cannot hope for prohibition out there unless there is prohibition in the home 
countries that govern in Africa. So Africa is interested to see that there shall 
come this prohibition thruout Europe so that there may be hope for it to be 
extended to colonies in Africa. That is not the only prohibition that will 
be necessary in Europe, that affects Africa, but it is very important that the 
hopes expressed here shall be realized in Europe that universal prohibition 
may reach Africa. 

Japan—Mark R. Shaw.—There is no better illustration of the way the 
new is conflicting with the old in Japan that gives promise of a new day than 
the fact that the new emperor is a total abstainer and does not hesitate to 

346 


make it known. On behalf of Japan, may I present to this group a request 
that was given me as I left Japan, by a man who for fifty years was working 
for temeramce in that empire and known as the father of the prohibition move¬ 
ment in Japan. It is not a new idea, it has been expressed several times from 
the platform, but coming from Japan may I bring it to you here? It is a 
three-fold request: 

1. It is our sincere desire that the United States shall be increasingly dry, 
proving an increasing success, year after year, giving that example to other 
countries. 

2. That the people in America shall send us frequent reports on the re¬ 
sults of prohibition both official and private reports, to shut the mouths of 
the wet propagandists who are trying to deceive our people. 

3. That as early as possible the World League open a branch office 
in Tokio for the far East, in order that we may more effectively cooperate in the 
work on that side of the world. 

Bolivia.—My name is Julius Jauregui. I am not going to say very much 
but I will give you an idea of the impression I have got from the convention. 
I think that the noble work that so many good men and women have done in 
the field of prohibition should be an inspiration to the young people in foreign 
countries, and I believe some of us will take that to our countries. I think that 
this inspiration that we have got will be of a very good result for the world as 
a whole. I think that this noble work should be carried on not only for the 
sake of morality and health but because prohibition has been the means of 
making happy homes, and contented children. 

Brazil.—You have been good to us these happy, helpful days, and I am em¬ 
boldened to ask for Brazil that you send us Dr. Cherrington for a visit. He is 
a man who would appeal to the cultured mind of Latin America. He would 
find latent factors in Brazil that would make that nation a mighty contingent 
by your side in the future 'congresses of the World League. He would find 
on Brazil soil, 500 native Baptist churches, every one a temperance society. 
A man must be a total abstainer, and also must not use tobacco, in order to en¬ 
ter into their membership. He would find in Brazil an equal number of Pres¬ 
byterian churches and perhaps half that number of Congregationalists as 
well as some of other faiths. Of Brazil’s thirty-two million inhabitants, half 
a million already are in the homes of these Evangelical churches and the num¬ 
ber is doubling every decade. That is a latent force on your side that has a 
large number of mission schools, a large number of national conventions, etc., 
of this nature that can be mobilized by a man who will give his time to it. He 
would find many Brazilians who are giving scientific investigation and tes- 
t : mony to prohibition, as is Dr. Kellogg. He would find the pastors of the 
church that founded the Brazilian republic, many of them on our side. He 
would find a large number of educators, many of them, with us. Ours is a 
nation in which alcoholism has never been institutionalized, and therefore 
could probably be mobilized by a winsome personality, such as the secretary 
of the World League Against Alcoholism. 

Canada—Rev. Ben H. Spence.—There are some Canadians upon the 
ground who are not here, better looking, too, than some that are here, but 
we have here Rev. Dean Sanders, resident of Montreal; John Coburn, field 

347 


secretary of the Department of Social Service; Mrs. Gordon Wright, Presi¬ 
dent of the W. C. T. U.; Mrs. Ben Spence; and last, Spence himself, your 
humble servant. We, with millions of other Canadians, are bound one of 
these days before long to take the “can” out of Canada. 

Chile—I thank you for the great reception we had over here, and I am 
glad I met the people who form the backbone of the American Prohibition, 
which will in the near future be established in Chile, I hope. 

China—Mr. Chen—China is a big country. When I was young I learned 
that Confucius said: Everybody comes from Heaven of the Lord. The Lord 
let you have prohibition on this world first, you know something and must 
teach the later ones. Christianity is the best and highest religion on this 
world, and beside it is none other. In China it is easy to learn evil things, 
hard to learn good things. Christianity and opium and whisky came at the same 
time. Many became opium smokers, and drinkers, but just a few Chinese 
became Christians, because it is not so easy. In olden times many people 
smoked. The worst sin is opium. I never learned to use it. In China we 
call it “foreign smoke” because it came from other countries. We Christians 
know the better way so we are here to help those who are not Christians. 
Three things I hate are: Opium, wine, gambling. Christianity in China is just 
beginning. People today are getting a little idea from the Western world. I 
want to ask Christian countries, if they have the power, to stop those things 
being shipped in. We have five colors, we live in different territory, and we 
call ourselves different nations, but our souls before the Lord are just the same. 
So as the Christian countries know the better way, they ought to help non- 
Christian countries. 

I can do nothing for my people because I am no minister or doctor, but 
I have been in school some years, and since I am out my education is in 
my ear. What I hear and what I see from you people, after I return I shall 
tell them. I talk to my own boy, in Michigan, and I tell him, “If you smoke 
I not stay with you any more.” 

Czechoslovakia—Mrs. Sheffle—This has been a great week for me. I am 
very grateful to those who have made it possible for me to be here. My name 
is Sheffle, from the land of the book and the cup, the land of the man who to¬ 
day is a bone-dry president of the republic, Thomas Masaryk. I feel rather 
lonesome here. There are over 200 million Slavs in the world. I can better 
speak for those in this country than those over there. You all know the cities 
that are wet are anywhere from 60-80 per cent foreign speaking. Your work of 
the Anti-Saloon League, W. C. ,T. U., and other organizations has been largely 
almost entirely among yourselves. Sixty per cent of the people of Chicago 
know practically nothing of the temperance movement in America except 
what they learn from the wet papers. I want to appeal on behalf of those 
people. For the 200,000 in the vicinity of Chicago, no one has taken the 
trouble to bring literature for distribution. If we win America as we want to 
and expect to, I think something should be done for these foreign groups. 
They should be given a chance. .They never had a chance to know what you 
people believe. I signed a pledge at 14 because one of your good mission¬ 
aries put it before me. I was born in a saloon. Why not give these foreign¬ 
ers a chance? I think of no bigger thing this world league could do in Amer- 

348 


ica than in the next five years to put out all the literature it can among these 
people who have been neglected. 

Denmark—Adolph Hansen—I will be very short. If I should say all that 
is in my heart, you would he here all night. I will go home much richer than 
.1 came over to the United States. It is my first visit to America. This has 
been a great experience for me. I go back with the words inscribed -in my 
heart—“Winona Lake, 1927.” I wish to go back to Denmark with the im¬ 
pression from one of the songs. I have had very good use of this song book: 

Let us parley no longer with sin and with crime; let us stand by our colors 
in courage sublime. Prohibition will win when we vote as we pray; Speed the 
day, speed the day.” 

England—Rev. Henry Carter—This is my last speech—two minutes, two 
words.—We, like other countries, want Dr. Cherrington to visit our country. 
We want more. We invite, and now I speak for Great Britain, the World Con¬ 
gress itself to hold its next session in our country. When Wm. Gladstone was 
the world-renowned statesman of England, it was his duty one day to attend 
the funeral of a very well-known business man. A lady was present and look¬ 
ing around to see who was there, saw Gladstone. She did not know him, and 
she said to her neighbor, ‘Who is that distinguished person just come in?” 
Her neighbor said in whisper, “Don't you know, that’s Wm. E. Gladstone.” 
“Oh,” said the lady, “I do hope he is not going to cause a disturbance.” Those 
were the days when the name of Gladstone was enough to make men shiver. 
Let us go away from this Congress determined that people shall say of us: 
“This man has come from the World Congress. I am afraid he is going to 
make a disturbance.” 

Esthonia—Prof. Villem Ernits.—When I go back from America, I shall 
be asked, “What in your opinion is the most important feature of American 
life? Is it the highly developed industries, the airships, the railroads, or what? 
I shall answer, “The highly developed industries, the airships, the railroads, etc. 
are very important. They are the material structure of the nation, but they 
are not the most important feature.” I shall then be asked, “Is it the banking 
and savings systems? What is it, if not these things?” And I shall answer, 
“These things are very important, but the most important thing is the good 
American spirit; the spirit of practical idealism, the all-right spirit. This spirit 
has brought to the U. S. great moral and intellectual development. It has 
brought the benefits of prohibition to the United States and its influence over 
the whole world.” This good American spirit is the best gift we can take 
with us when going home. Let it influence the minds of all the world; let tin- 
other countries do their (best to follow the lead of this American spirit. 

Finland—Mr. Vihtori Karpio—In my own country, Finland, the revolu¬ 
tion as to alcohol has gone so far as is symbolized by the fact that alcohol has 
been removed from its honorary place on the. festival days to a place un¬ 
honorary. We do not intend to replace alcohol in its old place of honor. 
We are planning to take it out entirely in the very near future. As I went 
abroad in order to participate in this great congress as representative of the 
government of Finland, I was asked to bring this greeting to you from the 
Finnish minister—'“Go forward, Little Finland’s good wishes will follow you 
who fight for prohibition to the end.” 


349 


Germany—Dr. Otto Melle—I go home to Germany with a larger vision 
than I had before I came, with an increased love for my neighbors and with 
a strengthened faith that the Lord will be with us. The end of our Congress 
will mean the beginning of a new fight. I do not expect easy days in Ger¬ 
many. I expect troubles and I expect disappointments, but I expect also 
victories, and I hope as we come together again after some years you all will 
have to tell a story about victories here in America, about victories in Can¬ 
ada, in South America, Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe and I will like to say 
louder—in Germany. I hope your sympathies and prayers will be with us. 
I thank you all for your kindnesses. I have been asked the other day, “How 
do you feel as a German here in America?” and I said, “I feel as if I were at 
home.” I met only brothers and- sisters with whom I am one in love and in 
a great aim. I thank you. God bless you all. Good-bye until we meet again. 

India—I am sorry I am the only one left out of India’s delegation. It 
is known that before the British Empire took charge of India we did not know 
anything but liquor. Since the British government came there, liquor has 
been introduced because they had very good means to make money out of it. 

. .In almost all religions in India, liquor is forbidden, but since the British went 
there almost all use it. Unless the British government helps, it is quite im¬ 
possible to enforce prohibition in India. Our only problem is to get free 
from this curse and India hopes that all nations will 'help in that great cause. 
I want to congratulate America upon this great prohibition they have under¬ 
taken and that it will be successful everywhere. I appreciate very much the 
courtesy and other help America has extended to India in permitting me to 
be here. 

Java—You have been told again and again that the Mohammedans do not 
drink. In fact, it is inculcated into Mohammedans that drinking is a sin. 
Pussyfoot Johnson will agree with me that Mohammedans are abstainers as 
a whole. The population of Java is some 35 millions. Out of that number 
only about half a million are wet, but we have liquor and the rest of the drink 
evils. It is under the government of Holland, a Christian government, if you 
please, but our question is not a question of government but of educating them 
all. If there is anything I would like to say to you this evening, it is this— 
that when you go back to your respective countries, let it be remembered in 
your enthusiasm to enact such legislation against alcohol that it will be im¬ 
possible to send alcohol out of your country into other countries. That is to 
my mind the international problem of alcoholism, and I plead with you to do it. 
I thank you for the courtesy I enjoyed, and I assure you that the inspiration 
and aspiration I gained will long remain in my heart, and you can count 
on me to do my bit for a sober world. 

Latvia—You wish that I should speak to you tonight two minutes. I 
came to you not to speak to you but to listen to you because I represent one 
of the youngest states—Latvia—which is only nine years of age. Knowing 
that the youngest must listen to the elders, those more experienced, I have 
listened to you from early morning until night. Listening to you I collected 
from your experience many precious thoughts. Now my task is to take these 
home and distribute them to my friends, and at the next congress give you an 
account of the progress we have made in my country. - 

350 


Lithuania.—Prof. Villem Emits—As official representative of Lithuania, I 
want to thank you all for the courtesies and inspiration of this Congress and 
what it will mean to prohibition throughout the world. 

Mexico—Rev. and Mrs. Cox.—Mexico looks upon this country with dread 
and admiration. They are afraid of your predatory interests, and yet have 
great admiration for the wonderful progress made in this country. We come 
here today before this great body representing that country which is looking to 
us in many ways for leadership, especially along the line of temperance, and 
helping break down this great evil. Thirty-two years ago when I went to 
Mexico the small stores on almost every corner sold liquor. Little by little 
they have made liquor laws, and today we have a president who is a prohibi¬ 
tionist and would', if he could, make the country dry. Mexico needs your 
prayers and interest and needs to look into the heart of a people like this to 
know that the American people are their best friends, and that they are ours. 

New Zealand—George Sherar—I represent the Good Templars, and New 
South Wales. I want to thank all those present for the fine time we have 
had here. I came with my eyes and ears open. I have seen and heard much. 
I will return to my country as a defender of the Eighteenth Amendment. I 
have one observation to make. Some few weeks ago I saw a tug of war. One 
member didn’t seem inclined to take off his hat and coat, until he saw his side 
was losing. Then he got into the struggle and his extra work won the victory. 
At the present time the officials of your organization are holding on. To 
those of you who are not holding on, I would say get in and help. 

Norway—John Hvidsten—On behalf of the Temperance people of Nor¬ 
way, I convey to you American friends our sincere thanks for the great step 
that you have taken. Especially I want to thank you that you have adopted 
this prohibition policy, both on moral grounds and on business grounds; that 
you have combined the two things that some people in my country think 
cannot be combined. You have shown that they can be. On behalf of Norway’s 
delegation I want to thank you for all the kindness you have shown us. 

Peru—Rev. A. W. Greenman—I come as a representative of Peru, not 
because I am a Peruvian but because the National Temperance Society of 
Peru was too poverty stricken to find the means to send anyone up here. I 
have lived there and have been a member of their committee so that they re¬ 
quested me to present their interests before this Congress. I might say that it 
has been the good fortune of myself and wife to spend ten years in Mexico, 
fifteen in Uruguay and Brazil, twelve years in Italy and a number of years in 
Austria and Switzerland. It has been our privilege (to know something about 
temperance work in nearly every one of these lands. I have not known in 
any place a more faithfully devoted set of workers in the temperance cause in 
the midst of great difficulties than our dear committee down in Peru. The 
work of the temperance cause as well as other matters was started by a man 
who may have been born around here—Thomas B. Wood, son of Rev. Aaron 
Wood, who helped found Methodism in the northern part of the state. Wood 
was a very able man and a very lovable man as well as a very fine student 
and today we owe much to his faithful and courageous efforts. 

Portuguese East Africa—When I went back to Africa after my first 
furlough, the great war was on. When I stopped at Liverpool I saw about 200 

351 


bums, and I thought to myself, “Why not take these men for targets instead 
otf our well-trained boys?” I voiced this thought to a young man in Minnesota 
and he said to me, “but then we would not have won the war.” So I plead 
also for the young of the world, that we may win this fight, for the sake of 
the young people of different countries of the world. In Cape Colony the 
people are striving to fight against the liquor traffic, as it comes upon them. 
The liquor sellers are trying to force upon the native people their wines. Let 
us think of the children in our mission schools—and as they rise up may they 
rot have to face the liquor problem. 

Scotland—Mrs. Duncan McLennan—On behalf of Mrs. Honeyman who is 
absent, and Mrs. Graham and myself, I bring you the greetings of some 
60,000 women from Scotland, all members of the British W. C. T. U. In 
Scotland we think more slowly than you do; we speak more slowly than you 
do, and act more slowly, but, believe me, we are coming after you. We in¬ 
tend to arrive. We intend that some day Scotland shall be dry. Accept the 
greeting from these 60,000 women and the earnest petition that you in Amer¬ 
ica will “hold fast.” 

Sweden—We are seven from Sweden. We thank you very much for these 
days here in Winona. We are here to see what you have done for the en¬ 
forcement of prohibition. It is still not effectively enforced, but you have 
done much more than they have in Europe; and Mr. Pussyfoot, when you come 
back to Europe, you will see that prohibition as it is enforced in America, is 
much better than the European system of liquor selling.. I have been here 
in America now four weeks, spending some time in Buffalo, New York City, 
Washington, Philadelphia, but I have not seen more than one intoxicated 
here in America. I hope that when you come to Europe in 1930 you will have 
enforced prohibition effectively so you can help us in Sweden to kill the Bratt 
system, our system, and all other systems in Europe. Welcome, to Europe! 
Welcome to Sweden! 

Turkey—“Pussyfoot” Johnson introducing Madame Hussein Bey—For 

some years I have had the honor of being a member of the Green Crescent, na¬ 
tional dry organization of Turkey. A short time ago that organization wrote me 
requesting that I represent Turkey at this congress, but since that time a mem¬ 
ber of the executive committee of that same organization has found it possible 
to come all the way from Constantinople to attend this gathering and so I 
present to you Madame Hussein Bey, president of the Mothers’ Union of 
Constantinople, also treasurer of the Stamboul section of the Red Crescent, 
corresponding to our Red Cross, also vice president of two Orphan Institutions. 

Madame Hussein Bey—I thank the World League for inviting me and thus 
I have realized my dream of visiting America. It has been a privilege to 
meet the many nations of the wide world united here in great force. I wish 
every success may attend your efforts. May God help us all in our endeavor 
to attain our ideals of a dry world. 

Uruguay—Miss Elizabeth Hewitt—For twenty-five years I have been a 
resident of Uruguay which is the smallest Republic of South America, but 
\ery big in the splendid things it is doing. It has a very fine school system 
and a strong league against alcoholism whose active members are, of course, 
total abstainers. The Uruguay government has had one president who is a 

352 


total abstainer, and the government gives $3,000 in gold a year to this league 
against alcoholism for the work of propaganda, and, besides this, the public 
schools are under government control and the government gives a complete 
salary to a public school teacher who gives her entire time to give scientific 
temperance instruction. I bring you greetings from those splendid men and 
women of Uruguay. They got money enough together to send me from 
Crystal City to represent that country, because they wanted to have a part in 
this great congress. 

Response on Behalf of United States—Ernest H. Cherrington—As soon as 
I can commandeer some such an institution as the Spirit of St. Louis, I will 
accept these invitations to visit England and Uruguay and Brazil and Australia. 
If I may speak just one word on behalf of the World League Against Alco¬ 
holism, may I say to you good people from the United States of America 
that we appreciate your attendance and your cooperation and your interest and 
inspiration that has done so much to make this a really great congress against 
alcoholism. And if I may venture to speak for the temperance organizations 
of the United States and for you, may I say to these friends of ours who 
have come from the four corners of the world that we were delighted when 
you came; we are loath to see you go, and we wish you to remember and 
to convey to your comrades in the organizations which you represent, the idea 
that the American latch string hangs out. We shall many times recall these 
days of the last week and the delightful fellowships that we have had with our 
friends from abroad, here in Winona Lake. As we recall those days and that 
fellowship our thoughts will find expression in that 'beautiful sentiment of 
Thomas Moofe. 

“Long, long be our hearts with such memories filled, 

Like the vase in which roses have once been distilled. 

You may break, 3^ou may shatter the vase if you will 
But the scent of the roses will hang round it still.” 


STATE REPORTS 

ALABAMA 

By J. Bibb Mills, Superintendent. 

Since the last Superintendents’ Conference Alabama has had an election of 
Governor, Lieut. Governor, U. S. Senator, both branches of the Legislature, 
and State officers. The first three are bone dry and have been so for years. 
About 80% of the State officers and Legislature were elected on a platform 
declaring that there would be no weakening of the prohibition laws and also 
declaring for better Law Enforcement. 

Four bills looking to the tightening up of the State laws were introduced 
in the Legislature now in session. Three will probably pass. There is a 
hard fight being made on the bill prohibiting the sale of Malt Syrup and 
Malt Extract for unlawful purposes. It passed the Senate and is now being 
held up in the House in the Judiciary committee, a majority of which is wet. 
This bill was referred to this committee by a wet speaker whose election was 
opposed on the ground that he was wet, but who was elected by a combination 
of wet and dry members who claimed that he would be fair. All of which goes 
to prove that if a Dry legislature wants to get dry legislation it cannot be 
done by electing your old-time wet enemies to leadership. We need greater 
team work on the part of the dry forces in this state. So many of our so- 
called drys think seriously when it is too late. 

The wets are now beginning a campaign to try to have a wet delegation 
in the next Democratic National Convention. They have control of a ma¬ 
jority of the daily newspapers in this State. To that end they are now trying 
to minimize the influence of the Protestant churches in the State. We do not 
believe they will succeed. 

The Anti-Saloon League and the Christian forces are becoming better or¬ 
ganized and are more alert than they have been at any time during the five 
years I have been superintendent. We are planning a great campaign of edu¬ 
cation between now and the primaries and we will try to have a speaker at 
every church conference, convention and association, giving our constituency 
the true facts. 

With only one man, the Superintendent, constantly in the field, it is dif¬ 
ficult to cover 67 counties. However, since the last National Convention, we 
have held 253 public meetings under the auspices of our State League and four 
meetings under the auspices of the World League. Since last November our 
President, Rev. L. C. Branscomb, has spoken for us twenty times and rendered 
very valuable service. We had Rev. R. H. Bennett in the State for 23 ser¬ 
vices during March and two services during last November. 

Prohibition has brought an era of prosperity to this State as never before 
known. Home building in Birmingham far surpasses all records. A demand 
for higher education is increasing and each year the number of High School, 
College and University graduates grows. The average school term has been in¬ 
creased from five to eight months each year. The State has entered into a new 
era of road building. Enforcement and observance of the prohibition law is im¬ 
proving. The State and Federal forces are cooperating well. Our Governor is 
insisting upon law obedience in all of his appointees, and the pardon and parole 
of violators of the prohibition law is at a minimum. 

354 


ARKANSAS 

By Rev. Paul E. Kemper, Superintendent 

For many years prior to 1913, Arkansas was under local option. Year by 
year, battles were fought between the wets and drys, and,, each battle showed 
a steady advance of the dry army. On February 17, 1913, the Going Law was 
adopted by the Legislature. Under this law just five places in the state per¬ 
mitted saloons. 

The Masonic Grand Lodge of Arkansas, after the Going Law was 
passed, adopted a resolution making it a Masonic offense for any Mason in 
the state to sign any petition or circulate same for the granting of a saloon 
license. 

Our state prohibitory law was enacted by Legislative action February 6, 
1915, and became effective January 1, 1916. The wets initiated a repealer in 
1916 to allow saloons to return. In state-wide vote on November 7, 1916, this 
proposition was defeated by 51,633 majority. 

On January 22, 1917, by a large majority our Legislature passed a Bone- 
Dry law, which was signed by the Governor January 24. This law makes it 
hard for any person in Arkansas to secure liquor. The Arkansas Legislature 
has stood firmly for prohibition and law enforcement. The last three Legisla¬ 
tures have refused to amend the Bone Dry law. The attempt has been made 
in every recent Legislature to amend the law so that alcohol might be sold by 
state wholesale druggists and shipped within the state to retail druggists. The 
last attempt was made in February this year, but the bill was smothered in 
the committee after second reading. 

The Arkansas Legislature ratified the Eighteenth Amendment as the 
twenty-seventh state; the vote being in the House January 13, 1919, for 93, 
against 2; and in the senate January 14, for 31, against 0. 

In 1923 a law was passed by the State Legislature to make prohibition 
more effective, i. e. automobile drivers under the influence of liquor, are given 
a penalty for the first offense of $25 to $200; for the second offense, a fine of 

not less than $50, and imprisonment for 30 days. 

Law enforcement, the support of state and national prohibition, is grow¬ 
ing, and we have better officers in the main than, we had a few years back. 
More arrests, more convictions and sterner penalties meted out in all our 
courts, are due to sentiment that has been created thru the system of edu¬ 
cation carried on by the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman’s Christian Tem¬ 
perance Union. The call to good citizens for Jury service is readily responded 
to and as a result the liquor violator is found guilty in the majority of cases. 

There is a big decrease in distilled liquor manufacture and consumption 
within the state, due to effective law enforcement and good officers. The one 

thing that is giving us concern in this old rock ribbed dry state, and is on 

the increase, is the outlawed brewers’ camouflaged comeback thru their sale 
of Malt Syrups or Malt Extracts. Many good church men, strong prohi¬ 
bitionists who fought the brewery and the old time saloon, are now handling 
the tools of that same old brewery, selling its goods from a counter and shelf, 
refusing to admit that it is for beverage purposes. We find that two car 
loads of this stuff is being distributed every two days in the state. This is our 
main battle line and we are firing “shrapnel” hoping to create sentiment in the 

355 


hearts of these grocerymen to the end that they will not only refuse to sell 
Malt Syrup but join in fighting its distribution. 

Arkansas is one of the states that has a provision in her constitution, 
making it illegal for a Doctor to prescribe medicinal whisky. Our death rate 
for 1925, according to the State Health Department, is 9.3 per 1,000 population. 
It is divided as follows: 8.3 whites, 12.1 blacks; also 18.4 urban and 7.9 rural, 
compared with 11.7 for the National Registration Area. This is conclusive 
proof, we think, that people as a whole are healthier and live longer in states 
that do not prescribe medicinal whisky. 

Arkansas is dry and believes in the dry regime. She is patriotic and loyal 
tc the National Constitution. She will not vote for a candidate for the Presi¬ 
dency who is betrothed to the brewery and liquor interests or classified as a 
wet, or who openly advocates the nullification of the Eighteenth Amendment. 


CALIFORNIA 

By Rev. A. H. Briggs, D.D., Superintendent 

A great wine growing, pleasure inviting State, where frontier traditions 
are still strong, California was regarded as one of the three hardest nuts in 
the Union for prohibition to crack. 

But from 1914, when California recorded its first vote on prohibition, to 
1926, when the last vote was recorded, the drys gained or reversed 232,862 
votes. In 1914 the wet majority was 169,245;.in 1926 the dry majority was 
63,616. 

A study of election records by counties shows that California has moved 
steadily and uniformly toward prohibition. Take, for instance, Sonoma coun¬ 
ty, one of the wettest wine growing counties in the State. In 1914 Sonoma 
County went 6,687 wet; in 1916, 6,551 wet; in 1918, 3,768 wet; in 1920, 2,930 
wet; 1922, 2,113 wet; 1926, 1,768 wet. Or take Santa Clara County: In 1914 
Santa Clara County went 3,343 wet; in 1916, 2,316 wet; in 1918, 1,110 wet; in 
1920, 383 wet; 1922, 3,014 dry; 1926, 5,062 dry. Or take San Joaquin county, 
another big wine growing county: 1914, 3,790 wet; 1916, 2,593 wet; 1918, 1,591 
wet; 1920, 649 wet; 1922, 8 wet; 1926, 1,635 dry. 

Last November the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment put 
on the ballot an initiative measure to repeal the Wright law. This measure 
was beaten by over 63,000 majority. 

In the last legislature, three wet bills were introduced designed to weaken 
law enforcement. One of them died in committee; the other two were slaugh¬ 
tered on the floor. 

The drys introduced but one bill, Senate Bill 814, making ownership or 
operation of a still a felony for the first offense under the State law, and pro¬ 
viding a penalty of from $1,000 to $5,000 fine and from one year to five years 
imprisonment. This law applies to “any’person, whether acting in his own be¬ 
half or as the agent, servant, officer or employee of any person, firm, associa¬ 
tion or corporation who shall be the owner of or have any interest in, or 
who shall operate, or cause to be operated, or knowingly have in his posses¬ 
sion or control any still, still worm, still cap, still condenser or stilling de¬ 
vice of any kind designed, used, or intended for use in the manufacture or 
production of intoxicating liquor for beverage purposes.” 

356 



California has now all the law it needs for the enforcement of prohibition. 
With the exception of a few wet spots, the officers throughout the State are 
taking their work seriously, and now that at last Federal prohibition is in the 
hands of friends of the law, California should give a good account of itself. 

After a thorough survey of the State, Mark Sullivan records his belief 
that a popular vote in California today would record a heavy majority in favor 
of prohibition. California is thus at last listed as a dry state, although still 
a hot battle ground. We are now earnestly seeking means with which to 
compact the victory by a campaign of education which will reach and win the 
Boy, the Honest Wet and the Foreign Born Citizen. 


COLORADO 

By A. J. Finch, {Superintendent 

On January 1st, 1916, the Colorado Prohibition law went into effect. The 
constitutional amendment was initiated and carried in the fall election of 1914 
but the measure provided that it should not go into effect until Jan. 1, 1916. 
On that date eighteen hundred saloons and seventeen breweries closed their 
doors. The liquor interests prophesied dire results for this change in our 
social, economic, and political life. Some of our leading business concerns 
were honestly doubtful of the outcome. 

The Story of the Years 

Colorado is in a peculiar sense a tourist state. Many of our towns and 
cities depend in a very great degree upon the tourist trade for their prosperity. 
To these folks the liquor people made the plea that “to close up the liquor busi¬ 
ness would mean to destroy our tourist trade;” that people would not come to 
a state where they could not have liquor to drink. 

The following, taken from the annual report of the Denver Tourist Bureau 
for the year 1926 is an interesting answer to their prophecy: 

1915 Tourists whose rail and- auto destination was Colorado, together 

with stopover travelers . 300,000 

1926 Tourists whose rail and auto destination was Colorado, together 

with stopover travelers .. 750,000 

1915 Expended by travelers in Colorado . $ 8,000,000 

1926 Expended by travelers in Colorado . $49,500,000 

Government Labor reports show that now 40,000 EXTRA PEOPLE are 
employed each year to “harvest” Colorado’s tourist “crop.” 

All their other claims have gone by the board. Social conditions have 
improved. Economic results have far exceeded the expectations of the most 
radical dry. The largest corporations in the state with all of our outstanding 
business men are solidly behind this law because of its beneficent results to 
the business world. Our political life is cleaner and better than ever before 
because we have gotten rid of the barroom adjunct to the political machine. 

Colorado has shown her faith in Prohibition on three different occa¬ 
sions since the passage of the Constitutional Amendment. At the fall election 
of 1916, just ten months after the law actually went into effect, we were forced 
to vote on what was known as the “Beer Amendment.” This amendment 

357 







provided for the manufacture and sale of beer without any supervision what¬ 
ever. 

Whereas Colorado had voted dry in 1914 by a majority of 11,572, the 
“Beer Amendment” was defeated by a majority of 85,789. This would seem to 
indicate that Prohibition had made good in the opinion of the people of the 
state. 

In 1918 we were called upon to vote on a bone dry amendment to our 
state law. This action became necessary because the previous legislature 
had passed a “Permit Law.” Under this law any citizen of the state without 
a doctor’s prescription could go to the county clerk’s office in the county in 
which he lived, take an oath that he was sick, and get a permit to ship into 
the state two quarts of whisky, or six quarts of w T ine, or twenty-four quarts 
of beer a month for medicine. Under this law the state had 160,000 sick people 
the first year. The “Bone Dry Law” changed this and made possession of 
liquor a crime. It was carried by a majority of 46,000. 

At the election in 1926 Colorado was one of the states selecetd by the As¬ 
sociation Opposed to the Eighteenth Amendment to try out public sentiment 
on Prohibition. They initiated an amendment to our state constitution that 
if passed, would have enabled the State Legislature to provide for the manu¬ 
facture, importation and sale of intoxicating liquors by and through the State, 
provided, however, that said amendment would not go into efifect as long as it 
was in conflict with the Federal Constitution. A very active campaign was 
carried on by both the wet and dry forces. The result was a dry victory by 
a majority of 46,923. This ought to settle the question in our state for some 
time to come, but it probably will not, for the wets are hoping to catch us off 
our guard and put one over when we are least expecting it. 

The Anti-Still Law 

In the Legislature of 1925 we secured the passage of the Anti-Still Law. 
This law provides that any person who owns, or has in his possession, or is 
found operating, a still for the manufacture of intoxicating liquors if found 
guilty shall be guilty of a felony and be sentenced to the state penitentiary 
for a period of from two to five years. The judge has no alternative but 
must send the guilty party to prison. This law has been in operation a few 
months over two years and at the present time we have about two hundred 
people in the penitentiary because of it. The Federal officials file 96% of all 
their cases in our state courts because of this law. They also state that it has 
been the means of closing not less than 60% of all the stills in the state. We 
would recommend its adoption by all states in the Union. 

Present Plans 

In addition to its law enforcement activities, the Colorado League has 
two well developed lines of work it is pushing. One is an Educational Cam¬ 
paign and the other is organization. 

We are just now completing plans that will get our message into every 
College and High School in the state during this coming school year. 

The organization work of the League is the most complete we have ever 
undertaken. We are taking no chances and are determined to be ready for 
any emergency. 


358 


CONDITIONS IN CONNECTICUT 

By Roscoe W. Vining, (Superintendent 

I find more open disregard for the Eighteenth Amendment and the Vol¬ 
stead Act in this state than any other section of the country that I have trav¬ 
eled through. 

There seems to be in the minds of many of the residents the idea that it 
is beyond the jurisdiction of Washington to add an amendment to the Consti¬ 
tution that will affect the life of Connecticut. There is a very strong feeling 
of state rights and the general feeling prevails that all matters pertaining, to 
the moral life of the state should be left entirely in the hands of the citizens. 

Connecticut and Rhode Island were the only states in the Union that did 
not ratify the Eighteenth Amendment, although it was ratified in the Connecti¬ 
cut House of Representatives but defeated in the State Senate. 

In our investigation of conditions in the state we find that there are 
more arrests for drunkenness in the residential than in the industrial cities. 
For instance, two of the largest residential cities show a decrease of only 17 
per cent for arrests for drunkenness over the year 1917, while the industrial 
cities will show from 50 to 65 per cent decrease. 

The conditions in our courts are improving slowly. The fines have in¬ 
creased and the jail sentences have been lengthened, but the weapon that has 
been used so efficiently in other cities, the padlock, is not being used because 
the federal judge tells us that he does not believe in padlocking. We wonder 
that conditions are as good as they are when we take into consideration the 
fact that these places are not closed by a decree of the court and padlocked; 
that the jail sentences are light and fines amount to less than license. 

We have found, through our investigations, that police frequently visit 
bootleg joints and the general feeling prevails that in most cities protection 
is being paid to the police. The federal prohibition officers are doing, I be¬ 
lieve, the best they can with the small force of men at their command, but it 
is impossible for them to police the state and especially so when they are re¬ 
ceiving but little or no cooperation from the officers of the state. 

We are planning a very strenuous educational campaign commencing 
with October 1st or 2nd. We will have with us for the month of October 
Captain Richmond P. Hobson. Through a series of mass meetings, covering the 
state, we will make a special appeal to the high school boys and girls. We 
are in hopes to change somewhat their attitude toward the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment. We will also see that the scientific temperance instruction is again 
taught in our schools. 

The hopeful sign is the fact that we have a number of the leading men in 
the industrial and educational life of the state who are giving largely of their 
time and means to this work, and grouped around us are the leading clergymen 
of the larger denominations of the state who are awake to the danger of the 
situation which now confronts us. 


THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

By Albert E. Shoemaker, Executive (Secretary and Attorney 

The District of Columbia has an unique relationship to the family of States 
forming the United States of America. It is unlike any other political sub- 

359 



division. The Congress shortly after the establishment of the Government, 
created the District from land ceded by the States of Maryland and Vir¬ 
ginia to become the seat of Government of the United States. The area of 
the District is about sixty square miles. It was originally one hundred square 
miles, but that part ceded to Virginia was turned back to that state. It is 
under the exclusive control of the Congress which levies taxes and appropriates 
them, with additional funds required for the maintenance of schools, streets, 
parks and other municipal needs. Persons residing in the District have no 
voice in the administration of the Government. They have no vote, but they 
do exercise the right of appeal and petition, particularly through citizens’ 
organizations created primarily for such purpose. The executive officers of the 
District are three Commissioners appointed by the President and confirmed 
by the Senate. 

At the present time the population of the District is approximately 500.- 
000, of which number 135,000 are of the negro race. The City of Washington 
now practically covers the entire District of Columbia. It is not a commercial 
or manufacturing city. A large percentage of the population are employees of 
the Federal Government. Most of these employees maintain their citizenship 
in the States from which they were certified under the Civil Service Law, and 
where they have maintained the right to vote. This indicates that the pop¬ 
ulation is more or less of a temporary character and subject to change in 
the political complexion of the Government. Because of these circumstances 
comparison of conditions with respect to the. operation of the National 
Prohibition Act in the States is difficult. 

Prior to the Eighteenth Amendment the Congress prohibited the beverage 
liquor traffic in the District by the enactment of the Sheppard Prohibition 
Law which became effective on November 1, 1917. That Act definitely com¬ 
mitted the government to the policy of Prohibition, and the Eighteenth 
Amendment naturally followed. 

It was held by the officials of the District that the National Prohibition 
Act repealed most of the provisions of the Sheppard Act. The important ex¬ 
ception was the provision penalizing intoxication, so that the punishment of 
such offenders is in the name of and by the District of Columbia. The city 
police cooperate fully with the Federal Agents in the enforcement of the Vol¬ 
stead Law. A number of policemen in each of the precincts are vested with 
the authority of Federal Agents, and there is a special squad of policemen 
which operates throughout the District, giving their attention wholly to the en¬ 
forcement of the Federal Prohibition laws. The policemen thus assigned 
are Federal Prohibition agents, and have authority to execute warrants for 
the seizure of illicit liquors. This arrangement has greatly aided the police 
department in its efforts to enforce the law. 

Conditions in the District from the standpoint of the friends of the 
Eighteenth Amendment are far from satisfactory. Nevertheless there is evi¬ 
dence of continued improvement during the past year, due largely to the spirit 
of cooperation among officials charged with the enforcement of the laws, to 
the fact that no bonded liquors are available, and to the further fact of a more 
tavorable attitude to the Amendment manifested by many citizens. 

The number of arrests for drunkenness remains high. Yet one rarely sees 

360 


an intoxicated person on the streets of the city, a striking contrast to condi¬ 
tions prior to prohibition, when saloons turned out drunks by the dozens to 
stagger along the streets as best they might. The large number of arrests for 
drunkenness may be accounted for partially, at least, by the fact that many of 
such persons arrested are visitors in the city who became intoxicated on 
liquor brought in by them; and also by the fact that a large number of those 
arrested are “repeaters,” confirmed drinkers in pre-prohibition days and who 
never have been -able to rid themselves of the habit. This latter class is fre¬ 
quently back in the police court, thus augmenting the number of arrests re¬ 
ported each month. Then, too, a large number of arrests may be attributed 
in part to commendable zeal of the police in making arrests of intoxicated 
persons since the Volstead Act. The slightest evidence of intoxication is now 
considered cause for arrest, while before, arrests were not made except ir 
cases of complete helplessness. 

It is the practice to prosecute all first offense cases under the Prohibition 
Act in the Police Court on information. Cases of second offense, and cases 
where violation of the internal revenue laws are involved are taken to the 
Supreme Court of the District, generally after proceedings before a United 
States Commissioner, and after indictment by a grand jury. In both the 
Police court and the Supreme court the cases are handled by the United 
States District Attorney and his assistants. Prosecutions under the Shep¬ 
pard Act are in charge of attorneys representing the District of Columbia. 

The responsibility for the enforcement of the Prohibition Act rests upon 
the Metropolitan Police and the Federal Prohibition agents. At the present 
time there are 1,347 policemen on the force, and ten or twelve Federal agents 
operating in the District, not counting policemen who have the authority of 
Federal agents. 

Experience during the seven years since the Eighteenth Amendment was 
adopted has shown weaknesses in the Prohibition Act requiring additional 
legislation to correct, particularly with reference to the penalties prescribed. 
It should be made a felony, for any person to illegally manufacture,, transport 
or sell intoxicating liquors while armed with deadly weapons. First offenses 
involving commercial transactions in prohibited liquors should carry manda¬ 
tory jail sentences as well as fines. The operation of an automobile equipped 
with a smoke screen or other device which will emit smoke or noxious gases 
should be made a felonious offense. In this connection it may be said that 
a more general use of the padlock or injunction provision of the law would go 
a long way towards suppressing the traffic. So far only limited use of this 
effective remedy has been resorted to. 

While more severe penalties in the law seem necessary in order to ob¬ 
tain satisfactory enforcement of the Prohibition Act in the District, it is quite 
apparent that enforcement authorities are not getting the best out of the law as 
it now stands. The fines being imposed on bootleggers are generally too small 
to have any deterrent effect. Investigations show that the average fine in the 
District is much less than for the whole country. Jail sentences are rarely 
imposed except in second offense cases. According to a report of the Sub-com¬ 
mittee of the House Committee of the District of Columbia in 1924, the aver¬ 
age fine for the violator of the National Prohibition act was $43.67, and in 

361 


1923 $79.43; while in the whole country it was $170.00 in 1923. The Com¬ 
mittee which had investigated conditions in the District stated that, “it is 
apparent that fines of such small proportions constitute no deterrent to boot¬ 
leggers.” 

Recently the United States Attorney placed new assistants in charge of 
prosecutions in the police court, and evidence of improvement is already 
manifest. These changes were requested by Anti-Saloon League officials, 
and it is believed that enforcement conditions will improve from now on. 

According to statistics just compiled by the Police Department there were 
339 arrests for felonies during July, 1927, while for the same period in 1926 
there were 472 of such arrests. The total arrests under the National Prohi¬ 
bition act in July, 1926, wras 509, while in July, 1927, the number was 453. 
Arrests under the Sheppard law for the same corresponding months were 
917 in 1926 and 1,069 in 1927. In May of 1926 there were 1,285 arrests under 
that law. The total number of gallons of liquor seized by the police under 
the Volstead Law was 2,560 in July, 1926, and 1,910 in July of this year. 
However, there were 2,552 bottles of beer seized in July, 1927, as against 1,273 
in July, 1926. Taken as a whole these figures indicate that conditions have im¬ 
proved during the year. 

It may be interesting to note here that attorneys and bondsmen Qf per¬ 
sons charged with violation of the National Prohibition Act complain that 
bootleggers are not doing as well as formerly and that frequently they are 
without money and unable to pay the fees for their services. 

The District of Columbia League invites and receives much information 
from citizens concerning evidence of the violation of the Prohibition laws. 
The information thus gained is submitted either to the police or to the 
Federal agents with whom the League fully cooperates. 


FLORIDA 

By C. W. Crooke, Superintendent 

Since the dawn of Florida history, this peninsula, with its nearly 3,000 
miles of coast line, its bayous and inlets, its rivers and lakes, its everglades 
and deep tangled wildwood and its delightful tropical climate, has been 
“easy-going.” 

The Indians who first inhabited these wild regions took life easy. Pirates 
from the high seas and refugees from all lands drifted to these shores and 
found the inviting beaches, the salubrious climate, safety from their pursuers, 
and a place where they didn’t have to “move on.” 

For generations the descendants of these first settlers enjoyed, undis¬ 
turbed, the wide-open spaces in the sunshine. And thus, with no law 
save that of self-preservation, the first white visitors from civilization found 
this wonderful, tropical peninsula which was to become the winter playground 
of the Western World. 

At first the Indians were friendly and peaceable, but encroachment upon 
their territory by the visitors who continued to come in ever increasing 
numbers stirred up, first, dissatisfaction, then resentment among these first 
settlers. Also the human driftwood from the outside world saw in the evi¬ 
dences of oncoming civilization an approaching end of their undisturbed para- 

362 



dise, and the spirit of these refugees was correspondingly ruffled, as settle¬ 
ments, then towns, then cities sprang up on shore, and inland, from St. 
Augustine to Pensacola, until now, every nation under the sun has yielded its 
quota, and- our mixed multitude, which calls itself the population of Florida, 
nearly two millions in numbers, finds itself host to another million of tour¬ 
ists who come for rest, recuperation and recreation. 

With such a beginning and with such a promiscuous inflow from the whole 
earth the population of Florida could not be expected to resemble a Sunday 
School class nor a Church society. But we believe we compare favorably 
with other states, for the churches and schools and social Orders, along with 
the Government, have been active and show a result of 60% to 80% of good, 
solid, law-abiding, law-observing people who form the cement of good society 
and the ballast of good government. The residue of the population, who make a 
noise all out of proportion to their numbers are disposed to demand the 
original wide-open conditions, to let every man order his life and conduct as 
it pleases him regardless of his duties to society, and the rights and interests 
cf others. These, in the demand for liberty, take license to do as they please. 
Among this class are to be found the large number of thugs, free-booters, 
bootleggers, rum-runners, narcotic and alien smugglers who infest the land. 

While Florida could ill afford to do without the tourist, yet the million 
tourists along with their money bring our most serious problems. 

In the first place among the tourists themselves are hobos, wire-tappers, 
gamesters and grafters. And in the second place there are numerous indi¬ 
viduals and companies, from bootleggers to land sharks, among our own 
population, who unite to fleece the flocks of tourists and lead them a merry 
chase for their dollars. 

So far as law is concerned we have now in Florida prohibition law suffi¬ 
cient, if enforced, to make the State bone-dry. But when the Government is 
liberal, as at present, liberty runs riot in license, and bibulous citizens or 
tourists can find their booze if they are willing to pay for it. 

Florida is one of the most difficult states in which to find the lair of the 
tiger and the pen of the pestiferous blind pig. Anyone who knows the to¬ 
pography of the peninsula is at least not too acrimonious in his criticism of 
the officers who have to follow the free-booter or bootlegger into the swamps 
and everglades and there risk his life in bush-whacking warfare. 

But we remind you that there is a saving multitude of perhaps 80% of our 
people who observe the laws, and carry on legitimate business; and concerning 
these and the present situation in this state we can do no better than to 
quote the words of Mr. J. Horace McFarland in his article in July 16, 1927, in 
the Literary Digest, on the subject “The Disappearance of Booze.” 

The Disappearance of Booze 

“Where is all this booze we hear so much about?” asks Mr. McFarland, 
who, during a two weeks’ visit in and around Florida saw no whisky and 
heard only one alcoholic laugh. Whisky was offered to him by his hosts on 
several occasions, but the hosts did not drink themselves, and no bottles 
were produced. J. Horace McFarland tells us that he traveled 3,745 miles 
in 14 days, of which 1,278 were by motor in Florida. He saw no drinking in 
Washington or on the train which took him to Jacksonville, and his first 

363 


thought of it came when he saw a notice at the bottom of the menu in one 
of the great hotels in Jacksonville warning guests that waiters must not be 
expected to help in serving intoxicants. Then he remembered a street of 
malodorous reputation, and curiosity drove him to walk along it to notice 
whether there were any changes. Here, too, he saw no signs of intoxica¬ 
tion. He goes on: 

“From Jacksonville I went by rail to St. Petersburg, and here mingled 
with many people for several days, traveling about St. Petersburg and Tampa 
by motor. Nowhere did I see evidence of liquor, nor was it mentioned in 
my hearing. 

“His travels took Mr. McFarland to Palm Beach, where in one of the 
great hotels, a local man suggested that he could have a cocktail if he wanted 
it. But the local man himself did not want a cocktail, ‘and there was no 
•evidence of drink in that beautiful dining-room.’ Later in the same evening, 
in a dining room of another hotel, the writer ‘heard a young man laugh in a 
sort of alcoholic fashion at a table, the only bottle on which seemed to have 
White Rock in it.’ Mr. McFarland was in two other hotels (noted), in 
neither of which he saw any sign or suggestion of intoxicants. In Miami, In¬ 
dian River City, Orlando, Winter Park, Bartow, and Tampa, his experience 
was the same—there was no sign of liquor. In Tampa, even though he visited 
the annual Citrus Fair while a race was being held, and mingled with great 
•crowds, there was no booze in sight. 

“Liquor was twice suggested to Mr. McFarland in two private houses 
near Jacksonville, but he did not see it and his hosts did not use it. ‘The truth 
is, after all,’ said he, ‘that the Prohibition laws are being enforced a great deal 
better than most people believe, and I think on the average, quite as well as 
are the laws that punish arson, crimes of violence, and the social crimes.’ 

“ ‘That booze and narcotics can be had by those who seek them, I do not 
doubt, just a I am quite sure that those who wish to steal, burn, and do 
other mischievous things in defiance of the law can and will continue to 
do them. They are outlawed, and John Barleycorn is outlawed, and that 
is the one biggest thing that has happened in, to and through the United 
States since Columbus landed’.” 


PROHIBITION IN GEORGIA 

By Rev. Chas. 0. Jones, D.D.., Superintendent 

Statutory Prohibition in Georgia became a law on January 1, 1908. The 
contest had continued many years, and developed such fighting warriors as 
Sam Jones, Hon. Seaborn Wright, Judge George Hillyer, General Clement 
Evans, Henry Grady, and numerous men and women. The usual experiments 
were tried, such as high license, local option, and county dispensaries, all of 
which failed. 

A “joker” was slipped into the law, allowing near-beer. It was soon evi¬ 
dent that this was a cloak for all kinds of liquor. Successive legislatures were 
dry, but bills to strengthen the law were held in pigeon-holes or committees 
until it was too late to pass desired legislation. 

Finally, Governor Nat E. Harris called a special session of the legislature, 
-specifying that the prohibition statute must be considered above everything 

364 



else. This was speedily done. A bone-dry bill was enacted with many votes 
to spare. Near-beer saloons and locker-clubs were closed. Manufacture and 
sale of intoxicaants, liquor advertisements, possession of strong drink for per¬ 
sonal use, and alcoholic beverages of every sort were prohibited. Doctors 
were forbidden to prescribe whisky. This drastic legislation was passed amid 
much rejoicing. On November 17, 1915, Governor Harris signed the bill, and 
it became effective at once. 

Georgia was the first Southern state to enact statutory prohibition. It was 
the thirteenth state to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment, and would have been 
the first, save that its legislature meets in June instead of in January. The 
vote was taken the first day of the session, June 25, 1918. The Senate ratified 
in four and a half minutes by 34 to 2, and the House after briefest discussion 
by 129 to 24. 

The Georgia law is more drastic than the Federal. For many years the 
state officers enforced the state law with unusual success. Drinking was re¬ 
duced to a minimum. The illicit manufacture and sale of ardent spirits was 
appreciably curbed. The people were satisfied with the law, and it was taken 
for granted that modification was neither desirable nor possible. 

When the Eighteenth Amendment became the national law, state officers 
seemed to think that it was the duty of the United States to enforce prohi¬ 
bition, and many did not give that cooperation with the federal officers which 
was intended. Thus state enforcement slackened, and the federal agents were 
not numerous enough to enforce the law unaided. This situation encouraged 
moonshiners and purchasers, and for several years the “concurrent” law was 
not enforced as successfully as the state law had been. However, in the last 
three years, cooperation has strongly developed, and the law is being better 
and better enforced. County sheriffs, city policemen, and federal agents 
work together with a larger confidence that the law can be enforced, and with 
a stronger determination to enforce it. 

So dry is public opinion, that no man of standing would dare to offer for 
the legislature or for congress on a wet ticket. This has produced an indif¬ 
ference to enforcement of prohibition, just as there is an indifference to murder 
or burglary until a sensational crime arouses a community. It is taken for 
granted that the law is here and somehow it will be enforced. 

The danger in this lethargy is that while no bands are organized to rob 
and murder, yet gigantic associations w r ith tremendous resources are or¬ 
ganized to destroy our prohibition laws, and bring back the traffic in strong 
drink. As we have no hot political fights in the South between the drys and 
the wets, we suffer from lethargy, and only rouse ourselves when attempts 
are made to force wet national candidates upon us. In such cases we believe 
that the balllot will show that Southern voters will not hesitate to “bolt” the 
party. 

The churches, the federations of woman’s clubs, the federation of woman 
voters, and most if not all of the various social and industrial organizations 
are devotedly for the law. What Dr. Mayo calls “the froth and the scum,” 
the conspirators against the law at both ends of the social line, are compara¬ 
tively few, while the great middle class, the Main Street folks, are for the law 

365 


and are determined that it shall stand as the greatest economic and moral 
revolution in the history of the world. 

Occasionally, a gesture is made in the wrong direction. At the present 
session of the legislature a bill was offered to modify the Georgia “search 
and seizure” law. The only argument was that the modification would make 
the state and federal laws on this subject harmonize, especially as to the ad¬ 
mission of evidence secured in an alleged illegal way. The Anti-Saloon 
League, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and other temperance 
forces protested the passage of the new bill. After sharp argument, the bill was 
decisively defeated in the House by a vote of 130 to 56. Most of those who 
voted for the bill were drys, but thought that modification would not in¬ 
terfere with enforcement of law but protect citizens from improper arrest and 
search. 

Any change of sentiment on our law is entirely improbable, and our 
legislators and congressmen know that their continuance in office depends 
upon their loyalty to prohibition. The present Governor, Dr. L. G. Hard¬ 
man, just inducted into office, offered the statutory prohibition bill in the Sen¬ 
ate, and Hon. W. A. Covington offered it in the House. This bill was signed 
by Governor Hoke Smith, and became effective January 1, 1908. 


REPORT OF ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE OF HAWAII 

By Rev. Geo. H. DeKay, Superintendent 

Hawaii, the farthest outpost of the United States, lying two thousand 
miles off the Pacific coast, might easily seem to be an ideal place for the en¬ 
forcement of the Eighteenth Amendment. But Hawaii has its own prob¬ 
lems of enforcement, and the difficulties in the way are many and varied. With 
a population of 328,000 of whom one hundred and thirty thousand are Jap¬ 
anese, twenty-five thousand Chinese, fifty-thousand Filipinos, twenty-eight 
thousand Portugese, and at least twenty thousand of other races beside white, 
it is easily seen that this alone presents a problem of racial prejudices and 
customs concerning alcohol. These people come to us with deep seated cus¬ 
toms of drink and with little idea of what our law regarding the use of alco¬ 
holic beverages really means. Why there should be such a law at all is some¬ 
thing they cannot understand, at least a great many of them cannot. In a 
land where the sunshine is perpetual, where fruits of all kinds grow profusely, 
and where the country in large part lends itself well to easy concealment of 
stills, it is not to be wondered at if illicit manufacture of liquor is carried on in 
large degree. And with steamers of several lines running in and out with 
freight from all lands it is not an easy matter to detect the smuggling which 
inevitably goes on. Liquor is shipped in in well disguised packages marked 
as goods of all sorts, and consigned frequently to reputable business houses. 
This has been ascertained several times when such packages have broken open 
on the wharves, in which cases the business houses to which the same have 
been consigned promptly deny any knowledge of the same. It may be ac¬ 
knowledged at once that there is a good deal of violation of the law in Hawaii, 
and that either from inefficiency of the officers, or their unwillingness, or both, 
enforcement falls far short of what it ought to be. It is also true that many 
of our so-called best citizens are not very much in favor of very straight en- 

366 



forcement. But when all is said it remains true that conditions are far in 
advance of what they were in the old days of the legalized traffic and the 
open saloon. Morally, socially, and industrially there are marked improve¬ 
ments. From many peddlers of loose talk one hears much about the miser¬ 
able failure of prohibition in Hawaii, but when one talks with plantation 
managers, welfare workers, and school teachers who have been in the work 
for years one hears a different tale. A Director of one of the large steamship 
companies tells of the old days when at the gates of the piers on paydays 
for the longshoremen one saw crowds of women and children waiting in hope 
of getting something from the pay check before the husband or father reached 
the saloon across the street. Teachers tell of children coming well-fed and 
well-clothed from homes where formerly they came to be fed with free lunches 
provided by the school and supplied with books in the same manner. Planta¬ 
tion managers tell of far less trouble among laborers, especially on pay-days, 
and of better home conditions. One need not seek statistics as to savings 
bank accounts, building operations, etc., which may or may not be due either 
wholly or in part to prohibition, in order to find so much improvement in 
general conditions that are due to prohibition as to cause any honest man to 
take courage and carry on. 

The Anti-Saloon League of Hawaii has for six years past carried on an 
educational campaign among the growing children and young people. 

The superintendent visits practically every school in the Territory at least 
once a year, giving scientific temperance talks to the pupils, and for five years 
we have carried on a prohibition oratorical contest among students of high 
schools which has resulted in some two hundred students or more studying 
every phase of the liquor question, and which arouses much interest in the 
various island sections where local contests are carried on, as well as in Hon¬ 
olulu where the final contest is conducted. We are also carrying on a cam¬ 
paign of educational work among the laborers on the plantations, especially 
among the Japanese. With the cordial co-operation of the Japanese leaders 
we have printed and distributed a good deal of temperance literature, and we 
have made much use of the film “Lest We Forget.” One of our best known 
and respected Japanese ministers has recently held on one island some twenty- 
five or more meetings in a two-weeks campaign. What our Governor Wallace 
R. Farrington, said three years ago he would not hesitate to repeat today, to 
the effect that “if Hawaii were to vote today upon the prohibition question it 
would vote FOR prohibition with all its drastic regulations.” 


REPORT OF ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE OF IDAHO 

By Charles Haffke, Superintendent 

The Anti-Saloon League of Idaho practically ceased to function shortly 
after the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment, presumably on the theory 
that no further activity was necessary. The experience of the past seven years 
has demonstrated the fallacy of this idea, and brought the conclusion that it 
was but the gate through which the people might enter and find safety in pro¬ 
hibition. 

Coming to Idaho in August, 1926, the work of reorganization was started 
and was continued to date. More than 14,000 miles have been travelled. As 

367 



much of this state is quite rugged and mountainous, the roads are frequently 
narrow, steep and hazardous. One hundred and thirty-three meetings were 
held wherever convenient in schools, colleges, churches, theatres, halls, etc., 
and in addition pupils in high schools, colleges and grade schools were ad¬ 
dressed, and many Sunday schools were also reached. Addresses were made 
also to business men’s organizations, farmers’ gatherings, and women’s leagues. 
Meetings were held Sundays an'd week days, excepting Saturdays, and the re¬ 
motest regions were penetrated. More than fifty thousand people were present 
at the meetings, and in addition several thousand were reached at meetings in 
institutions of learning above indicated. 

A friendly spirit of cooperation exists between this organization and the 
W. C. T. U., and several joint meetings have been held. Under the able and 
wise leadership of the Northern as well as the Southern divisions, the W. C. 
T. U. is doing a splendid work in Idaho. 

The pastors of the respective churches of all denominations have given 
their earnest and hearty support and cooperation in this work and assisted in 
every way to make the League a real factor in this movement in this State and 
to put it on a real fighting basis. 

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, more generally known 
as the Mormon Church, has a large membership in the southern portion of 
the State and its officials manifested the kindliest spirit of co-operation, opening 
their tabernacles, wards, and recreational halls for meetings and assisting in 
a very material way to make the work successful. 

Everywhere the people manifested a genuine interest in prohibition, and 
there is a noticeable revival of thought along prohibition lines, and the real 
menace which is lurking in this tremendous wet propaganda. It is becoming 
apparent to them that it is again necessary to get into the battle line, and 
that there remains much to be done before the menace of liquorism is re¬ 
moved to an innocuous desuetude. 

There is a noticeable increased activity in law enforcement throughout 
the State and many rather indifferent law enforcement officials have been com¬ 
pelled into activity by virtue of this changed public opinion. In several coun¬ 
ties reputed to be as “wet as before prohibition,” dry enforcement officials 
were elected by healthy majorities, defeating the wet and near-wet aspirants to 
such offices. 

A friendly spirit of cooperation is being fostered between State, County, 
and Federal Prohibition forces. The thought was frequently expressed that 
because the Eighteenth Amendment was part of the Constitution of the United 
States, it was the sole duty and obligation of the national government to en¬ 
force it. At the meetings held it was pointed out that every state was under 
equal duty and obligation in this respect, and that this duty and obligation was 
joint, resting equally upon state and national governments, and that this duty 
and obligation could best be discharged by a proper and reasonable division of 
the work. This educational work is bearing fruit. Special mention should be 
made of the work of the Federal Bureau of Prohibition in this state, whose 
field forces are displaying a splendid and commendable loyalty and devotion in 
this work. 

No attempt was made to change or modify any existing prohibition law 

368 


of the State at the last session of our State Legislature, and our splendid prohi¬ 
bition laws are in full force and effect. A recent opinion of our Supreme 
Court declares that the filing of an affidavit showing probable cause is an es¬ 
sential requisite prior to the issuance of a search warrant by any magistrate, 
and that the issuance of a warrant without same, will not admit evidence se¬ 
cured thereby at the trial of an accused. However, it was probably not the 
opinion of the said Court to declare a statute of the state unconstitutional and 
upset the long settled procedure in such cases without reference to such 
statute in its decision, and the opinion is freely expressed by able counsel, 
that the old rule of procedure based on the statute of probable cause is still 
the law in this state and in full force and effect. 

The attitude of elected state officials was not ascertained prior to election 
for lack of time, but generally they are dry, although if judged by some ap¬ 
pointments made, such appointing officials should properly be classified as 
‘‘probably personally dry but politically wet.” It is hoped at the next gen¬ 
eral election this type of public officials will be defeated, and recent public 
expressions of prominent politicians indicate that the voters will expect all 
appointees to reflect the attitude of the appointing official. 

Our representatives at Washington are all dry, and our Senior Senator, 
Hon. W. E. Borah, is nationally known as a dry leader, and a presidential pos¬ 
sibility. 

The newspapers generally throughout the state have been of much assist¬ 
ance in publishing news of meetings and. comments and portions of addresses 
made. While the editorial policy of some of the daily papers is apparently un¬ 
favorable to prohibition, yet they have published news items favorable to the 
advancement of prohibition. 


ILLINOIS 1926-1927 

By Rev. Geo. B. S afford, D.D., Superintendent 

The Wet Referendum 

In the November election the wets petitioned for and had placed on the 
ballot under the Public Policy Act of the State, the following referendum 
proposition: 

“Should the Congress of the United States modify the federal act to en¬ 
force the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States 
so that the same shall not prohibit the manufacture, sale, transportation, im¬ 
portation, or exportation of beverages which are not in fact, intoxicating, as 
determined in accordance with the laws of the respective states?” 

The Anti-Saloon League together with other leading temperance and 
civic organizations pointed out that this was nothing more nor less than a 
trick referendum, devised by the wets to confuse and split up the drys and di¬ 
vert their attention from the main issue, viz.: to prevent the election of 
George Brennan to the United States Senate. 

This claim was confirmed by literature issued by the Association Against 
the Prohibition Amendment, copies of which we possess, in which they claim 
that they were “instrumental in arranging for referendums in eight states.” 

Many good people found it difficult to follow the League’s suggestions 
in this matter, believing that they should stand up and be counted, and if they 

369 



did so, the drys might win. We pointed out to them that being counted in 
the proposed referendum would really have no effect on their stand on the 
wet and dry question or in support of the Volstead Act, because the referen¬ 
dum submitted did not touch that subject. But they could not, or would not, 
think the matter through and were of the opinion that we were mistaken, and 
consequently voted “No” on the referendum when submitted. 

However, the effect of the position of the League and the other reform 
forces, which understood the significance of the referendum, was so effective 
that only approximately half as many dry votes were cast against the refer¬ 
endum as were cast in behalf of dry candidates. Roughly speaking, there 
were about 500,000 who voted “No” on the wet referendum whereas there were 
approximately 1,000,000 in support of dry candidates. 

The strategy of the League in this matter was such as to compel the wets 
to fight their own record in 1922, instead of fighting the drys in 1926. They 
were really not fighting the dry forces because only a portion of the drys 
took part in the referendum, whereas they had to equal or beat the record 
made in 1922 or else face the charge of a big reaction against their policy. 
The results show how wise this strategy was and leaves the wets trying to ex¬ 
plain away the most damaging statistical results of this election. 

In 1922 the wet referendum received 1,065,000 favorable votes in Illinois. 
In 1926, four years later, in spite of the increase in population, the wets re¬ 
ceived 224,369 fewer votes. In Chicago the figures are impressive and inspir¬ 
ing. In 1922, the wet referendum received 552,003 votes in Cook county, and in 
1926, in spite of an increase of more than a quarter of a million in popula¬ 
tion, the wets received in the same area 452,041 votes. In both years the wets 
did their utmost to get out the whole vote because it was their scheme and 
their politics to do so, and then the results showed 100,000 fewer votes in 
Cook county in 1926 than in 1922. 

Election of United States Senator and Congressmen 

In the Primary election held April 13th, 1926, Col. Frank L. Smith was 
the regular Republican nominee for the United States Senate and George Bren¬ 
nan, Democratic boss, and outstanding wet leader, was nominated by the 
wets as their candidate. Mr. Brennan carried on an intensive campaign 
throughout the state, making modification of the Volstead law the chief plank 
in his platform. Frank L. Simth, former member of congress, and dry, de¬ 
spite the attitude of the leaders of his party, in Chicago, and Cook county, 
came out with an unequivocal statement for the enforcement of the Volstead 
law and the maintenance of the Eighteenth Amendment. Although he had 
the united opposition of the big Chicago wet newspapers, Col. Smith defeated 
Mr. Brennan by 71,363 votes, and this in spite of the fact that an Independent 
Republican candidate for the United States Senate was put in the field in the 
person of Hugh McGill, a former State Senator, and nothing was left undone 
by the political tricksters and the wet newspapers, to split the Republican vote 
between Smith and McGill in a desperate effort to elect Brennan. 

In Brennan’s defeat, the Anti-Saloon League forces dealt the lawless, nul¬ 
lification liquor forces of Illinois and the nation one of the hardest blows they 
have received since they began an organized, nation-wide conspiracy witli 

370 


their beer and wine program, to break down the laws of the various states 
and nullify the Constitution of the nation. 

The seventeen dry Congressmen of Illinois were re-elected with a possible 
gain of an additional dry member. 

The two Congressmen-at-Large, Rathbone and Yates, were elected by 
great majorities over their wet opponents, Wise and Karch. 

Resume of Wet and Dry Contest in the 55th General Assembly 

The liquor interests introduced three resolutions and five bills in the Fifty- 
fifth General Assembly. Among them was one to prevent all entry and search 
without a search-warrant; one providing against double jeopardy, going to the 
point of precluding prosecution in a state court for offenses not only under the 
Prohibition law, but under the criminal code generally, where the same act 
is an offense against both jurisdictions. Even where there had been an ac¬ 
quittal in the Federal court, this measure provided that the putting of a per¬ 
son in jeopardy in the federal court should be a complete bar to any pro¬ 
ceeding for the same act in a state court. The liquor interests also intro¬ 
duced what was known as the Weber-O’Grady bill to repeal the Illinois Pro¬ 
hibition Act and other enforcement laws of the state (a referendum was at¬ 
tached to this measure to make it as easy as possible of passage); a reso¬ 
lution memorializing Congress to call a Constitutional convention for the 
purpose of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment; a resolution to investigate the 
Anti-Saloon League; and a resolution petitioning Congress to amend the 
Volstead law to provide beverages with 2.75 per cent alcoholic content. 

The Search and Seizure bill above referred to, was defeated iij Commit¬ 
tee, and the so-called Double Jeopardy bill was tabled on roll call by its spon¬ 
sor when he saw defeat was certain. The resolution memorializing Congress 
to call a Constitutional Convention to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment was 
passed in the House by a vote of 74 to 68, but was defeated in the Senate by 
:• vote of 32 to 15. The Weber-O’Grady bill to repeal the Prohibition laws 
was passed in the House by a vote of 79 to 64, but was defeated in the Sen¬ 
ate by a vote of 33 to 17-. The resolution petitioning for 2.75 per cent liquors 
did not come to a vote in either house. 

In addition to the Weber-O’Grady bill to repeal Prohibition enforcement 
laws, two other repealing measures were introduced in the Senate, but were 
never permitted to come to a vote. 

The result was that no wet or dry legislation was passed by the Fifty-fifth 
General Assembly. 


IOWA 

By S. P. McNaught, Superintendent 

During the year from August 1, 1926, to August 1, 1927, the Iowa Anti- 
Saloon League placed special emphasis on its educational program. We have 
used three moving picture films, and much of the time two debate teams, 
along with a new production in the form of the mock trial entitled “Who Killed 
Wright?” 

The men who had charge of these programs also spoke in many of our 
high schools and colleges and secured information concerning conditions in 

371 



the communities in which they worked, thus keeping the office in touch with 
the general situation throughout the state. 

Our school heads are, almost without exception, friendly, and are not 
only willing but anxious to co-operate in any program that will help in the 
advancement of the temperance cause. 

Our League force spoke during the year to 120,492 people, reaching 25,- 
867 high school and college students. Our office sent out on an average of 
forty-two pieces of first-class mail every working hour during the year, fur¬ 
nished the daily papers of the state with a weekly news letter, mailed to all our 
constituents the Iowa edition of the American Issue each month, and appeared 
before many of the prominent clubs of the state during the year as well as 
the annual meetings of the various church denominations. 

Another strong feature of our educational program is our State Fair Ex¬ 
hibit which reached thousands of people seldom reached with our message in 
any other way. For this exhibit we have the space donated to us by the 
State Fair authorities. We use a 20x40 tent in which we are able to seat 
more than 100 people, to whom we show our motion picture films, repeating the 
performance numerous times each day. In front of this tent we have a 
20x20 latticed booth in which we have located our exhibits. We serve free 
ice water to thousands of people every day. This year the Frigidaire people 
have agreed to furnish a Frigidaire system sufficient to provide all the cold 
water needed. We will also have an old-fashioned washwoman mechanically 
constructed, along with a modern washing machine, showing conditions before 
and after prohibition; a pauper’s coffin with a statement to the effect that since 
prohibition these coffins are seldom needed, a fully equipped aeroplane named 
“The Spirit of the Eighteenth Amendment,” bearing the placard, “This spirit 
will carry the gospel of temperance around the world.” We will use numerous 
posters, and in addition to the free cold drink, we will give each visitor a *■ 
combination souvenir which can be used as a megaphone, a fan, or a hat for 
the children. This has the League’s name in large letters with appropriate 
slogans in addition. This is the fourth year we have had a booth at this lo¬ 
cation, using an entirely different exhibit each year. 

Iowa elected as usual a bone-dry legislature last fall which readily strength¬ 
ened certain weak points that had been discovered in our prohibition stat¬ 
utes. 

There is a growing sentiment in favor of strict law enforcement. We have 
noticed a marked ehange in the attitude of many business men along this line. 
This not only has a wholesome effect upon the peace officers, but has made it 
easier to secure convictions by jury in our courts. 

In the face of libelous reports broadcast by the wets to the effect that pro¬ 
hibition is failing, our people, knowing better, have refused to heed them, 
thus breaking down to a great extent the influence of the wet press, and 
stimulating in a large way the support of the dry press which strongly pre¬ 
dominates in our state. Our capital city, Des Moines, can boast of two strong 
outstanding daily papers, whose editorials consistently advocate respect for 
and obedience to the law. This can also be said of the papers in many of 
our other cities. 

Our organization plan embodies a key-man for each county, specially 

372 


picked, and used almost wholly in a confidential way, as a source of informa¬ 
tion. Few of these keymen furnish information direct, but are able to put 
us in touch with sources that are reliable. In this way we get most of our 
information, not only concerning liquor law violations, but also during cam¬ 
paign time as to the attitude and standing of candidates. This information is 
then disseminated through a committee of five secured from each church 
in the county. This gives us as thorough and representative a group of 
men and women in every section of the state as can be found anywhere. 
Without some such organization, effective work such as mentioned above is 
almost impossible. 

Yet, in spite of everything, the liquor interests are continually trying to 
break down public sentiment and to push into certain sections of the state 
where they feel their prospec'ts are most hopeful, with a program which has for 
its purpose the undercutting of the whole prohibition structure. They can 
succeed with this only where there*is a trend of apathy among the people. 


KENTUCKY 

By A. C. Graham, Superintendent 

Kentucky, the Blue Grass state, is still famous for beautiful women and 
fleet horses, but not now for her famous stills. The “Old Kentucky Home” 
at Bardstown, Nelson County, in which county twenty-seven distilleries did 
a thriving business in the olden days, is now a state park dedicated to the 
memory of Stephen Collins Foster, author of the world-famous song “My 
Old Kentucky Home.” The sun still shines as brightly as ever in that hal¬ 
lowed spot but the moonshine is gone from “The Old ‘Kentucky Home.” 

With more than half the liquor of the nation in her bonded warehouuses, 
Kentucky was the third state to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment to the Con¬ 
stitution of the United States. 

By a vote of 28 to 5 in the state senate and 80 to 11 in the house, a prohi¬ 
bition amendment to the state constitution was submitted to the voters in 
1918 and adopted by the people in 1919 by a majority of 10,717. In 1922 the 
general assembly, by a vote of 28 to 4 in the Senate and 77 to 12 in the House, 
passed the state prohibition law, which imposes a fine of $500 and six months 
in jail for first offenders and one to five years in penitentiary for second and 
subsequent offenders. The court is also authorized to require a peace bond 
of from $1,000 to $5,000 for 12 months in cases of first offenders. The law 
also authorized the confiscation by the commonwealth of all paraphernalia 
and real estate used illegally in the manufacture of intoxicating liquor. 

Any peace officer making an arrest for violation of the state law shall re¬ 
ceive upon conviction of defendant a fee of $5.00 to be taxed as costs. Any 
person furnishing information resulting in the arrest and conviction of any 
defendant shall receive a reward of $50 to be allowed, by the fiscal court of 
the county, to be paid out of the county funds. 

Kentucky still has a few moist places that are being drained and im¬ 
proved. District and county officers are gradually assuming more and more 
responsibility for liquor law enforcement. Federal officers and Federal 
courts of Kentucky are leading the nation in their records of liquor cases 
handled. 


373 



The daily and weekly press is generally friendly to enforcement. The 
denominational papers are exceptionally helpful. 

The Board of Trustees and Headquarters Committee of the Anti-Saloon 
League of Kentucky are high class Christian citizens chosen from the various 
denominations and political parties who place the cause of sobriety, morality 
and Christian citizenship above partisan politics. The officers, field and office 
forces are diligent, efficient, and work in perfect harmony to carry out the 
League’s aggressive program of education, publicity, legislation and or¬ 
ganization. 

The Kentucky League is justly proud of its achievements in recent years 
and of the confidence, fellowship and cooperation it receives from pastors, 
church officers and leading citizens. Public sentiment in Kentucky is becoming 
more and more stabilized in support of Prohibition and law enforcement. 
Scarcely will a candidate for any office anywhere in the state openly de¬ 
clare for modification or repeal of prohibition laws. Consequently a better 
class of officers is being obtained. 

The picture, however, is not all sunshine and golden glow. There is still, 
moonshine, home brew, and bootleggers in our state. 

The enemy is organized and active behind the screen, cunningly devising 
schemes to violate and discredit the law, and every organization and officer 
striving to develop a higher standard of Christian citizenship. 


LOUISIANA 

By Rev. 0. L. Jones, Superintendent 

Activities on the part of Prohibition Officials 

Since Jan. 1, 1927, more than 800 raids have been made within the city 
limits of New Orleans, and approximately the same number in the rest of 
the state. 

These raids resulted in the arrest of 1,500 persons, the seizure of 5,898 
gallons of distilled liquor; 11,155 gallons of malt liquor; 9,491 gallons of wine 
and 107,061 gallons of mash. 

During the same period sixty automobiles were seized, and the most of 
these were sold, or are being used by the Prohibition office. Four boats 
loaded with booze were seized by Federal agents, and about twenty were 
seized by Coast Guard units. 

The seizure of large distilleries and storage places where large amounts 
of liquor were taken has forced the bootleggers and rum-runners, who once 
operated on a large scale, to resort to the operation of small places, under 
the name of some other person, or under an assumed name. 

With twenty of the biggest liquor operators indicted on charges of con¬ 
spiracy and bribery in the Eastern district of Louisiana in May and June of 
this year, and about the same number in the western district, the back-bone 
of the illicit liquor industry in Louisiana has been, if not broken, severely 
wrenched. 

The indictments returned followed one year of careful painstaking effort 
of the Prohibition administrator, and some of his most trusted men, and their 
labors were ultimately rewarded by having practically all of the wealthiest 

374 



and most persistent violators, from Shreveport South to the Gulf of Mexico, 
fall into the hands of the law, with charges against each of them so serious 
that in almost every case a penitentiary sentence seems inevitable. 

In addition to these important cases, hundreds of cases of a routine nature 
have been .made thruout the State of Louisiana. The clearest indication of 
the success of the efforts put forth by the forces of Law and Order, is that 
while last year stills were often found in residences and out-houses, today, in 
almost every instance, the unlawful manufacturing plant is found far back in 
the swamps. One year ago the manufacturing of liquor was open and no¬ 
torious—now fear of the enforcement officer has made the moonshiner hunt the 
almost inaccessible back in the marshes for the purpose of carrying on his 
nefarious activities. 

The Louisiana Anti-Saloon League has been actively engaged in cre¬ 
ating sentiment in favor of enforcing ALL laws, especially the Eighteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. And it is safe to say 
that sentiment in favor of Law and Order has increased greatly, in this state, 
during the last twelve months. 

During the year, from August 1, 1926 to Aug. 1, 1927, the Superintendent 
of the Louisiana Anti-Saloon League has traveled, while in discharge of his 
duty, more than 35,000 miles; delivered 156 addresses, and held hundreds of 
personal interviews. He has spent most of the time in the field. 

In the personal interviews I have had with business men, I have had them 
say to me, almost without exception, “I am thoroughly convinced that our 
continued prosperity is largely due to prohibition.” 

Practically the only draw-back, or hindrance to our work has been the 
lack of funds. Flood conditions crippled our finances sorely. Since the over¬ 
flow of the river it has been almost impossible to raise enough money to pay 
overhead expenses. This financial stringency will prevail until the farmers 
can come back—perhaps in 1928, as we get our support, largely from small 
towns and rural districts. 

There has been the heartiest possible cooperation between our organiza¬ 
tion and that of the Prohibition Administrator for this district, the Hon. 
O. D. Jackson. 


MAINE 

By Edward H. Emery, Superintendent 

Conditions of sobriety and law observance are incomparably better today 
than in the well remembered days when licensed territory surrounded prohibi¬ 
tion Maine, when the liquor traffic solicited trade through the U. S. mails 
in practically every home, and when efforts of state authorities to check 
easy transportation and delivery into and within the state were severely han¬ 
dicapped by federal interstate commerce regulations. 

The statement is sometimes heard, even in Maine, that the same old con¬ 
ditions of drunkenness and law defiance prevail, but you can look the maker of 
the statement squarely in the eye and be convinced that he knows he is lying 
and that a wet wish is father to his thought. 

A comparison of the police court records of today with those of twenty-five 

375 



years ago in every city and large town in the state yields unmistakable proof 
of a surprising reduction in arrests for drunkenness. The homes for confirmed 
drunkards and the various cures for inebriates that* used to be found in Maine 
in the old nullification days are gone—literally out of business. 

In politics the wet policy has lost its former power. No candidate of any 
party for any political office, whether local, state or national, proposes any 
other than a dry platform. After seventy-five years of continuous prohibi¬ 
tion, Maine is not unanimously dry, but so predominantly dry that no political 
aspirant of any political party dares suggest a departure from the policy which 
after all these years is proving so beneficial to the best interests of the state. 

It is evident to public men and women who know the state that the social 
temptations to indulge in alcoholic stimulants are far less than formerly'. The 
report from certain sections of the country that young people, especially 
students, are yielding to appetite and preparing a generation of drunkards, is 
absolutely untrue of the young people of the schools and colleges of Maine. 

Cooperation in law enforcement has greatly improved in recent years. In 
the days prior to federal prohibition the local enforcement officers, police au¬ 
thorities of cities-and towns were accustomed to “pass the buck” to county 
officials for the enforcement of the prohibition laws. At the present time the 
cooperation of all enforcement groups, federal, state, and local, makes vastly 
more effective the apprehension of smugglers of liquor across the Canadian 
border and along the 2,500 miles of sea coast. The same cooperation between 
the different groups makes the handling of the cheap illicit manufacture and 
bootlegging effective. 

It is but fair to say that conditions of sobriety and law observance are 
better today than ever before in the history of the state. 


MARYLAND 

By G. W. Ckabbe, (Superintendent 

Maryland is known for its conservatism. As a state it never has been 
quick to depart from the old ways. When the rest of the Nation was seized 
with agitation over the initiative and referendum this state did not become 
excited. It never has passed any initiative law and only has a very limited 
referendum provision. This attitude so manifested goes through to moral re¬ 
form movements. 

In Maryland, for many years, advocates of prohibition worked under the 
State Temperance Alliance and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. 
When the Anti-Saloon League was formed in this state, the Temperance Alli¬ 
ance merged with it and, generally speaking, the movement for sobriety has 
been carried on by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Anti- 
Saloon League. It has been an inch by inch progress—community by com¬ 
munity, county by county, outlawing the saloon. Maryland has no state-wide 
prohibition code, though every unit in the state has some kind of law to deal 
with the evils of the liquor traffic. In some places it is a local prohibition law 
and other places a law against selling liquor without a license. 

The present Governor of Maryland has discouraged enforcement of any 
kind of law prohibiting the liquor traffic. He has maintained his power by un- 

376 



scrupulous political methods in the distribution of patronage and vast sums 
•of the people’s money. At the recent election in the city of Baltimore he in¬ 
sisted on naming his party’s candidate for mayor. The Governor practically 
took personal charge of the campaign, threw his henchmen into the fight, 
stumped the city himself, and suffered one of the most humiliating defeats that 
has come to a political leader in Maryland. Governor Ritchie finds his influ¬ 
ence is certainly but surely slipping. 

There is every indication of a general upheaval against political bosses 
throughout the state. This is an indication of the certain progress of the 
sentiment against the outlawed liquor traffic. This was shown at the recent 
session of the Legislature when the dry forces defeated every attempt of the 
outlawed liquor traffic to pass resolutions, protests or bills that would in any 
way benefit them, while, on the other hand, four measures were enacted 
strengthening local option laws. 

At the head of the Federal Prohibition department is Col. J. F. J. Herbert. 
Col. Herbert is a man of ability, action and integrity. He has surrounded him¬ 
self with high grade men and is going about the law enforcement work in 
such a business like manner that he is commanding the respect of all think¬ 
ing people. He is demonstrating that local political bosses cannot make good 
on their pledge to protect the lawless element. There is consternation in the 
camp of the enemy in Maryland and a growing feeling of security on the part 
of those who believe if kw and order. Every line of business enterprise is 
a testimonial of better conditions under prohibition. The recent attacks on the 
Anti-Saloon League shows an abandonment, to a certain extent, at least, of the 
attack on prohibition as a policy. The wet press, in the so-called expose, 
has, unintentionally, carried to the people of Maryland evidences of the worth 
and efforts of the Anti-Saloon League that we were not able to get to the 
people in any other way. We speak with assurance when we say that there 
will be no backward step in Maryland and friends of good government will 
"see this thing through ” 


MICHIGAN 

By R. N. Holsaple, Superintendent 

Michigan was the second state in the Union to be organized in the Anti- 
Saloon League movement. 

In 1889 the Legislature enacted a County Local Option law under which 
Counties were given the privilege of voting for or against the sale of in¬ 
toxicating liquor within their boundaries. Van Buren County immediately 
voted dry and for a good many years was the only dry county in the State. 

In 1907, Local Option campaigns began to be conducted in other counties 
and for nine years the campaign was conducted vigorously throughout the state 
until a majority of the counties had voted to outlaw the liquor traffic. 

In 1916, the question of state-wide prohibition was voted upon and carried, 
the state entering the dry column May 1st, 1918. 

In 1919 a beer amendment to the constitution was submitted by the 
opponents of prohibition and defeated by over 207,000 majority. 

The state of Michigan furnishes one of the most difficult problems for the 


377 



enforcement of the National Prohibition Law. It is nearly surrounded by 
water, and a large portion of its territory is on the International boundary be¬ 
tween the United States and Canada. With the limited number of men assigned 
to Michigan by the prohibition department, it is impossible to do the general 
work of enforcing the National Prohibition law and at the same time ef¬ 
fectively suppress the importation of large quantities of liquor into the state 
from Canada. The Detroit river can be crossed in a few minutes and con¬ 
siderable liquor is being shipped across. 

Added to this handicap, is the fact that Detroit has a large foreign popu¬ 
lation, much of which is entirely unfriendly to prohibition and out of sympathy 
with its enforcement. In spite of this, however, the Detroit police department* 
the Michigan State police and the Federal Prohibition department are secur¬ 
ing better results in the enforcement of prohibition than might be expected. 
The number of arrests for drunkenness in the city of Detroit, as shown by 
the figures taken from the police records, have decreased from 19.2 per thou¬ 
sand of population in 1915 to 12.2 per thousand In 1926. 

The city has made a marvelous growth and development both as to pop¬ 
ulation and wealth during the prohibition years and while it need not be 
claimed that all of this improvement is due to prohibition, it is undoubtedly 
true that a very large part of it, particularly with regard to the increase in 
savings deposits, is accounted for by the fact that the class of people who make 
up the bulk of the savings bank depositors are not now spending their money 
for liquor. 

The Anti-Saloon League of Michigan has been a prominent factor in the 
campaign for better enforcement of the laws and will continue operation 
along this line, but at present it is giving special attention to a great educa¬ 
tional program along the line of Anti-Alcohol education and scientific temper¬ 
ance. It is believed that the only permanent solution of prohibition lies in 
education. Laws must be enforced, officers sympathetic to the plans and pur¬ 
poses of the prohibition law must be elected, but in the last analysis, the mental 
processes of the people must be directed along proper lines. It will be an eter¬ 
nal fight with progress made all too slowly, if at all, unless a generation can 
1/e brought up to know the truth about the alcoholic poison and knowing that 
truth, refrain from its use. With rich loafers, society leaders, prominent busi¬ 
ness people, politicians and others drinking liquor and boasting of their abil¬ 
ity to get it in violation of the law, it must be realized that our chief hope 
lies with the young. Accordingly a campaign of lectures, moving pictures and 
public exhibitions and demonstrations will be undertaken in the various cities 
and schools of the state. 

We are not discouraged with the present situation. Admitting all the fail¬ 
ures to enforce prohibition as well as the persistent violation of the law on 
the part of many people, prohibition in Michigan and throughout the country 
stands out today as the most signal success and beneficent blessing of any 
policy of government ever adopted by any people. Our task, however, is not 
behind us but ahead, and only the faint-hearted will fail or refuse to assign 
themselves to the complete fulfillment of that task regardless of the number 
of years required. 


378 


MISSISSIPPI 

By Rev. T. J. Bailed, D.D., Superintendent 

Prior to January 1, 1909, Mississippi was under a local option law adopted 
in 1886. As the result of the operation of this law, 69 of the 77 counties in 
the state had adopted prohibition before the state-wide law was enacted, leav¬ 
ing only about 10 per cent of the state’s entire area to be changed from the 
license to the no-license column when the prohibition law went into effect. 

The prohibition laws of Mississippi have been improved by every legis¬ 
lature since the local option law was passed in 1886. This legislation has been 
sustained by a healthy public sentiment. There have been no reactions. 

’ 1 'he legislature of 1918 had the distinction of putting on the statute 
books of Mississippi a bone-dry law. No whisky for any purpose whatever 
can be shipped into the state, and “no person can have, control or possess 
any whisky” whatever. 

The usual exceptions of wine for sacramental purposes and grain or pure 
alcohol for medicinal and mechanical purposes are made. The penalty for 
buying or possessing whisky is not less than $100, or thirty days in county 
jail, or both; and making or distilling any spirituous, vinous, malted, fermented 
or other intoxicating liquors imprisonment in the penitentiary for not more 
than three years. This law provides also that no property rights inhere in 
liquors used in violation of this law, nor in any fixtures, furniture, vehicle, con¬ 
veyance, boats or vessels when kept or used for the purposes of violating any 
laws of this state. 

Mississippi has the honor of being the first state in the Union to ratify 
the prohibitory amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The 
resolution providing for the ratification was adopted on January 8, 1918, by a 
vote of 23 to 5 in the Senate and 93 to 3 in the House. 

On Monday, March 7, 1921, the Supreme Court of Mississippi, sitting 
cn banc handed down a decision in the case of Merriwether vs. the State, in 
favor of the state. The contention of Merriwether was that federal anti-liquor 
legislation had nullified the dry laws of Mississippi. This adds another proof 
that Mississippi Anti-Liquor laws are almot invulnerable. They have stood 
many tests in the courts, both state and national, with the invariable result 
that they are held to be constitutional. 

The legislature of 1922 strengthened the prohibition laws, providing that 
any person convicted of having in his possession more than one quart of 
whisky or any other intoxicating drink shall be sentenced to serve not less than 
thirty days nor more than six months in jail, both penalties being in addition to 
the money fine fixed by the old law. This bill further provides that “no jus¬ 
tice of the peace or judge shall have authority to suspend said jail sen¬ 
tences.” 

A later legislature enacted a measure making it a felony to own, control 
or possess a still or parts thereof, the penalty being a fine of $300 or impris¬ 
onment up to three years, or both fine and imprisonment. Another measure 
provides that no residence or home or building or room or premises of resi¬ 
dence shall be searched without a warrant; but any cart, buggy, wagon, auto¬ 
mobile, motor truck, water or air craft, or any other vehicle believed to be 
used in carrying liquor in violation of law, may be searched without warrant. 

379 


The most trustworthy statistics and consensus of opinion agree that the 
amount of liquors now being used for beverage purposes is being gradually 
but surely reduced. This view is supported by the facts that drinking men 
are very rarely seen on our streets, or highways, or in public places, or at gath¬ 
erings; and that the county and municipal records show a very decided falling 
off in cases of drunkenness. Contrary to this view the liquor propagandist 
is insistent that there is more liquor used than before prohibition. This decla¬ 
ration is so nonsensical that it is scarcely worthy of notice. 

Liquor drinking is manifestly tapering down; our people are becoming 
more interested in law-observance and law-enforcement; the courts are se¬ 
curing more convictions and fixing heavier penalties; and conditions generally 
_are improving in a reasonably satisfactory manner. 

One very wholesome and helpful fact is that very few pardons for vio¬ 
lations of the prohibition law are being granted by our governor. There were 
only four' for the entire year of 1926, and two of these lacked just one day 
•each of serving out their full sentences; and in 1927 about the same proportion 
is being maintained. 

Mississippi has never been so prosperous as today. Evidences of this 
prosperity are seen on every hand, in the home, in the school, in the church, 
in society and in all business enterprises. 


MONTANA 

By Rev. W. L. Wade, Superintendent 

At the general election Nov. 2, 1926, the citizens of Montana, by their 
vote, repealed the state prohibition laws except that section which forbids 
the unlawful sale of intoxicants to minors. The vote cast, as reported by the 
state canvassing board, was: For repeal, 83,231; Against repeal, 72,982; Total 
.registered voters 227,098. Thus it will be seen that almost one-third of the 
registered vote was not cast on this proposition and it is generally' con¬ 
ceded that the repeal advocates or wets polled practically their entire strength. 
At this same election both dry congressmen were elected over wet op¬ 
ponents. 

We believe that a substantial majority of Montana’s citizens believe in 
the Eighteenth Amendment to the Federal constitution and in the state of 
Montana doing its part toward its honest enforcement. Definite plans are 
under way for the submission of a Bone Dry law to the voters to be voted 
-cn by them in Nov., 1928, and we confidently expect this measure will be 
.adopted. 

The causes for the repeal of the state prohibition law were undoubtedly 
First, over confidence and consequently lack of funds and lack of working or¬ 
ganization on the part of the drys. Second, the influence of the wet press, 
and circulation of vast quantities of false, wet propaganda, especially that 
dealing with taxation. Since the repeal of the state prohibition laws, drink¬ 
ing and drunkenness is much more open than before, dealers in illicit liquors 
have multiplied, but customers or users of intoxicants have not apparently 
increased, indicating that eight years has been sufficient to break the alcoholic 
'habit for most folks. 

The Federal Prohibition Department for the Nineteenth district has been 

380 



badly demoralized for several months, but is again getting under way with,. 
w r e believe, the driest and most competent personnel in its history. 

During the past year the Montana Anti-Saloon League has paid special 
attention to Temperance Education. In addition to our regular program of 
sermons, lectures and moving pictures, we have held two state conventions,, 
with especially high class programs. 

The Anti-Saloon League and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 
joined in the work of putting a scientific temperance lecturer in the public 
schools of the state. The Hon. W. D. Bayley, of Manitoba, Canada, was- 
engaged for this work. He visited seventy-eight cities and towns, and spoke in 
one hundred and eighteen schools to more than twenty thousand students. 
Without exception Mr. Bayley’s work was most highly cemmended by the 
school authorities. 


NEBRASKA 

By P. A. High, Superintendent 

The State Constitutional Prohibitory Amendment was voted upon at the 
general election November 7th, 1916. It carried by a majority of 29,442 and 
became effective May 1st, 1917. 

During the 1917 session of the legislature a very comprehensive enforce¬ 
ment code was adopted. Additions have been made to this law from time to 
time, making it one of the best and most drastic Prohibition laws in America. 
By legislative enactment the Governor of the State is made especially re¬ 
sponsible for the enforcement of the Prohibition law. He is given the right 
*o create any kind of machinery necessary for effective enforcement; his 
only restriction being, he must keep the expenses of the department within 
the appropriations made by the legislature. 

Sentiment Strong for Prohibition 

That sentiment for Prohibition is strong in Nebraska is attested among 
other things by the following facts: 

1. No one has been elected Governor of the State since the adoption of 
prohibition who has not declared himself strongly for that law. 

2. All other peace officers elected to State offices have been pronouncedly 

dry. 

3. An increasingly large per cent of local candidates elected to office 
have been dry. 

4. Every legislature since the adoption of Prohibition has been over¬ 
whelmingly dry and it has never refused to make an adequate ap¬ 
propriation for law enforcement. 

Prohibition a Success 

The facts above enumerated go to show that the people of Nebraska 
are not only satisfied with Prohibition, but that it is a success. For further 
evidences of the success of Prohibition attention is called to the following 
fa.cts: 

1. A larger percentage of convictions and heavier penalties. 

2. More activity and better efficiency on the port of local peace officers. 

3. A -decidedly increasing public sentiment for better law observance and 
better law enforcement. 


381 



4. A decrease in the flaunting of the law by the so-called “social elite.” 

The following account well illustrates the true situation in this State: 

“There was recently held the 50th anniversary of the organization of one 
of the counties in the Central Western part of the State. This county borders 
on the range section. The town in which the celebration was held, the county 
seat, has a population of a little over 2,500. Although it is the largest county 
in the state, territorially, it has a population of less than 30,000. 

“It is estimated that there were fully 15,000 people in attendance at the 
celebration. The program partook somewhat of the wild west nature. During 
the whole celebration, which ran late into the night, there was not a single 
person seen on the streets or elsewhere, who was under the influence of in¬ 
toxicating liquor and there was not a single arrest made for intoxication, dis¬ 
orderly conduct or for any other cause. Such a record as this would have 
been impossible in the old saloon days.” 

TEMPERANCE CONDITIONS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE 

By Ernest L. Converse, Superintendent N. H. Anti-Saloon League 

New Hampshire is just losing a temperance leader who has held for a 
decade a strategic position in the movement in this state. Rev. Jonathan S. 
Lewis introduced a bill for state-wide prohibition in the State legislature in 
1915. It failed of passage, but when introduced again in 1917 by the same 
man, it was passed. Major credit for its passage belongs to Mr. Lewis, al¬ 
though he had a group of able and devoted helpers. 

Mr. Lewis was then made the first State Commissioner of Law Enforce¬ 
ment to carry out the provisions of the bill. Later he became the Federal 
Director of Prohibition for the state. In January, 1927, he was promoted 
to be Assistant Federal Administrator for the New England district. So New 
Hampshire loses him, but the service does not lose his ability and consecration. 

Mr. Lewis was a pastor and a lifelong and active prohibitionist. For 
about ten years he was president of the New Hampshire Anti-Saloon League. 

To Mr. Lewis and to Rev. J. H. Robbins more than to any other two men, 
New Hampshire owes its relatively fine position in prohibition enforcement. 
Mr. Robbins was for 22J4 years up to 1924, Superintendent of the New Hamp¬ 
shire Anti-Saloon League. He was generally respected for his ability and his 
devotion. 

In New Hampshire, prohibition has a standing far more favorable than in 
many parts of the country. This is indicated by events in connection with a 
farewell banquet recently given to Rev. J. S. Lewis. It was a banquet to 
a prohibition enforcement officer. Among those present and speaking were 
the Governor of the State, one of the two Congressmen, the Judge of the Fed¬ 
eral Court for this District, the U. S. District Attorney, the most prominent 
candidate for the governorship at the next election, an ex-Jud'ge of the State 
Supreme Court, the police chiefs from the two largest cities, and others. Sev¬ 
eral other police chiefs, county solicitors, and sheriffs were present, as well 
as the Secretary of State, and other influential people. 

The state prohibition law is reasonably complete. The principal need 
now is a provision to penalize the purchaser as well as the seller, so as to 
deal with bootleggers who are sly and on whom it is difficult to prove a sale. 
A bill making this provision has been passed by the lower house in the State 
Legislature with a large majority at the last two sessions. That body is large 

382 



and representative of the popular will. The State Senate is a very small body, 
and by manipulating things there, the enemies of prohibition have blocked the 
passage of the bill. 

The Federal and State Courts are functioning very well here. Some of the 
municipal courts are doing well and some not so well. 

Perhaps our chief weakness is that some local communities are not giving 
enough attention to enforcement. They are expecting the state and federal 
departments to do all this type of work. 

Also, there has been a disposition on the part of some of the temperance 
elements to cease their efforts, feeling that now we have, the law, it is the 
business of the government to secure its enforcement. They do not realize 
the determination or the resources of the opposition. 

Arrests for drunkenness in the eight former “license” cities during the 
last year before state prohibition totaled over 8,000. In no year since has the 
number reached 4,000. This is in spite of the testimony of police officials 
that now men are arrested simply for being drunk, which was not the method 
followed in the old days. 1920 was the low year, in drunkenness, arrests 
being only a little over 1,300 for that year in the eight former license cities. 
From 1920 there was an increase each year until 1924 and 1925 when the totals 
were between 3,600 and 3,700. The year 1926 shows a decided decrease again 
to less than 3,200. 

Before prohibition, commitments to houses of correction in the State for 
drunkenness were running from 1,550 to 1,750 per year. The largest number 
since prohibition was 943, and the smallest 66. Before prohibition from 40 
to 50 were living in almshouses in the State, with the cause of their being 
there being given as intemperance. Since prohibition the largest year showed 22. 
One year there were none. The year 1925 showed two and 1926 gave only one. 


ENFORCEMENT CONDITIONS IN NEW JERSEY 

By Rev M. S. Poulson, Superintendent 

The State of New Jersey has the reputation of being one of the wettest 
cf the United States. It has earned its reputation by electing three governors 
and two United States Senators who have been outspokenly wet, especially 
one Edward I. Edwards, who, as a candidate for the Governorship repeatedly 
declared that, if elected Governor, he would do all he could to prevent prohi¬ 
bition being enforced in New Jersey, and also that he would “Make New Jer¬ 
sey as wet as the Atlantic Ocean.” This man, after serving three years as 
Governor, was later elected to the United States Senate where, in the 
same loud fashion, he has “frothed at the mouth” whenever prohibition has been 
mentioned. 

In contrast with the election of these men, New Jersey for eight years has 
elected to its legislature dry candidates from the great majority of its counties. 
This majority in the legislature ratified the Eighteenth Amendment, three years 
after it had refused to join the other 45 states which promptly did ratify; 
and, incidentally, it may be noted that of the three states that originally re¬ 
fused to ratify, New Jersey is the only one which since has ratified. These 
dry legislatures also passed a very complete and effective state law enforce- 

383 



ment code based on the National Volstead Act. This has now stood on the 
statute book five years and the wets have not been able to change so much as a. 
line of it. County by county, eighteen of the twenty-one counties in the State 
have several times given a majority for candidates standing on the dry side. 

The difficulty in New Jersey arises when a candidate is to be elected by a 
state-wide vote, such as elects the Governor and the United States Senators. 
Then the county of Hudson, across the river from down-town New York, 
containing such cities as Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken and Bayonne, 
where the population is from eighty to eighty-five per cent foreign, and where 
the Democratic political machine is probably the most effective one in the 
country, rolls up majorities on the wet side which overcome the dry majorities 
of the rest of the state. In the last election for Governor, for instance, 
outside of Hudson county there was a 68,000 majority for the dry candidate, 
and still the huge wet majority in Hudson county elected their candidate by 
43,000. If Hudson County could be pried loose from New Jersey, towed 
across the river and attached to down-town New York where it logically be¬ 
longs, New Jersey would be known as one of the dry states of the Union. 

While in the large cities and in a few of the counties where, in spots, the 
foreign element predominates, there is gross and open violation of the law, 
in most of the State conditions are fairly good and hundreds of places where 
the local hotels or saloons used to be and their victims used to be seen reel¬ 
ing through the streets or lying about drunk on a Saturday night, it is now 
a rare sight to see anyone showing signs of intoxication. In the majority of 
cities in the State one may go weeks without even seeing a drunken man, 
where they used to confront one at almost every turn. 

The “Padlock” procedure in the Federal Court has closed and pad¬ 
locked hundreds of salopns, and while a certain proportion of these padlocked 
resume business in some other near-by store or house, it is becoming in¬ 
creasingly difficult for a person not known to get a drink in these places. In 
some of the counties the County Courts are giving more severe penalties for 
those discovered violating the State Prohibition law than are given by the 
Federal Judges for the violators of the National law. In the matter of pad¬ 
locks, the Federal District of New Jersey has the best record of any district in 
the United States, save one. 

The Republican is the majority party in New Jersey and the large ma¬ 
jority of the Republican party is dry. Unfortunately many of its so-called 
leaders have refused to support their dry candidates regularly nominated in the 
primary elections. In our large cities these Republicans have very boldly 
worked for the election of a wet Democrat in preference to a dry Republican, 
thus helping to defeat their own candidate rather than to have the dry side 
triumph. 

Sentiment in the state is steadily swinging to the dry side, and it is 
being more and more clearly realized that it is worse than foolish to vote for a 
wet candidate who promises what he cannot fulfill, when he says that if elected 
he will do something to bring back beer and wine. The people begin to re¬ 
alize that the National law will stand supreme and unchangeable unless the 
majority of the states should send wet representatives to Congress; and since 
for five consecutive Congressess each one has been drier than the one before, 

384 


/■ 

they now see little hope of any change in the National law. New Jersey can 
elect a dry Governor whenever the large majority of the Christian citizens 
will go to the polls and vote in anything like the proportion that the wet 
voters of Hudson county vote for their wet candidates. There 90% of the 
registered votes are cast whereas in the dry parts of the state often less than 
50% vote. 

Deputy National Prohibition Commissioner Jones recently spent six weeks 
as Acting State Prohibition Administrator in New Jersey. On leaving he said 
that he found New Jersey was not anything like as wet as he had expected; 
that it was really no more wet than other states he was familiar with, and 
that in the six weeks he had been in Newark he had not seen a single drunken 
man in the city. Many other observers find conditions steadily growing bet¬ 
ter in the state, and express surprise that under the adverse conditions arising 
from the wet Governors and the wet judges and prosecutors appointed by 
such Governors, so much progress has been made. 


NEW YORK 

By Arthur J. Davis, Superintendent 

The State of' New York is probably the center of the organized rebellion 
against prohibition. By the repeal of the Mullan-Gage Act in 1923 the State 
has been left without any enforcement machinery, with the result that a lim¬ 
ited number of federal officials must bear the burden of enforcing the prohi¬ 
bition law. 

In New York City there is a tremendous population of foreign-speaking 
people who, for the most part, have not as yet been educated to see the value 
of prohibition. Added to this is the marked tendency of politicians in both the 
major political parties to cater to the liquor vote. The Democratic party un¬ 
der the leadership of Governor A1 Smith is openly committed to the liberal¬ 
ization of the Volstead law, and has persistently opposed the enactment of 
state enforcement legislation. Until 1926 there was a moderate tendency on 
the part of the Republican party to favor the drys which are so largely 
centered in the upstate counties which return large Republican majorities. 

In addition to all this, every large daily newspaper in New York City, 
together with many of the newspapers in the larger cities upstate are op¬ 
posed to prohibition. Taking all this into account, the Anti-Saloon League of 
New York has seen the great need of an educational campaign that would 
reach masses of the voters who have never understood the arguments for 
prohibition and before whom the facts have not yet been placed. 

The campaign for this purpose, inaugurated by the League, is the most 
comprehensive one which has ever been undertaken by the Anti-Saloon League 
of the state. It involves constructive efforts to revive the teaching of the ef¬ 
fect of alcohol on the human system in our public schools; the enlistment of 
interest on the part of students in our colleges and universities; the revival of 
prohibition activity in our churches and Sunday schools; work among our 
foreign speaking populations; the larger use of the radio and motion pictures, 
as well as the general circulation of literature designed to reach the masses 
with facts and arguments about prohibition. 

385 



As a means of making this campaign more effective, the League is work- 
ing out a system of organization reaching into the counties and communities 
with the ultimate purpose of having local representation in each community. 

There are many evidences that both the clergy and laity are deeply ap¬ 
preciative of this constructive effort on the part of the League, with the result 
' that churches which have been closed are now opening to League speakers 
and many men and women of affairs are increasing their subscriptions to the 
work of the organization. 

In the campaign in 1926 the prohibition forces of the state, working 
under the name of the Independent Republican Committee, organized a 
movement to defeat United States Senator James W. Wadsworth, Jr., for 
re-election. Senator Wadsworth has been a leader of the wet forces in the U. 
S. Senate, and, throughout his campaign for re-election, advocated the re¬ 
peal of the Eighteenth Amendment and its enforcing statutes. The Inde¬ 
pendent Republican Committee induced former State Senator Franklin W. 
Cristman to run as the nominee of the Independent Republican party against 
Senator Wadsworth. A campaign was organized, with S. E. Nicholson, As¬ 
sociate State Superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League, as chairman and 
campaign manager for the candidate. In the November- election Senator 
Cristman received upwards of 231,000 votes, a number sufficient to defeat 
Senator Wadsworth. This result has brought encouragement to the pro¬ 
hibition forces and a real sense of defeat to the liquor interests, inasmuch as 
Senator Wadsworth was looked upon as an outstanding wet leader, both in 
the State and in the United States Senate. 

The situation in the State of New York is by no means impossible. In 
the election of 1926 upwards of 780,000 registered voters failed to go to the 
polls, while it is a well known fact that tens of thousands of others did not 
even register because of their disgust at the tendency on the part of political 
leaders to commit the two leading political parties to the wet issue. It is 
most significant that in the twelve wettest counties of the state, which include 
the five counties of New York City and the Counties in which Buffalo, Roch¬ 
ester, Syracuse and Albany are situated, only 12 per cent of the registered vote 
last year was uncast, while in the other fifty counties which are largely dry, 
35 per cent of the registered vote did not appear at the polls. 

It may be safely assumed that the bulk of this uncast vote as well as 
of the unregistered vote in 1926 is favorable to prohibition. One of the prob¬ 
lems which confronts the prohibition forces is to convince the political leaders 
that it is the part of wisdom to make such nominations and adopt such poli¬ 
cies as will bring to the polls the largest possible number of these citizens 
who failed to vote in 1926. It is more than probable that a few more wet 
leaders will have to be defeated before this achievement is fully realized. 

The battle for prohibition in a state like New York is a most difficult 
one at best, but the movement is going forward with prospects of more far 
reaching results in the coming months. The League has a well-organized 
staff, second to none from the standpoint of ability and experience, which will 
constantly force the fighting for the maintenance of prohibition in the Em¬ 
pire State. 


386 


OHIO 

By Rev. E. J. Moore, D.D., Superintendent 

Enforcement laws in Ohio are in harmony with the Volstead Law and 
even go farther than does that national measure. Ohio has a State Prohibi¬ 
tion Commissioner appointed by the Governor with a generous appropriation 
for that Department. Mr. B. F. McDonald, the State Prohibition Commis¬ 
sioner, and Mr. W. H. Walker, the Federal Prohibition Director, working to¬ 
gether are gradually decreasing the violation of our prohibition law. Our in¬ 
ternational boundary at the lake is at all times a hazard, but the Federal 
Department has practically broken up “rum row” on Lake Erie. Transpor¬ 
tation by land from Canada by way of Detroit is another serious menace, but 
the State Department and the National Department have succeeded in re¬ 
ducing that to a great extent during the past two years. 

Justices of the peace in Ohio, and there are nearly twenty-five hundred 
of them, have been working under a law that has been in existence since 1808, 
which applied to all misdemeanor cases, -including prohibition. The Su¬ 
preme Court of the United States last winter held that one feature of that 
practice was contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Consti¬ 
tution. It had taken one hundred and nineteen years to find this out. In 
other words, no one objected to the law until it pinched the bootlegger. 
However, the legislature immediately passed a statute meeting the require¬ 
ments of the decision of the United States Supreme Court. This statute will 
become a law on August 9th, unless the wet interests succeed in securing a 
referendum which they are now trying to do. In the Legislature they made 
i o attempt to meet the requirements of the Supreme Court by any counter 
proposition, and then the measure passed with only twelve votes against it 
in the Senate and nine in the House. But the outlawed liquor traffic realizes 
that enforcement of law around our big cities is made practically impossible 
unless this bill goes into effect and are exerting themselves to the utmost to 
suspend its operation by a referendum to be voted on at the November elec¬ 
tion. The dry forces are confident that if the referendum comes, the bill will 
be sustained by an overwhelming majority, but it will mean another straight 
out wet and dry fight in the Ohio commonwealth. 


PENNSYLVANIA 

By Rev. Homer W. Tope, D.D., Superintendent 

During the recent session of our legislature the old alcohol interests at¬ 
tempted to submit a referendum, but were overwhelmingly defeated. They 
then put up a determined battle to destroy the value of our enforcement code 
by repealing the search and seizure, and the injunction clauses of our enforce¬ 
ment code. In this they miserably failed, the vote being 77 to 117. 

With but few exceptions our courts are responding encouragingly to the 
steadily growing sentiment in favor of the perpetuation and enforcement of 
the prohibition laws. A careful survey reveals the fact that stiff prison sen¬ 
tences increase respect for the law, and that the bad spots are to be found 
where judges merely assess a fine—in other words charge the bootlegger a 
license fee. 

The Anti-Saloon League is able to work in closest cooperation with Fed- 

387 



eral Directors Pennington at Pittsburg and Wynee at Philadelphia. Aggres¬ 
sive, fearless and honest, they are making the violator’s road an increasingly 
dangerous one to travel. 

In our Fall contest last year the League organized a campaign commit¬ 
tee to work in behalf of John S. Fisher, Republican, for Governor, and William 
B. Wilson, Democrat, for United States Senator. That committee reached 
approximately a half million voters with its literature. The fact that each 
of these dry candidates secured well nigh a quarter million votes more than his 
wet colleague on the same ticket did not harmonize with the claim of the 
wets, that prohibition sentiment is on the wane. By the largest vote ever 
given a candidate for Governor, Mr. Fisher was elected and has made good. 

The Pennsylvania League does not feel that the crooked official, or the 
criminal bootlegger constitute our gravest danger in this hour, nor do we 
consider that our greatest menace is the sophistry of Dr. Butler, the hatred 
of Senator James A. Reed, or the ambition of Gov. Smith. More to be 
feared than any or all of these is that ancient foe of every progressive move¬ 
ment—Major General Apathy. i 

We are profoundly grateful that in the Keystone State we have so large 
a percentage of genuine believers in the Eighteenth Amendment, who abso¬ 
lutely refuse to fall asleep. As for the others, we are using diligently, the 
moving pictures, the supper conferences, the Sunday services, and all other 
means at our command to keep the home fires burning. 

The State Superintendent has just toured the State and we find that the 
law is better enforced in Pennsylvania now than at any time since we se¬ 
cured national prohibition. The outlawed liquor interest is carrying on a most 
vicious campaign of false propaganda, inciting disloyalty to law and seeking to 
bring about the nullification of the people’s will, as expressed by this amend¬ 
ment. By their noise and clamor they have misled many and alarmed others who 
like the Servant of the Prophet cry out, “Alas! What shall we do?” 

Our duty lies plain before us. With resolute indomitable will, invincible 
determination and praiseworthy perseverance, we must press on. 


SOUTH CAROLINA 

By Rev. J. W. Guy, Superintendent 

On the 14th day of September, 1915, South Carolina held an election on 
the question of Prohibition vs. Dispensary. Prohibition carried by a vote of 
about three to one. The State gets drier and drier as the years go by. Even 
the wettest daily papers admit that if another election was to be held, the 
majority would be larger than when the law was passed. The laws of the 
state coordinate with the Volstead Act along general lines. The law prescribes 
a fine and jail sentence. The jail sentence is not mandatory, but it is getting to 
be more common, and public sentiment is more and more backing the Judges 
who impose it. The slogan “The bootlegger must go” is sinking into the 
consciences of the people. The demand is growing that the bootlegger shall 
go into a decent business, out of the state or to the Chain Gang. From pres¬ 
ent indications the law will soon be changed so that a Chain Gang sentence 
will be mandatory. When that is done, no matter how wet the judge may 
be. he can no longer “Hold Bargain Day for Bootleggers.” 

388 



Our Governor is a man of sterling Christian character, and was elected 
on a platform that called for rigid law enforcement. He has charge of the 
State enforcement, and has what is known as a State Constabulary, that av¬ 
erages about ten men. During the first five months of his administration his 
force has captured 32 stills; 208,741 gallons of beer, 3,710 gallons of whisky; 
confiscated 27 automobiles; made 704 arrests and conducted 504 investigations. 
Most of our sheriffs are really on their job, and with their deputies and the 
rural police are getting wonderful results. One sheriff last year captured 109 
stills, 3,000 gallons of liquor, and arrested 100 persons. One policeman, who 
held a State Constable’s commission, captured 785 gallons of whisky, 13 auto¬ 
mobiles, and arrested 18 men. One of our great assets in law enforcement 
is the splendid work and fine cooperation of the Federal Prohibition officers. 
One deputy prohibition administrator reported for 1926, 4,800 gallons of whisky, 
600 stills, and 75 automobiles captured. Enforcement of the law makes the 
law popular. Wherever the officers are active the sentiment in favor of the 
law is steadily growing. There are a few spots in the state where a great deal 
of educational work needs to be done. We are doing all we can to hold on 
to the large dry areas and dry up the wet spots. Agitation, through platform 
addresses, interviews, conferences and the distribution of literature, is being 
stressed to the limit of our ability. Our great need at this time is a larger 
financial asset so as to enlarge our working program. 

A large majority of our state legislature is for prohibition, and every Con¬ 
gressman and Senator from our state votes dry in Congress. 

The observance and enforcement of prohibition in the State will become 
more efficient in proportion as the public conscience is aroused. This is the 
major work of the League. 

Prohibition sentiment is gaining ground every day. Juries are convicting 
and verdicts are heavier. Thinking people are realizing that law enforce¬ 
ment is absolutely essential for a well ordered community, and that “the 
bootlegger must go.” The Anti-Saloon League is playing its part in this work 
by continuously keeping the matter of enforcement before the public and not 
allowing men and women to forget that they owe a duty to the state, to the 
public and to their God. 


RHODE ISLAND 

By R. P. Hutton, Superintendent 

The outstanding fact in the Rhode Island wet and dry situation this year 
is that, in spite of the alliance of both political party organiztaions with the 
wets, dry sentiment has been so organized and focused that the drys have 
held the prohibition enforcement line, and at some points have advanced it, 
wherein this mite of a state has done a mighty thing for prohibition in the 
United States this year. 

The 1926 Democratic state platform frankly declared for repeal of prohi¬ 
bition. They suffered the worst defeat in recent years, while Attorney General 
Charles P. Sisson, on the Republican ticket, backed by the drys, polled the 
largest vote of any candidate in the state. 

In Federal Court liquor sentences have gone up in Rhode Island from the 
famous $5 fine until today they are measured in hundreds and thousands in 

389 



most cases, with generous doses of imprisonment for citizens and exile for 
aliens thrown in. Juries convict more quickly. More than 100 of the “big 
fellows” and “higher-ups’’ here have been indicted for conspiracy. Sigmund 
Rand, the “king of the rum-runners,” and his “gang” have been convicted and 
sentenced to the penitentiary. For ten months a padlock, the first in Rhode 
Island, has decorated the Consumers’ Brewery in Cranston. “Moonshine 
Valley,” Central Falls, has been dry-cleaned by the federal forces so often 
that in sheer desperation the local police have at last begun to function. A 
new city administration in Woonsocket and a new police head in Bristol 
have improved conditions in both places; even Newport is not so bad as ii 
once was. Conditions have improved in the Towns of Warwick, West War¬ 
wick, Cranston and North Providence. The large stills in the wooded sec¬ 
tions of the towns of Smithfield and Burrillville have been destroyed as have 
some of the little stills in t.he town of Exeter. 

Federal Prosecution 

The most remarkable prohibition enforcement document put forth in the 
United States this year was the Report of the Federal Grand Jury in Provi¬ 
dence, R. I., in March, calling upon the courts to give maximum sentences, 
including imprisonment, to American citizens, and maximum fines plus depor¬ 
tation to aliens; and calling upon all citizens to unite in the effort to create a 
quickened public conscience in support or raw enforcement. The commenda¬ 
tion given the U. S. District Attorney’s office and the Prohibition department 
by that report is well deserved. It is doubtful if these departments are sur¬ 
passed by similar departments anywhere. 

State Enforcement 

The State Attorney General’s Department has been vigorous in prose¬ 
cution, but fatally handicapped because the heaviest penalties possible under 
fhe state law are utterly insignificant. The courts have held that a law with 
no penalty is no law. Hence, a law with not much of a penalty is not much 
of a law. Before prohibition we had compulsory jail sentences plus compul¬ 
sory fine for the first offense of making or selling liquor without a license. 
We had only a dozen or so places that had prohibition by local option. Then 
prohibition came for the whole state, and the General Assembly took away 
all of the imprisonment and made the fine optional instead of compulsory. 
Thus did we handicap our officials. It was as if, having ten acres and a plow 
to cultivate it with, we gave them instead 100 acres and ordered them to do it 
with a hoe—a Republican measure which belied their claim to be the “party of 
law and order,” and this year, with three-quarters of the House Republican, 
they defeated the McMeehan Bill to restore in part the penalties. Providence 
presents the best example of prohibition enforcement of any large city in 
America, due to the non-partisan police commission, a conscientious and cap¬ 
able superintendent of police, and a high order of intelligence amongst the 
men on the beat. 

Rhode Island has an unusually influential and widely-distributed Board 
of Trustees. 

Activities of the Past Year 

Including the monthly edition of the American Issue, more than 80,000 

390 


pieces of mail have been put into the Post Office, and three-quarters of a 
million book pages of literature have been circulated, a large part of it under 
congressional frank or newspaper pound ratesr We conducted by far the 
largest letter campaign we have ever carried out, with an ever-increasing list 
of co-operating sympathizers secured. On Sunday, January 16, the seventh 
anniversary of prohibition, the entire state was covered with law enforcement 
rallies, 26 meetings, addressed by outstanding figures, local, state and national, 
including many officials. Forty-four sermon-slogans were entered in the con¬ 
test for the best “dry” slogan used in a sermon by a Rhode Island minister on 
that date. Rev. C. M. Gallup, of Central Baptist Church, Providence, won 
the prize, $20.00, which he plans to use as prizes for the best summary of 
Prof. Irving Fisher’s book, “Prohibition At Its Worst,” the contest to be open 
to members of church schools connected with the Rhode Island Council of 
Religious Education. Several large public luncheons have been held. 

Program for the Coming Year 

1. To organize in every town a law-enforcement and non-partisan voting 
committee for the purpose of: 

(a) Furnishing officials with reliable, definite and detailed information 
regarding law-violators. 

(b) To secure concerted non-partisan action by the voters, and to con¬ 
centrate such non-partisan vote upon a few strategic offices. 

(c) To secure fair news treatment by the press. 

2. Repeat the annual educational week (January 15-22), again offering 
prizes for the best Christian citizens’ creed on Prohibition. 

3. To furnish posters for the Temperance Sunday every three months 
which can be used in teaching the Sunday School lesson and then posted 
cn the bulletin board. 

4. To secure funds to buy educational films and moving picture outfit. 


CONDITIONS IN SOUTH DAKOTA 

By H. E. Dawes, {Superintendent 

-The general sentiment favorable to the prohibition law is improving. The 
people in some localities are rendering satisfactory help and cooperation with 
the officers in their efforts to enforce the law. In general there is a manifest 
improvement in the observance of the law all over the state. 

Owing to the crop and bank failures of the last three years, South Da¬ 
kota has been so badly hurt financially that contributions and pledges for the 
support of the work of the Anti-Saloon League are much lower than normal. 
With the improved business conditions and the assurance of a bountiful har¬ 
vest, now being gathered, the financial conditions are expected greatly to im¬ 
prove. 

Each succeeding legislature is drier than the preceding one. ‘ Although 
there are always attempts to repeal, refer and modify our bone dry Prohi¬ 
bition law they are defeated in committees of the legislature or on the floor, 
by ever increasing majorities. A petition was presented to the last legislature 
asking for the repeal of the Prohibition laws by referendum vote and the 
prayer of that petition was denied by both branches of the legislature. 

391 



TENNESSEE 

By Rev. Andrew B. Wood, Superintendent 

Public sentiment in Tennessee is for prohibition. The State Legislature 
in recent session was dry, the Liquor Committee killing the bill which pro¬ 
posed the sale of whisky by medical prescription. The members of Congress 
and United States Senators from this state uniformly supported prohibition 
in the last session of Congress. Governor Austin Peay in the midst of the 
wet furore in Washington held a conference of District Attorneys-General and 
United States District Attorneys in the state Capitol, looking toward better 
enforcement of the temperance laws of the state and nation. 

The public schools of Tennessee teach the poisonous effect of alcohol 
on the human system, and inculcate respect for the law, including the Eight¬ 
eenth Amendment. 

Many religious denominations in the state officially endorse prohibition. 
Strong support of prohibition is given by prominent business men throughout 
the state. A typical statement of attitude was made by James E. Caldwell, 
outstanding commercial and financial leader in the South, in addressing the 
Exchange club; “Whisky, I believe, is the mother of all evils. Say what you 
will about prohibition, it is a wonderful improvement, and the United States 
is the most prosperous nation in the world. Drinking men and drinking na- 
. tions cannot stand the competition of a nation of sober men.” 

The chiefs of police of _ our cities inform us that drunkards have prac¬ 
tically disappeared from the streets. Our cities are like others, no better, 
no worse. 

Federal Administrator W. O. Mays, of the 11th district, stands for im¬ 
partial enforcement. After a futile attempt of the powerful Hermitage 
Club of Nashville, to foil a raid by his officers on April 26, 1927, the lockers 
revealed sixty full quarts of whisky, and forty or more partly filled, and 
empty whisky bottles, bearing such labels as “Old Scotch,” “House of Lords,” 
“Rye Whisky” and so on. The daily newspapers of Nashville, though dry, 
were forced into silence by the influence of the club. But the public was in¬ 
formed, by circulars, and by cooperation of the United States District At¬ 
torney and District Attorney-General for the state the club was compelled to 
surrender the bootlegger, remove the lockers, and adopt a resolution of ex¬ 
pulsion of any member who drank or stored liquor on the premises. 

Administrator Mays has inaugurated a plan of cooperation with state 
officers in such a way as to secure good results. He has compiled a survey 
of work done by sheriffs. A campaign for better sheriffs is now in course. 

While it is usually considered that the question of prohibition is a closed 
issue here, and that its repeal is not expected, yet there is appropriateness in 
the old motto of “eternal vigilance,” because the Association Against the Pro¬ 
hibition Amendment has active branches in Tennessee. The stubbornness and 
financial resourcefulness of the wet crowd demand vigorous activity by the 
Anti-Saloon League. The program of the wets is one of nullification. Our 
state will prefer to follow its own illustrious leader, Andrew Jackson, who 
was no nullificationist. 

The political history of Tennessee, normally a Democratic state, shows 
that the people will break party lines in an emergency and vote for a candi- 

392 


date of another party, as indicated in 1910 when they elected Ben W. Hooper, 
Republican, as a dry governor. President Harding carried the state in 1920. 

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and Tennessee Anti-Saloon 
League work in splendid harmony in promoting abstinence and prohibition. 

The Tennessee Anti-Saloon League with an appalling scarcity of funds, 
but with faith and endurance, pursues its educational task, sends out its speak¬ 
ers, distributes timely literature, watches and checkmates the political activi¬ 
ties of the wets, puts effort into improving the federal and local enforcement of 
prohibition, and counsels with myriad local groups about their problems. 

To know a crisis when one exists, 

To meet it at all odds; 

To stick to a fight worth while until it is 
Won—that is a man’s job. 


TEXAS 

By Rev. Atticus Webb, Superintendent 

When the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified, and Texas had voted a 
dry amendment to her own constitution, the dry forces, themselves loyal to 
the government and expecting the same loyalty on the part of the wet forces, 
believed sincerely that the long fight against rum had ended, and was ready 
to quit even before an adequate code was written. 

Immediately, the wet political leaders launched a propaganda to the effect 
that the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment took the question of sup¬ 
pressing traffic in alcoholic liquor out of the hands of the local officers and 
local courts, and made it exclusively a federal job. This propaganda was car¬ 
ried out so extensively and so convincingly that even some of the district 
judges into w r hose courts exclusively the prosecution was placed by state 
laws, announced to officers and grand juries that they should not bring any 
liquor indictments into their courts, that this was now left up exclusively to 
the federal government. All this tended to paralyze the local enforcement of 
our dry laws, and has constituted the greatest obstacle to its enforcement. 

With local officers thus paralyzed, the public taught by the wets to look to 
the federal government for enforcement, and very few federal officers avail¬ 
able, the bootleggers from the cities began to circulate through the more rural 
sections, causing unsatisfactory results in those sections, where local prohi¬ 
bition had been well nigh perfect. This constitutes practically the sole well- 
tounded criticism of our national dry law, and should not be charged to the law, 
but to the efficacy of wet propaganda and the local indifference on the part 
of the dry forces. 

In the cities, drunken men. bleared eyes and red noses disappeared from 
the streets. Common observation would not reveal a drunken person more 
than once a year to each observer. The police blotter, however, shows a 
somewhat different record. At first these records show an average of ninety 
per cent fewer drunks, but the number has been gradually increasing up to the 
last year or two. They are now on the decline. 

A comparison of conditions in Dallas will serve as an average for the 
state. In 1914 Dallas had 100,000 population, 250 saloons, and 5,235 drunks. 
During the year ending April 30, 1927, the city had 300,000 population, no sa¬ 
loons, and 4,122 drunks. The county officers and courts did little during 

393 



this year to hinder the bootleggers. The improvement was due almost 
solely to respect for the law, and not to law enforcement. 

The improvement, however, is greater than appears on the surface. If the 
record of 5,235 drunks when the city had 100,000 population had been main¬ 
tained in 1926 when the city had 300,000, we should have had 15,705 drunks in 
1926, but we had only 4,122. When we had saloons the police officers did 
not arrest drunks unless they began to disturb the peace. It was estimated 
that they did not arrest more than four out of every ten to be seen on the 
streets and never went into houses for them except in cases of disturbance. 

Under prohibition they claim they arrest every one found under the 
influence of liquor. It is estimated that they do arrest nine out of ten. If 
these estimates are correct then, under saloons we had 13 drunks per year 
per hundred population, and under prohibition we are having one and a third 
drunks per hundred per year, or one tenth what we had under the saloon 
regime. Our acquaintance with the state leads us to believe this will hold good 
for all the cities of the state. 

When Dallas had 100,000 population, and 250 saloons, her murders num¬ 
bered from 60 to 65 per year. Now with three times the population her mur¬ 
ders number from 35 to 40 per year. Then Dallas county sent more boys 
alone to the state reformatory than it does now of both boys and girls, though 
our population has trebled. 

Drinking among the youth is reaching low levels. Of the many state, 
church and private colleges and universities of Texas all report to us that 
drinking among students causes no worry, except in the State University. In 
Lhis institution during the first half of the last year among 5,000 students 
only three complaints of drinking were made to the faculty committee on 
discipline. The students maintain a committee on guard to watch for such 
conduct and pledged to report. This committee is present on every occasion 
where students congregate for any purpose. 

The great majority of our citizens accept the Eighteenth Amendment as 
final, are glad we have the policy, and do not want liquor or the traffic back. 
Drinking and protest against prohibition comes mainly from a small per¬ 
centage of the rich, a large per cent of the underworld, and a few respectable 
people who occasionally fall for the propaganda of the wets. 

As an indication of the trend of public sentiment on prohibition we note 
the recent announcement of a candidate for the United States Senate. Hon. 
O. B. Colquit, has been the great leader of the wet forces. Twice he was 
elected governor on a wet platform. He spoke against state prohibition in 
our campaign in 1911 while he was governor. He now announces on a bone- 
dry platform. 

The results of prohibition in Texas have been so convincing to thoughtful 
men and women that we sincerely doubt whether, if an election were held, 
saloons would be readmitted to any city in Texas on a strictly city vote. 

At this writing most of the daily papers of Texas are engaged in a pub¬ 
licity campaign to force the nomination of a wet candidate for president in 
i 928. Their efforts get little response from the masses. Texas is dry to stay 
dry, and is beginning to show a distinct annoyance at the great noise a few 
wets are making. 


394 


We have in Texas a small animal known as a coyote, a small wolf. If 
you ever hear one of them howl at night, you would swear that twenty-five 
were howling. The noise made in opposition to prohibition in Texas is 
made by booze coyotes. 


VERMONT 

By Albert E. Laing, Superintendent 

Last fall we elected a dry Legislature and a thoroughly dry Governor. 
The deputy Prohibition Administrator for the State, and his field staff are 
in favor of the law and are doing excellent work. The Collector of Cus¬ 
toms on the border, and his splendid assistants are also for prohibition and 
are doing their best to cripple rum running on the border. Our sheriffs and 
State’s Attorneys throughout the State, this year, I find, are a little above the 
average on the enforcement question and thus we are able to report that con¬ 
ditions are slowly but surely improving. The majority of our Judges in our 
City and Municipal courts, are strongly in favor of handing out justice to the 
bootleggers and rum runners, and many of them are being sent to prison. 

The breaking up of Rum Row on the Atlantic seaboard, had the effect, to 
some extent, of increasing rum-running across the border in order to supply the 
demand for liquor in the large cities scattered throughout the states south of 
us. It has been necessary for the Federal Government and the State to add 
extra patrolmen in order to cope with the increased smuggling over the border. 
We are pleased to report that these men are doing good work and a large 
number of cars, loaded with liquor, are being captured and the drivers brought 
i.o justice. However, the officers are not able to locate many of the guilty par¬ 
ties higher up, who reap the profits from the game, and thus the business of 
securing Canadian booze goes on indefinitely in order to satisfy the demand 
of thirsty American citizens who claim that Uncle Sam has interfered with 
their “personal liberty.” 

The Anti-Saloon League is cooperating with all the above agencies in 
a very harmonious w r ay and we are doing our best to mould sentiment in favor 
of the observance and enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment. 


VIRGINIA 

By Rev. David Hepburn, Superintendent 

Virginia was first settled at Jamsteown in the year 1607, and was one of 
the original thirteen states of the Union. The land is 42,627 square miles, 
and is divided into three sections; the Seaboard, or Tidewater; the Piedmont, 
or Foothills, and the Valley. The Valley section has been called the “Garden 
of America.” The basic wealth of the state, such as forests, lands and min¬ 
erals, comprising coal, copper, lead, gold and various other minerals, is esti¬ 
mated at $342,642,000. The population in 1927 is estimated at two and one- 
half millions. Her citizens are loyal and patriotic, and have contributed more 
than their share to the moral and material greatness of the nation. Her 
statesmen have been conspicuous for their marked ability at home and abroad 
from the days of George. Washington to those of Woodrow Wilson, the vic¬ 
torious leader of the nation in the World War. 

395 




Prohibition 

Virginia was the ninth state in the Union to adopt Prohibition as a 
governmental policy, and the second state to ratify the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment. In 1916 the General Assembly adopted a Law Enforcement Code, 
that has been amended from time to time to carry out the expressed will of 
the majority of the people. This experience of ten years of State-wide Prohi¬ 
bition has demonstrated that prohibition imperfectly enforced is the only ef¬ 
fective way ever employed by any civilized people to reduce the age-old evils 
of the beverage liquor traffic, and increase the peace, happiness and pros¬ 
perity of the people. 

Law Enforcement 

The Constitution of the State makes the Governor the chief law en¬ 
forcement official, but the General Assembly has charged the Attorney Gen 
eral with the responsibility for the enforcement of the law, and has made an 
appropriation of $70,000 per year to carry out the will of the people as ex¬ 
pressed in the state-wide election in 1914. The result of the Democratic 
primary on August 2, 1927, indicates that the vast majority of the members 
nominated for the General Assembly are staunch friends of prohibition, and 
that a number of outstanding radical wet members were defeated. The next 
legislature will be the driest since the adoption of state-wide prohibition. 
This shows cconclusively that the people of Virginia have not changed their 
position on the Prohibition question. 

The report of the Attorney General for 1926, shows that 12,017 defendants 
were arrested and convicted the past year. The jail sentence imposed was 
14,858 months, a total of 1,238 years. 

In addition, the courts imposed fines amounting to $500,229.98. The 
agents captured 47,187 gallons of liquor, and destroyed $779,248 worth of prop¬ 
erty, such as stills, mash, fermenters, etc. If we were to estimate the loss of 
time spent in jail, and the lawyers’ fees for the defense, we would get some 
idea of the price the lawless liquor element had to pay to carry on their ne¬ 
farious business, and the weaklings who drink moonshine liquor pay the bill. 
The State prohibition law, in ten years, has been at least as well enforced as the 
Ten Commandments written by the hand of God four thousand years ago. “Pro¬ 
hibition at its worst is better than license at its best.” 

Financial Record 

From the report of the Auditor of Public Accounts for the year 1915, 
the income of the state for the upkeep of the government was only $7,675,- 
733.72, while the report for 1926 shows that the income was $33,131,160.97, an 
increase of $25,455,525.23 over the last wet year. 

The value of bank stocks for the purpose of taxation increased $41,049,410. 
The taxes paid by the railroads increased from $1,426,818.17 to that of $3,- 
328,405.86. Other industries of the state increased proportionately. 

Good Roads 

In 1915 the main roads in the State Highway system were almost im¬ 
passable. Virginia, figuratively speaking, was in the mud. The total expen¬ 
diture for the building and upkeep of roads in 1915 was only $657,443.64, 
but according to the auditor’s last report, Virginia spent, in 1926, $15,760- 

396 


801.04, on new roads and the upkeep of roads already -built. The total highway 
mileage in the state is 53,338. Of this 803 miles have been built of concrete 
and 2,112 have been hard surfaced. Virginia ranks today 27th among the 
states in the total mileage in the state highway system; 21st in the number of 
automobiles (322,614), and 18th in the receipts for automobile licenses and 
gasoline tax ($10,480,145 in 1926). 

Schools 

From the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the school 
population in 1915 was 658,926, while in 1926 it was 701,534, an increase for 
the ten years of 42,718. The school attendance for the same period increased 
115,555. This increase may be accounted for by stricter legislation with ref¬ 
erence to compulsory attendance upon school of children under fourteen 
years of age, and because of the efficient service of Superintendent Harris 
Hart, but a large per cent of the increase in attendance is due to the fact 
that fewer children today are working to support drunken parents. 

In 1915 the value of school property in Virginia was $16,206,721, while in 
1926 it was $54,846,235, an increase in value of school property of $33,909,195. 
The number of graduates from accredited four year high schools in 1915 was 
1,489, while in the session of 1925-26 the number of graduates was 6,946. 

The steady growth and development of the school system in Virginia is 
a source of pride to our citizenship. 

Dependents 

From the report of the Board of Public Welfare, we find that the depen¬ 
dent class is fast disappearing from the various sections of the State. Thirty- 
two counties have no paupers in the almshouses, and 48 of the counties have 
only from one to five dependents, and there is a concerted movement to 
consolidate the counties and to build regional almshouses to cut down over¬ 
head expenses. Many of the almshouses of the state are now devoted to ex¬ 
perimental stations for the benefit of the farmers, and may be henceforth 
christened “prosperity stations.” 

The above report shows that there has been a reduction of 8,500 in the 
number of persons helped by organized charities. In 1915, the last wet year, 
the dependent class numbered 578 per 100,000 of the population, while in 1926, 
it was reduced to 264. From 1915 to 1926 the population of the state in¬ 
creased 12 per cent, and pauperism decreased 49 per cent. The saving to 
the taxpayers of the commonwealth for the upkeep of dependents amounted 
to three-quarters of a million dollars; that is, if we had the same number of 
dependents today in proportion to the population that we had in 1915, at 
the present cost for their upkeep, the cost would be $750,000 more than it was 
in 1926. 

We do not claim that the present marvelous moral, material and financial 
prosperity is all due to the prohibition of the beverage liquor traffic. But we 
do believe that the millions of dollars worse than wasted, which were spent 
for intoxicating liquors in the saloon days, and are now transferred to legitimate 
industrial business, constitute the largest contributing factor in the present 
development and prosperity of the State. 

397 


WASHINGTON 

By B. N. Hicks, Superintendent 

Our national organization made a thorough investigation of conditions 
throughout the United States as it relates to the prohibition cause, and this in¬ 
vestigation showed in 1925 that the State of Washington was badly in need 
of reorganization along the lines of a constructive League program. At the 
request of the national superintendent I accepted^ my election by the Headquar¬ 
ters Committee of the Anti-Saloon League of Washington, confirming the 
nomination made by the General Superintendent. 

One of the first things I did was to correspond with the ministers 
throughout the state. Our list in the office showed about 700 ministers. 
J addressed a letter to each one, and to my amazement, about five hundred 
of these letters were returned, which indicated two things: 

First: That the list of ministers had not been kept up to date. 

Second: That many of the letters were refused by the pastors them¬ 
selves for reasons satisfactory to themselves. 

I think I can frankly say that we did not have more than twenty-five 
active, cooperative churches when I accepted the work in Washington. There 
are reasons for this situation, and it will serve no good purpose to discuss 
them. We now have more than six hundred cooperating churches in the 
state, and many Sunday schools are using our literature in their class work. 

I have attempted to carry out a program of three departments: First; law 
enforcement; second, legislation; third, education, with great emphasis on 
the educational merits of our work, which has been grossly neglected here in 
the last five or six years by individuals as well as by organizations. 

I soon realized it was absolutely impossible for one man to put on an 
effective program, and I secured, at my earliest convenience, Mr. E. E. Barker, 
associate state superintendent, and Mr. D. P. French, district superintendent 
in charge of our Tacoma office, and to these two men must be attributed a 
large amount of the success and progress which we have made. 

We have spoken in 450 churches at the regular morning and evening ser¬ 
vices; addressed the State Association of Sheriffs and Peace Officers; ad¬ 
dressed the State Association of Prosecuting Attorneys; spoke to an organi¬ 
zation of young attorneys of Seattle; addressed Whitman College students at 
Walla Walla (attendance 500); College of Puget Sound (300); Tacoma Parent 
Teachers Association (200); Spokane Rotary Club (200); Centralia Kiwanis 
Club (200); Tacoma Lutheran Club (200); Everett Rotary Club (150); Aber¬ 
deen Rotary Club (90); Gyro Club of Seattle (50); State Grange convention 
(1,000); a large number of W. C. T. U. meetings in all parts of the state; Min¬ 
isterial Associations of all co-operating denominations; addressed Men’s 
Clubs of Presbyterian Church of Seattle (50); Brotherhood Meeting of First 
Methodist Church, Seattle (350); Y. M. C. A. (50); Women’s Legislative 
Council of Washington (100); Baptist State Convention (500); Law Enforce¬ 
ment League of Seattle (100); State Home Missionary Society (100); Wash¬ 
ington State Christian Endeavor Society (500); Eastern and Western Wash¬ 
ington Christian Church Convention (600); Municipal League of Seattle (50); 
Washington Congregational Conference; Commercial Club, Friday Harbor 
(75); put on 50 dialogue debates in schools and churches, subject “Can Prohi- 

398 


bition Be Enforced?” and have spoken to many other groups too numerous 
to name. 

I visited British Columbia to study the results of government control of 
the liquor traffic, and upon my return I made a written report and sent it to 
all pastors of the state and to many laymen. We have corresponded with about 
500 justices of the peace in the State, giving them advice in liquor cases, and 
correcting errors in the proceedings which gave us better results in law en¬ 
forcement. We have written many thousands of letters to people throughout 
the State advising them how to proceed to get better local law enforcement. 

We have about 600 cooperating churches in the State of Washington. 
I am glad to report that the churches are cooperating splendidly at this 
time. When we showed the ministers and laymen that we had a constructive 
program, we had no trouble in getting cooperation. 

We have prepared and had printed and distributed more than 700,000 
pages of literature, much of it going into the public schools of the state. We 
have held sixteen county-wide dry conferences, working out a system for bet¬ 
ter cooperation among national, state and local enforcing agencies, which has 
brought splendid results. I am now having printed a series of four pamphlets 
in quantities aggregating about five hundred thousand pages. These four 
pamphlets are especially adapted to use in the public schools, Sunday schools, 
and young people’s meetings. 

One of the important activities of the League of the State has been its 
legislative work. There were three distinctive wet measures introduced, all 
of which tended to destroy the enforcement of the prohibition law. These 
measures were defeated. There were also three dry measures, the purpose 
of which was to strengthen our prohibition law, and make its enforcement 
more efficient. These three dry bills were defeated. The reason why we 
could defeat the wet measures was that a majority of the individual mem¬ 
bers of the legislature were politically dry, and would not have voted for legis¬ 
lation which would have destroyed prohibition in this state, after it had been 
voted by the people. The reason why we could not pass any dry bills was 
that the legislature was organized by wet influence and members of com¬ 
mittees in both houses were so constituted and dominated by the wets that it 
was impossible to get a bill on the calendar for final vote. 

Our real fight in 1928 election will be to elect not only a dry legislature, but 
a dry governor, a dry lieutenant governor, and other officials who have to do 
with the enforcement of prohibition as a policy. 

As a supplement to our educational work, we are putting on dialogue 
debates entitled “Can Prohibition Be Enforced?” These debates are put on 
in churches, Sunday schools, high schools and grade schools. 

The next twelve months of our work will be largely educational, of course, 
laying the foundation for the acid test that prohibition will be put to in 1928. 

WISCONSIN 

By Rev. J. F. Hartman, D.D., Superintendent 

During the past two years the character of the work of the Anti-Saloon 
League in the state of Wisconsin has been governed somewhat by the action 
of the wets. 


399 



The Legislature in 1925, passed a joint resolution providing for a refer¬ 
endum in the State of Wisconsin. This referendum was in the form of a re¬ 
quest to the Congress of the United States as follows: 

“Shall the Congress of the United States amend the ‘Volstead 
Act’ so as to authorize the manufacture and sale of beer, for bever¬ 
age purposes, of an alcoholic percentage of 2.75 per cent, by weight, 
under government supervision, but with the provision that no beverage 
so purchased shall be drunk on the premises where obtained?” 

The Anti-Saloon League went into the Supreme Court in an effort to 
prevent this request being placed on the ballot in the fall election of 1926, on 
the grounds that it was not constitutional. The Supreme Court decided 
against this on the ground that the people had a right to be heard and there¬ 
fore it went on the ballot. The vote in the state was largely in favor of beer. 
The drys, however, for the most part, did not vote. 

In the legislature of 1927, the resolution of this referendum was used by 
the wets as a reason for all sorts of attempted wet legislation. Several reso¬ 
lutions were passed by the legislature of 1927, asking Congress to do all sorts 
of things in regard to the Eighteenth Amendment and the Prohibition law. 
One resolution requested Congress to provide for a national referendum,, 
which, of course, is meaningless. Another resolution requested Congress to 
call a National Constitutional Convention to repeal the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment. Still another resolution asked Congress to submit in the regular way 
a resolution providing for the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment. An¬ 
other resolution was introduced and passed the Lower House severely con¬ 
demning the Anti-Saloon League, its purpose and its methods. When this 
resolution reached the Senate, one of the dry Senators moved to amend the 
resolution, by censuring the Association Against Prohibition and requesting 
the Attorney General to proceed with his investigation in order to ascertain 
whether or not the Association Against Prohibition was violating the Corrupt 
Practice Act. This resolution as amended was defeated in the Senate, the 
wets being opposed to any investigation of the activities of the Association 
Against Prohibition. 

The Duncan Beer Bill provides as follows: “The penalties provided in this 
sub-section shall apply and be enforced only when the liquor in question has 
an alcoholic percentage of more than 2.75 per centum by weight.” 

This sub-section refers to the State prohibition law, known as the Severson 
Act in which the penalties are provided for violation of the State iaw. This 
bill passed the lower house by a good majority and passed the senate by 
one vote, but was vetoed by Governor Zimmerman. The wets in the house 
could not muster anything like enough votes to pass the bill over the Gov¬ 
ernor’s veto and, of course, it could not possibly be passed in the Senate over 
his veto. The bill providing for the repeal of the State Prohibition law known 
as the Severson Act passed the Lower house, but failed in the Senate by a 
2 to 1 vote against it. 

It is therefore pretty well established in Wisconsin that the people do not 
desire the repeal of the State Prohibition Law and that they do not favor wet 
legislation that is not in harmony with the national law. 

It is generally regarded throughout the state that the dry forces won rt 

400 


great victory this year. The Anti-Saloon League is endeavoring to carry 
on the program of the League as outlined by our National Executive Com¬ 
mittee and in harmony with the principles upon which the Anti-Saloon 
League was built and has operated so successfully throughout the country 
through all the years. 

The state program for next year includes not only agitation and edu¬ 
cation and law enforcement but to carry this issue back to every voting pre¬ 
cinct in the state in the elections of 1928. The goal of the wets is to destroy 
the Prohibition Law and therefore it is at this point that our strongest fight 
must be made. The law will be saved in Wisconsin if a dry legislature is 
elected and at the same time a sufficient public sentiment aroused that will 
demand better law enforcement. 


WEST VIRGINIA STANDS LIKE GIBRALTAR 

Prepared by Rev. J. I. Seder, State Editor American Issue 
At Request of State Supt. 0. M. Pullen 

Hark! O Nations, hear the bugle 
Call to world-wide fray; 

Prohibition be our slogan, 

It shall win the day. 

For over half a century Prohibition work has been carried on in West 
Virginia. It is a crusade state, the women of some towns having gone out 
to saloons, in battle, as in Ohio, in December, 1873. It was one of the 17 
states which sent representatives to the national gathering at Cleveland. 
August 16, 1874. The first state organization was formed in 1883, and the 
first annual state convention of the W. C. T. U. was held at Parkersburg, 
July 17, 1884. 

Efforts were made to secure enactment of a law requiring the teaching 
in all public schools of the evils of beverage alcohol. These were successful 
when the Morris law was enacted in 1887. The W. C. T. U. then began pub¬ 
lication of their state paper, “The White Ribbon.” 

The work of the Anti-Saloon League was begun in June, 1896, at Park¬ 
ersburg, Dr. Russell, the founder, being present as organizer. Meanwhile 
teaching in the schools and sentiment building was carried on, although the 
saloons still flourished. Under county courts, a number of counties closed 
saloons. State-wide prohibition w r as the goal. So in 1910 a resolution was 
introduced in the legislature for submission of a prohibition amendment. 
Although unsuccessful then, it was submitted February 9, 1911, and ratified 
in November, 1912, by 92,342 majority, effective July 1, 1914. The “Yost 
Law” was passed in 1913, also effective July 1, 1914. Months previous to July 
1, 1914, the people were informed regarding the provisions of the prohibition 
laws, by pamphlets widely circulated, public addresses, and printing the laws 
and explanations thereof in twelve foreign languages and widely distrib¬ 
uting them. 

Present Better Than Past 

As a contrast between the days of the saloon formerly, and prohibition 
now, the following is illuminating: Ex-Govenor W. A. McCorkle in a letter to 
the State prohibition commissioner, called attention to the great amount of 

401 



bootlegging carried on in license days, saying: “Now people have forgotten 
this thing. They do not know that in the old days of practically free whisky 
in this state, West Virginia at one time furnished one-third of the moonshine 
and one-third of the illicit whisky-selling that was done in the United States. 
At one time, 35 years ago, there were 922 indictments made at one term of 
federal court, and there were in attendance upon the court 1,700 witnesses. 
Every hotel was swamped with them. . . There were more people and more 
indictments in the old days when prohibition was unheard of, and there was 
very little attempt to enforce the revenue laws of the United States.” 

Publicity and Meetings 

The League recently published 1,250,000 book pages of leaflets, besides 
trebling the circulation ,of the American Issue. It distributed 100,000 effective 
reports on candidates, and held a resultful State Convention. The State press, 
largely dry, gave good publicity, and the county Field Days increased dry 
activity. A number of strong speakers were called into the state, including 
the founder of the League, Dr. H. H. Russell, General Superintendent F. S. 
McBride, U. S. Senators, Congressmen, Ex-Governors, and others. 

Legislators and Legislation 

First, drys secured nomination of dry candidates. Not an avowed wet 
candidate for Congress got to first base. Ben Rosenbloom, running on a 
beer and wine platform in the wettest district in the state, was defeated by 
over 5,000 majority. The election dry-cleaned the rest of the tickets. The 
last legislature is the driest ever. It reenacted the bill, sponsored by 
Hon. Robert Morris, requiring scientific temperance teaching. It also 
doubled the appropriation for the state prohibition department. 

Officers and Law Enforcement 

West Virginia has one of the strictest enforcement codes. Its most ef¬ 
fective provisions are the strict definition of liquors which includes “all 
liquors or preparations, whether patented or not, that will produce intoxica¬ 
tion.” We have a permit system that controls the sale of all alcoholic prepa¬ 
rations, including medicine, etc., with heavy fine and jail sentences in all 
cases. Second offense and operation of stills are made felony. Autos and 
other vehicles are confiscated as under Volstead law and injunctions against 
nuisances as in national act. However, the recent legislature empowered 
criminal judges to put on probation all persons convicted of misdemeanor 
crimes. 

West Virginia has probably as dry officers as any state. Both U. S. 
Senators and all members of Congress are declared dry. The legislature is 
also dry. The courts generally are dry. The State Prohibition Commis¬ 
sioner, Hon. Ross Wells, is a lifelong dry in principle and practice. 

Our state and local officers, police, justices, prosecuting attorneys and 
judges are quite generally enforcing the law, although there is still room 
for improvement. A drastic clean-up was found necessary even among fed¬ 
eral enforcement officers. Federal Administrator John D. Pennington, of 
Pittsburgh, who also has charge of West Virginia inherited 67 men. He 
found it necessary to indict 21 of these 67 for grafting and violating the 
law. Two have been sent to Atlanta for eight years. And 40 others had to 

402 


be dismissed “for the good of the service.” On the other hand, 20 faithful 
enforcement officers have been shot down in this state within the last five 
years, and one was stoned to death July 24, 1927, by liquor hoodlums. 

The state records show a total of 2,233 arrests July 1, 1925-26; 437 stills 
seized; 78 automobiles, 5 trucks, one horse, 4 house boats, 2 motor boats and 
one row boat seized; also 16,684 quarts of whisk}', 4,124 gallons of wine, and 
large quantities of “home brew,” mash, rum, alcohol and other liquors. Home 
brew is giving the officers concern. The law makes it the duty of all county, 
district and municipal peace officers to enforce prohibition. 

The fines and penalties are more than double the cost of the state en¬ 
forcement department, being $141,878.90 for the year ending June 30, 1926, with 
probably $100,000 more in fines and costs to be collected by the sheriffs. 
The violators were assessed 161,184 days on the state road in payment of 
hnes and costs for the year, and penitentiary sentences were given to the 
amount of 335 years. There is reasonable promptness in the trial of violators. 

A number of conspiracy cases under the national prohibition act have re¬ 
sulted in penalties being assessed as high as $10,000 with two years in the fed¬ 
eral penitentiary. We had 5,327 state prosecutions for liquor violations for 
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1925, with convictions in about 70 per cent 
.of the cases tried. Our law is effective. The weakness in enforcement is 
due largely to the inefficiency of arresting and prosecuting officers and dere¬ 
liction of jurors in certain counties. In the federal courts action is reasonably 
prompt. 

Prohibition Good From Start 

From the beginning prohibition brought forth good fruit. Crime was 
largely decreased. Averaging up the official reports of 17 municipalities in 
West Virginia from July 1, 1913 to June 30, 1914, and comparing them with 
the first year of prohibition, ending July 1, 1915, they show a 'decrease in 
total number of arrests from 18,519 to but 9,183, a decrease of 9,336; arrests for 
drunkenness fell from 8,853 to 2,973. 

The statement of the warden of the state penitentiary shows that the 
institution’s total population was 1,260 August 1, 1914, and on September 22, 
1916, it was 1,008, a reduction of 252 for the first two dry years. The ma¬ 
jority of crimes were due to liquor, says the warden. 

The Superintendent of the Huntington State Hospital reported, Septem¬ 
ber 6, 1916, “Since the prohibition laws have become effective in West Vir¬ 
ginia there has been a decrease of 75 per cent in the number of cases of al¬ 
coholic insanity coming under my observation.” This after 30 years ex¬ 
perience in such work in hospitals and private practice. 

The effects of prohibition in mining communities were good; increased 
efficiency, splendid moral effect, fewer accidents to workmen, increase of bank 
deposits by several million dollars, and innumerable other benefits. 

Wet Neighbors Hamper Prohibition 

West Virginia had to contend with wet neighboring states. The liquor 
interests of Maryland, Ohio and other states, were determined to force their 
liquors upon our citizens. When restrained by the courts, they went to the 
U. S. Supreme Court, but finally failed, when it upheld our state law and 

403 


settled forever the right of the state to enforce prohibition within her domain. 

Later large quantities of liquor were carried into the state as “baggage” 
in passenger coaches by permission of the railroads. The courts finally 
stopped this. The leniency of jailers and sheriffs, also hampered enforcement. 

Other Hindrances 

West Virginia should and probably would be much farther along on the 
way to complete abolition and extermination of the liquor traffic within her 
borders were it not for numerous obstacles which slowed her speed, such as: 
lagging of general enforcement, clogging of court dockets, failure of grand 
juries to indict, decided let-down of moral tone, drys resting on their laurels, 
advent of the unexpected “moonshiner” in rural and mining sections, insuffi¬ 
cient enforcement appropriation, ignorance and inefficiency among officers, 
indifference of good citizens to secure nomination, election or appointment of 
good officers. 

To this must be added the scurrilous wet propaganda in press, “movies” 
and many other ways; organized terrorizing of good citizens by bootleggers 
to protect themselves against faithful officers of the law; court delays and 
illegal release of culprits. The better results of recent years show that much 
of this is disappearing. 

Prohibition Results 

We quote from the biennial report of the State Prohibition Commissioner 
as follows: “In 1914 the total deposits in the banks of the state were $128,- 
160,290. In 1924 this had increased to $345,480,303. In 1914 risks written 
by mutual life and accident companies amounted to $32,360,037. In 1924 this 
had increased to $133,696,787. The amazing growth in savings deposits and life 
insurance under prohibition proves that prohibition pays financially. Pro¬ 
hibition has immeasurably added to the value of our manhood and woman¬ 
hood. The' homes are better furnished, families better fed and clothed. 
Churches are better attended and less of disorder and crime exists. The 
marvelous change in conditions is manifest in the conduct of large crowds 
in attendance at fairs, conventions, circuses, athletic meets, and other mis¬ 
cellaneous aggregations of people. Independence Day and Christmas are 
no longer occasions for wholesale inebriation. Elections are not controlled 
by the use of liquor. Health, business and morals of our people have been 
vastbf improved.” 

Conditions Improved 

Prohibition has promoted the automobile business in West Virginia, the 
number of cars having increased from 101,301 in 1922 to something over 
200,000 at this writing; trucks from 5,110 to about 30,000; tractors from 177 
to about 600; auto dealers from 2,000 to around 8,000; fees collected from $1,- 
936,079.29. to about $3,500,000; highway construction runs up to the hundred 
million mark. So in other lines. 

In education there has been a remarkable growth, the number of high 
school students having more than doubled, likewise teachers, while the total 
disbursements, teachers’ fund, have increased more than three-fold, and the 
total school expenditure in that time has also increased nearly three-fold, 
while the value of school property has nearly doubled. There is a marked 

404 


growth in the church life of the state, in attendance, interest and in new 
church buildings. Greater peace and happiness has come to thousands of 
our citizens. This dry national and state policy is indeed “morally right and 
economically sound.” 

West Virginia adopted state prohibition in 1912 by 92,342 majority; ratified 
national prohibition by an almost unanimous vote in both branches of the leg¬ 
islature; it has never in any election since reversed its decision. Prohibition 
here is no longer an experiment, but a success; it is a great moral revolution 
making possible 'an ideal civilization which only a sober people can establish 
and maintain. Pressing on to ideal prohibition we would help other states 
and nations to like achievement. 

Our Program 

Our program is to seek, by means of a thoroughly organized, non-parti¬ 
san, non-factional political activity, to maintain and strengthen out cause 
in the legislature, in the national Congress and in all executive offices, high 
and low; helpfully cooperate with the courts and all other governmental 
agencies aiming at the enforcement of prohibition; a persistent educational 
campaign for building sentiment reaching Sunday schools and public schools, 
the churched and unchurched, convincing the open-minded and winning the 
hostile. Our appeal is to the churches that they receive the annual mes¬ 
sage of the men from the field, and furnish the sinews of war in developing 
the most powerful league, offensive and defensive, to make ours a free and 
sober state, nation and world. West Virginia is determined to stand like 
Gibraltar for the dry cause and, by divine help, to “SEE THIS THING 
THROUGH.” 


405 


Reports of National Temperance Bodies 

AFRICA (GOLD COAST) 

In this part of the world (Gold Coast) the country has been ruined by alco¬ 
holism and we say without prejudice that the introduction of alcoholic drinks 
(American rum in particular) into the Gold Coast Colony by American traders 
must have been actuated by a desire of killing the people, as the importers 
were fully aware that the drink is a slow poison or ruinous stimulant or deadly 
trap. 

That the American rum was imported here as a deadly trap to ruin the 
Africans here can be proved by the history of its introduction, which gave it 
the name of Mbro Nsa. Tradition tells us that some American traders who 
came ashore by a boat from their vessel set this trap on the beach and launched 
off to the vessel and watched the people coming to the trap, and because of its 
being sweetened, and an absolutely new thing to them, the gluttonous people 
took more than sufficient, got them weakened and lay on the beach about the 
trap. The traders then came ashore in boats and carried the weakened or 
drunkqp people to their vessel and off to America they were sent as slaves. 
The unfortunate people were carried away from Cormantine, a fishing town 
about two miles from Salt Pond. 

Such an evil practice continued for a long time until the people became 
aware of the trap and would not go near. The traders sought other ways and 
means of getting the people ruined; at this time they started trading with the 
people by bartering with a puncheon of full proof rum for a puncheon of palm 
oil. 

Before introduction of alcoholic drinks the people of Gold Coast were phys¬ 
ically strong and were men of valor. They increased in population enormously 
every year; now the population of this Colony being weakened or ruined by 
the violent effect of alcohol, births have been diminished all over the country. 

In the early eighties consumption of Gineva was very small and its evil in¬ 
fluence was nothing in comparison with that of American rum. Since the in¬ 
crease of duty on spirits the cost of rum has been very dear and consumers 
could not go after rum in such quantities as before, but have increased con¬ 
sumption of Gineva; and since the prohibition of importation of American rum 
consumption of Gineva has been enormous. This has also played havoc amongst 
the natives, decreasing births greatly. The death rate through alcoholic drinks 
has also risen very high. 

Frequent cases of manslaughter, manslaughter by negligence, and murder, 
have been the immediate result of the use of strong drink. During the second 
week of this month a female chief of a village was murdered by her husband, 
who indulged himself in drunkenness after the wife had threatened him with 
dissolution of marriage. 

Gineva (Holland product) has now taken the place of rum and is doing as 
much, if not greater, mischief. Alcohol has greatly impoverished the people of 
this colony. We are of the opinion that the country can never be increased in 
population to continue its enrichment for the betterment of Europe, if there is 
not annihilation of alcoholism of whatever kind. We would, therefore, strongly 
recommend the prohibition of importing into this country such dangerous trade 
commodities. This prohibition is in brief the cry of all tribal families, whose 
homes are plentiful of liver and lung troubles, and many consumptives. We be¬ 
lieve it is time for the people of civilized countries of Europe to help the homes 
of this country by assisting prohibition of exportation of spirituous drinks or 
liquors from beyond the seas into this colony. 

“Lamb of the Golden Fleece” Lodge No. 8, 
International Order of Good Templars, Salt Pond, Gold Coast. 


Liquor is a consuming element. It sets fire in the system, inflames the 
mind and ultimately destroys the whole man. 

Here in the Gold Coast it is common knowledge that the introduction of 
the liquor traffic was the introduction of the principal cause of our depravity 
and national retrogression. As we are a primitive race, alcoholism has been a 
great enemy to our moral integrity and economic stability. We spend more 
than we earn, at least fifty per cent in liquor. We have instances where men 
of lucrative income have returned home from business at the ending of the 
month with nothing to live on for the ensuing month, the reason being that 
their earnings had returned to the chest of their employers who had deftly 

406 



placed within their means ol' credit "the whisky and soda.” Many brilliant and 
promising’ young men have blasted their career, passed their eariy days within 
the prison walls through drunkenness; and hundreds of them have met death 
too prematurely unprepared. Liquor and narcotics eat like a canker until man 
loses control of his appetite and becomes the helot of his passion, which proves 
to be a hard task-master. 

The consumption of liquor in the Gold Coast is the greatest in West Africa. 
Early in our connection with the British our forefathers, who, though ignorant 
of letters, were conscious of the evils of the liquor traffic, had their fears as to 
its importation, and at one time a chief took occasion to refuse the Gospel on 
the pretext that the ship on which missionaries arrived was the same that im¬ 
ported liquor. He dismissed the missionaries with the remark that if the mes¬ 
sengers of God would come with the messengers of the devil he would want 
neither. 

Christian churches and temperance societies in this country have com¬ 
batted in vain the evils of intemperance, and it seems that the only way out of 
the intolerable situation is to stop the importation of all liquor. We earnestly 
pray that the liquor traffic should be stopped, for our national safety and for 
the kingdoms of the world to become the kingdoms of our God and of His 
Christ. Gold Coast District Lodge No. 1, 

International Order of Good Templars. 


AUSTRIA 

Official statistics on alcohol consumption in Austria in 1925 were: 

Beer—5,150,879 hi. produced; 2,016 hi. exported; 16,805 hi. imported; domes¬ 
tic consumption approximately 6,165,06§ hi. of beer with a content of 180,877 hi. 
pure alcohol. 

Wine—Tax was paid on 659,812 hi. with 62,109 hi. pure alcohol. In addi¬ 
tion, according to the calculations of Dr. Kerck, must be added about 180,000 hi. 
wine (non-taxable home-made drink). 

Distilled Liquors—Imported, 368 hi. pure alcohol, produced 115,217 hi. pure 
alcohol; consumed 122,109 hi. pure alcohol. 

Fruit Drinks—Taxes, 800,000 hi. with 16,000 hi. pure alcohol. In addition, 
according to Dr. Kerck, 1,200,000 hi. cider, non-taxable home-made drink. 

Without counting the young people under 16 years of age, there was an 
actual consumption of 9 liters of pure alcohol per capita in Austria, in 1925. 
The alcohol interests rejoice and teach us a new’ dance with the motto, “I fancy 
that it is going very well for me.” At the same time the trade balance stands 
still at a thousand milliard crowns. 

On May 15, 1926, Vienna had 6 brew r eries, 60 beer stations, 142 liquor and 
spirits producers, 10 distillers, 39 tea and spirit dealers, 3 “Meterzeuger,” 3,506 
taverns (including 108 hotel-restaurants); 53 bars (night clubs); 12 ‘‘breakfast 
rooms”; 96 wine dealers, 65 regular wine rooms, 19 fruit-w r ine producers, 55 
fruit-wine shops, and 8,858 mixed, fashionable, and cooperative concerns, where 
alcoholic drinks are likewise to be procured. For completeness we should add 
that in the 1.173 coffee houses and coffee shops in Vienna very much beer and 
spirits appear on the table, and that the 1,413 confectioneries in Vienna are not 
entirely alcohol-free. Die Kreuzpost, 

Austrian Catholic League of the Cross. 


BELGIUM 

RESUME OF WORK OF SOBRIETAS 

After a few years of endeavors of some convinced men who had stood 
alone, the necessity to found a league was felt more and more in order to 
sustain each other. The most courageous men among them came together and 
the League w^as founded and called: “Sobrietas” (Catholic League Against Al¬ 
coholism). 

At first the working was done by men alone. Their group was called: 
“Kruisverbord.” Very soon a group of women was founded under the name of 
“Mariavereeniging.” A special program is worked out for the youth. All the 
men and women leaders are members of the Kruisverbond and Mariavereenig¬ 
ing. 

Men—The Kruisverbond includes all men of 16 years and more. Many of' 
them are leaders of the youth organization, too. As a rule, the directors are 
chosen from the propagandists. Those members meet every fortnight. Twice 
or more a year all the members come together. Besides, they have special 
meetings and parties between them where they invite other friends, non-mem¬ 
bers in order to make them acquainted with the organization. 

407 




Women—The same as the men, women are accepted as members at the age 
of 16 years in the “Mariavereeniging.” Among the “propagandists” the direc¬ 
tors are elected and they, too, meet every fortnight. They organize, as well as 
the men, parties and concerts in the biggest halls of the city, assembling thus 
a lot of people. Between the different items on the programs, opportunity is 
given to one or another select speaker to make an address to the public in con¬ 
nection with the anti-alcoholism problem. 

Study-club—During two years we had a study-club where lessons were 
given, and discussed, about alcoholism. Every member had the right to assist 
at these meetings, which were held every month. This part of the working 
seemed to be a success in the beginning, but we had to give it up owing to the 
small number coming. Then a lady initiated the idea of specializing, and 
formed a ladies-club of women-employees. This works now splendidly since 
two years and a half, and the monthly meetings are a real success. The edu¬ 
cation of the girls and women, even of different ages, is made there in the anti- 
alcoholic way. Each of them has to make by course the report of the meeting. 
They learn to speak and discuss matters. 

Students (boys and girls)—Caritas is the name of their section. As this 
subject concerns the youth organization, see report on Junior Work. 

Abstinentia is the section founded for Catholic priests. Most of them be¬ 
come leaders of the different sections of the League. 

Exhibitions—Ladies and gentlemen are endeavoring in this line, some of 
them specializing. We do the utmost to get settled down, to be known where 
big meetings and congresses are held. Our leaders give walking-lectures and 
make addresses to the visitors. We get as far as we can, but we are so often 
blocked on account of lack of funds. 

Processions—We do not neglect any opportunity of exibiting with our dif¬ 
ferent flags, so as to show the public the aim of our endeavors. On such oc¬ 
casions, we have our propagandists all along the footpaths selling or distribut¬ 
ing pamphlets. We even have now our “little sobrietas flower" (white and 
blue) sold on occasion. 

Lectures—Many lectures are given by our leaders in other friendly leagues 
concerning alcoholism. 

Committee for Home-visits—Ladies and gentlemen are in charge of regular 
visits at homes to keep in touch with the members. Moreover, we have a spe¬ 
cial committee of members, who visit homes where drunkards are reported. 
They examine the case and bring it over to our “Reddingsbureel” (curing and 
consultative office). 

Reddingsbureel (Curing and Consultative Office)—This office plays a very 
important role in our temperance and abstinence work. Every week several 
drunkards are reported at our Bureau and our general secretary has this 
most difficult task on hand with the assistance of a few willing, competent gen¬ 
tlemen and ladies. This, it may be said, is a very hard, ungrateful work. 

Excursions—Every summer, excursions are made by the members with dif¬ 
ferent aims. Always a success. 

Congresses—The yearly Sobrietas Congress is always a real success. 

Connection With Other Leagues—We hold a friendly intercourse with other 
temperance and abstinence leagues, including international, although we keep 
working in our own way. 

Also, we keep in touch with non-abstinence Leagues, in order to introduce 
our ideas. 

Alcoholfree Home—For years we are planning to erect a home, where we 
could centralize all our different sections, with a decent bureau. Attached to 
that, we should have an inn, or say tea-room, where people could meet, play 
cards, etc., and get alcohol-free drinks. Moreover, a few rooms should be pro¬ 
vided for needy men, who have been in prison for drunkenness, to be kept 
there under surveillance and to secure work and lodgings for them’. 

In addition to that, we need a hall to give lectures. Several times, we had 
the most beautiful opportunity to buy a building suited to our plans and in the 
center of the city. Unfortunately, we always had to give it up owing to lack 
of funds. 

At the present time we have only three small rooms: general secretary’s 
office, little office, and assembly room. We are really blocked in our work 
house and money failing. . . . 

Papers—“Hooger-op” is the organ edited monthly for adults. “Hoop der 
Toekomst” comes out every month for the children. “Sobrietas” is a pamphlet 
issued every two months for more developed people. “Caritas” is the organ 
issued monthly for students (boys and girls). 

408 


Other Work—A tiny calendar is issued yearly by Sobrietas as propagan- 
-dism and several by several thousands. A bigger calendar in the form of a 
book is sold every year by thousands. We give reports in the local news¬ 
papers, as regularly as possible, of our meetings. We have a small committee 
having this matter in charge. 

Our Bureau receives a great many foreign books and papers in connection 
with the alcoholism question. We have a library, containing a good many 
books in different languages, at the disposal of our members, to study the alco¬ 
hol question. We do our utmost to give a bigger extent to our work; it is a 
fact, if Sobrietas had a proper house, more means and financial help, it might 
book a great success. Those factors really block the best plans. Moreover, the 
war and the lessened value of our frank have put us in a critical position. 

Junior Work—The junior work of Sobrietas in Belgium is composed of two 
leagues: (1) the “Hoop der Toekomst” (Hope of the Future); their members 
are children under 16 years. They promise total abstinence from all alcoholic 
drinks till that age, with the agreement of their parents. This league was 
founded in 1915. At present there are about 50 sections, with 8,000 members. 
The monthly organ, “He Hoop der Toekomst,” is issued with 12,000 copies. 
(2) “Caritas” is the league for boy and girl students (in two separate leagues). 
The members must be 14 years old. This league was founded in 1912. Up to 
date we have 30 sections and 1,200 members. The whole Catholic anti-alcohol 
youth organization is ruled and supervised by the Central Juniors Committee 
of Sobrietas, which keeps in touch with foreign junior leagues as well as with 
other national leagues. Doctor Aug. Fierens, 

_Hon. Chairman Kruisverbond. 

THE SITUATION IN BELGIUM FROM THE ANTI-ALCOHOLIC 

POINT OF VIEW 

The struggle against alcoholism in Belgium presents two principal phases; 
(1) pre-war preparatory phases; (2) post-war, the phases of partial and lim¬ 
ited realization. 

In 1890 the consumption of distilled alcohol (brandy) was 594,219 hecto¬ 
liters of alcohol (at 50°), or about 10 liters per capita. This situation was main¬ 
tained until 1902; then, the consumption decreased to 5.52 liters per capita in 
1913. 

During the same lapse of time, the consumption of beer gradually mounted 
from a little less than 11,000,000 hectoliters in 1890 to 17,000,000 in 1913. In these 
quantities are included Bavarian beers and others of high alcoholic content. 
The consumption of wine increased from 214,000 his. in 1890 to 353,000 his. in 
1913 (imports). 

During the same period, 1890-1914, there was manifest an antialcoholic 
movement of serious activity and certain legislative measures were passed 
which might be classed as preparatory. 

Opinion, on the whole, is indifferent, even hostile. Prejudices prevail against 
temperance. Cabarets (saloons) have developed to the proportion of one to 
every 34 inhabitants. In certain parts of the province of Hainaut the propor¬ 
tion is even one cabaret per 25 inhabitants. This multiplicity of cabarets in 
fact develops an electoral power capable of hindering the greatest reforms. Un¬ 
der the copyhold regime, which lasted until 1893, the cabaretiers dominated, in 
fact, the electoral body. Their influence and the twin influence of the distillers 
of spirits persisted for a long time, and has not. completely disappeared. Since 
the discussions of the law of 1919 against alcohol most of the oppositions have 
manifestly their source in the preoccupation of the menaced interests of the 
manufacturers and retailers of alcohol. 

Antialcoholic ideas have in their favor two categories of cooperation: 

(a) Eminent personalities, placed more than once in positions of major in¬ 
fluence, recognize the alcoholic peril and place themselves decisively in opposi¬ 
tion to it. Among these are J. Le Jeune, A. Beernaert, Cardinal Mercier, E. 
Vandervelde, E. Carton de Wiart, etc., etc. The magnificent activity of Cardinal 
Mercier is universally known. If the Socialist party in Parliament has taken 
an attitude frankly antialcoholic, it is due to its leader, Vandervelde. 

This tradition is not extinguished, and the attempts to revoke the law of 
1919 have seen aligned against them the best qualified personalities, the whole 
Academy of Medicine, to begin with. 

(b) Anti-alcoholic groups developed between 1890 and 1914. They espouse 
all the tendencies and include Catholics, Socialists or neutral, according to the 
environment from which they emanate. There are also Protestant societies. 
On the other hand, these societies are either total abstinence, or simply tem¬ 
perate not excluding the moderate use of wine and beer, and not even imposing 

409 



any positive engagement on their members (Patriotic League). Meanwhile, all 
cooperate frankly and sincerely toward the common aim. Since the outbreak of 
the War, opinion, while one could not say that it gained fundamentally, is 
nevertheless seriously occupied with the alcoholic problem. 

During this period there were some legislative or governmental measures of 
interest to alcoholism: The law of 1887 against public drunkenness; that of 
1889 against the peddling of alcoholic drinks at sea; the establishment of a 
license tax, afterward an opening tax was levied on the cabarets; the interdic¬ 
tion of absinthe in 1906; the regulation from the health point of view of prem¬ 
ises where alcoholic drinks were sold; increase of the taxes on alcohol which, in 
1913, were 200 francs per hectoliter of 50° alcoholic strength; measures for anti- 
alcoholic instruction in the schools, etc. 

The War came. The Belgian government was in that part of the country 
where prohibition of the manufacture and sale of distilled liquors was carefully 
guarded (royal decree of Nov. 23, 1924). In the occupied regions the despoiled 
civil population abstained by the force of circumstances. The consumption of 
distilled alcohol fell to 2.20 liters per capita in 1916 and to about 1 liter in 
1917-18. 

Following the armistice, on the reentry of the national troops, a decree-law,, 
dated Nov. 15, 1918, prohibited the manufacture, importation, purchase, retail¬ 
ing, and sale of all distilled alcohol and every beverage containing more than 
2 per cent strength for wines; interdicted the exceeding 15° of alcohol for wines 
and 8° for beers and similar drinks. The penalties were imprisonment and line. 

This decree-law, issued in virtue of discretionary war-time powers, and 
provisional in its nature, was at length replaced by the law of Aug. 29, 1919, on 
the regulation of alcohol, which still actually governs the situation in Belgium. 
A similar law determined the guarantees of morality and hygiene for the ex¬ 
ploitation of the premises for the sale of fermented drinks, and increased con¬ 
siderably the opening tax for these selling-places. 

The characteristics of the law of 1919 are the following: 

(1) The law is prohibitive. It forbids the consumption, the offering and 
sale of spirituous beverages in such quantity as may be dispensed on premises 
open to the public (cafes, “saloons,” etc.). The penalty is fine with subsidiary 
imprisonment and the closing of the premises. 

(2) It is only partially prohibitive. It remains permissible to drink distilled 
alcohol except in public places Wholesalers sell it in quantities of 2 liters, not 
less. The system of the law is here very clear: it desires to suppress the occa¬ 
sion constituted by the cabaret, the meeting of friends, the prevalence of public 
example. It is the cabaret at which it is aimed. 

(3) It did not touch fermented drinks; Avine, cider, etc., were permitted, 
pro\ T ided they had not been fortified Avith distilled alcohol, and that their alco¬ 
holic strength did not exceed 18° by the alcoholometer of Gay-Lussac at a tem¬ 
perature of 15° C. 

(4) It raised the excise duty on alcohol. The tax is hereafter 900 francs up 
to 50° for drinks taken in circles, Avith gradual augmentation for drinks of 
greater spirituous strength and of 1,800 francs per hectoliter without distinc¬ 
tion of degree for alcohol in bottles. A measure very interesting in itself, but 
having soon to encounter the depreciation of Belgian money. 

As soon as it was passed the laAV of 1919 became the object of violent at¬ 
tacks, and these have not yet ceased. Leagues of cabaretiers and distillers were 
formed against it. At each election the opponents demanded of candidates 
promises to revoke the law and to reestablish the liberty to sell strong drinks. 

On the other side the anti-alcoholic groups have entered into the struggle 
fully equipped, especially in the French-speaking part of the country. The situ¬ 
ation is better in the Flemish-speaking districts. But the political-economic 
preoccupation in the restoration and security of the country naturally absorbed 
a croAA^d of activities. The opponents have not, however, succeeded in reversing 
the law. Some striking resistances have been staged. Even his majesty the 
King has been seen presiding at Brussels, in the Palace of Academies, o\ r er a 
reunion solemnly convoked to assert the importance of the work accomplished 
and the necessity of consenting to no recoil in the view of anti-alcoholism. 

The law has certainly had good effects. From more than 200,000 before 1914, 
the number of cabarets fell to 108,040 at the commencement of 1926. This was a 
remarkable regression. 

The consumption of strong drink is about two liters per capita, of alcohol 
at 50°. This figure is too high to correspond simply to domestic consumption, 
and it includes a certain part of the fraudulent sales by cabarets of liquor clan¬ 
destinely manufactured. 


410 


The consumption of beer shows a recoil. That of wine has, on the contrary, 
doubled. It has reached about 10 liters per capita. 

There was noted a reduction of the population of the insane asylums (17,000 
in place of nearly 20,000), although the exciting circumstances of the War and 
of the period following the War, should have produced contrary phenomena. 
Otherwise experience shows several weak points in the law, and an inquiry may 
perhaps lead to their abolition, thus: 

(a) The law is not applied generally; notably in the country alcohol is 
found quite easily in the cafes. It is certainly an advance to have suppressed 
the occasion waylaying the consumer, indifferent and not desirous to intoxicate 
himself, but the law has desired to go further. 

This fact underlines the interest, even the necessity, of sustaining legisla¬ 
tive measures by an action on public opinion unceasingly renewed. The resist¬ 
ing powers are such that public action and private action ought to remain in 
constant cooperation in order to vanquish them. 

(b) That which has lowered the law the most in public opinion is the par¬ 
tial character of the prohibition. The public have not accepted the idea that to 
take in public one glass of brandy is an offense, while it is permissible to con¬ 
sume two glasses at home. The cabaretiers are irritated to see the sale of alco¬ 
hol permitted to others and forbidden to them. 

Thus attenuation has resulted worse in fact than a system even more rig¬ 
orous and developed logically. Hostility has not been disarmed. The useful 
effect of the law has only been enfeebled. 

(c) This same liberty of consumption in non-public places has given birth 
to grave abuse in circles called “private.” These are the so-called artistic, 
sporting, or other groups, but in reality constituted in order to drink without 
coming under the legal interdictions. Justice has appeared for a long time 
powerless before the abuse of these “private circles.” Nevertheless, lately the 
Liege tribunal has rendered several condemnations against groups of these 
classes. 

Other dispositions will have to be reenforced such as those concerning the 
normal hours of sale in the public selling-places. One can not proceed there, 
without special authority, after 6 o’clock p. m., and it is in the evening that per¬ 
sons drink most. 

(d) Finally, it has scarcely touched the question of the alcoholic strength of 
wine and beer. The suppression of these drinks is in no way envisaged in Bel¬ 
gium, but a maximum of alcoholic strength should be indicated. 

On the whole, legislation in Belgium marks an interesting stage and some 
progress has been realized. On the other hand, the end has not been reached, 
and prolonged efforts are indispensable. Le Bien-Etre Social. 

By J. LeMaire. 


BERMUDA 

Liquor is sold by license in Bermuda. Persons obtaining same have to have 
securities and pay different' amounts of money according to class of license. 
The public bars open at 10 a. m. and close at 10 p. m., with Sunday all-day 
closing. Hotel bars close at 12 midnight, and are allowed to serve guests only 
on Sunday. Toung people under 16 are not allowed to be served at any bar. 
There is also a law against the treating practise, but it is not well enforced. 
There is also a law against putting liquor on ships bound for the States. While 
there is no scientific temperance instruction law for the schools of the colony, 
the colonial director of education allowed the W. C. T. U. representative to visit 
all the schools to speak on temperance topics. Miss M. E. Outerbridge, 

Cor. Sec., W. C. T. U., Bermuda. 


GROWTH OF TEMPERANCE IN BRAZIL 

This wonderfully beautiful country of Brazil with its 33,000,000 people, 
more than half of the population of South America, representing nearly every 
race under the sun, has many problems to solve, not the least of which is the 
traffic in intoxicating liquors. Although the Brazilians are great lovers of cof¬ 
fee, yet there is undoubtedly a large demand for alcoholic drink. It is difficult 
to find reliable data as to the amount consumed in this country, but Dr. Beli- 
sario Penna, an outstanding figure in the temperance movement here, said in a 
public address in 1925 that the amount of intoxicating beverages used in Rio 
de Janeiro, a city of nearly two million people, was 33,681,000 litres at the cost 
of 81 857 contos, approximately $10,000,000; the amount for the entire country 
was 824,000,000 litres costing 931,000 contos, or $120,000,000. It is needless to 
say that the figures for 1927 would be considerably more. Cachaca is the drink 

411 




of the laboring man, and corresponds to whisky in strength. Its use is large, 
especially among the Indians in the interior, the aborigines, many of whom are 
very little removed from their primitive state. Here, as in every other country, 
the greatest suffering caused by drink falls upon the working classes, whose 
poor homes may be without comfort or food, but seldom without cachaca or 
pinga. There is also an ever-increasing consumption among better classes, 
especially among the people belonging to society circles. 

However, there is a rapidly growing temperance sentiment which is be¬ 
ginning to crystalize in organized effort to arouse the public by spreading 
abroad scientific and economic facts concerning intoxicating beverages and the 
traffic in them. The first total abstinence organization in Brazil was the W. C. 
T. U. inaugurated in 1894 by Miss Mary Clemens Leavitt, which became a na¬ 
tional society under Miss Watts in 1894. When Miss Watts left Brazil, this 
society died. In 1924 an anti-alcohol league was formed in Rio, claiming a num¬ 
ber of prominent men as members. Although one conference was held and some 
research work done early in its history, unfortunately for two years it has been 
entirely inarticulate. 

The Mental Hygiene Society under its distinguished director, Dr. Ernani 
Lopes, has through experiment and practice proved alcohol a deadly foe to 
human progress and has given to the public the results of painstaking investi¬ 
gations. In Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, there is a strong anti-alcoholic 
league supported by the people of the town regardless of race or religion. It 
edits the only temperance paper in Brazil, called “The New Man.” This society 
was organized some years ago by Dr. Wolffenbuttel, a distinguished officer in 
the Brazilian Army. 

A woman’s movement, really a revival of the dead W. C. T. U., was in¬ 
augurated a year ago last November in Rio de Janeiro by Miss Florence E. 
Strout, organizer for the World’s W. C. T. U., under the name of Uniao Bra- 
zileira Pro Temperance. The national president is D. Jeronyma Mesquita. 
daughter of the Baroness of Bomfim, who is prominent in society and well 
known as a leader in many movements for social betterment. Her committee, 
composed of leading women from many communities under the leadership of 
Miss Strout ably seconded by the executive secretary, Dona Maria Guimaraes, 
has really accomplished wonders in the short period of its organization. 

The work is already established in five states; there are 35 societies count¬ 
ing the children’s and young people’s organizations, with over 3,000 members. 
Meetings are regularly held, large quantities of literature sold and also dis¬ 
tributed gratis. Ten thousand students in the schools have been reached 
through lectures on scientific temperance, pulpits have been occupied by tem¬ 
perance speakers, conferences have been held in clubs and before public audi¬ 
ences of every sort, World’s Temperance Sunday has been- faithfully observed, 
5,500 pledges have been signed; in short, everything possible is being done to 
spread temperance propaganda. Plans for an essay contest in public and pri¬ 
vate schools have already been put into operation for August and for Septem¬ 
ber which must bring good results. The first annual meeting of this society 
was held in the American Embassy, the Ambassador himself acting as host. All 
of this propaganda is of the highest importance at the present time, as the feel¬ 
ing is general that drink is not a serious evil in Brazil. The public needs to 
know the facts. It is unfortunate that so many of the Indians and others of 
the laboring class are illiterate and cannot be reached with the printed page. 
It will need some apostle of temperance to go and teach them by word and ex¬ 
ample what alcohol is doing to prevent their growth and gradual improvement. 

Men holding high office haA r e had the courage to address the Senate and 
other government bodies on the need of drastic restrictions of the traffic, some 
have gone .so far as to strongly favor prohibition. The daily papers for the 
most part lend their columns to temperance propaganda, “O Globo” in particu¬ 
lar publishing abroad that it stands for temperance. 

The wet campaign in the U. S. A. has done a great deal of harm to the 
cause of prohibition here, and the Uniao Brasileira Pro Temperanca is putting 
out a leaflet for free distribution giving the facts. The people in Brazil who 
are most interested believe that through scientific temperance training in the 
schools, the distributing of literature, endless agitation, and restriction of the 
traffic, the time will come when by means of local option the whole liquor busi¬ 
ness can be eliminated. It is going to be a long, difficult task, especially as 
wine is one of the products of Brazil, but there are Brazilians of courage and 
intelligence who will undertake this warfare sooner or later, we believe, and 
stay by the battle until the victory is won. 

Uniao Brasiliera pro Temperancia. 

412 


THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT IN BULGARIA 

temperance work in Bulgaria is carried on most energetically by all total 
abstainers of the various organizations. Prom year to year it becomes more 
encouraging. 

Most enthusiastic annual meetings were held at Easter in Bourgas on the 
Black Sea by the Good Templars and the Railway Temperance Union, and on 
July 10, 11 and 12 at Kazimluk in the Valley of the Roses, by the Teachers Tem¬ 
perance Union, the Bulgarian National Temperance Union and the Bulgarian 
perance Federation. 

On account of quarrels among the leaders of the Student Temperance So¬ 
cieties and suspicions of communistic tendencies the Ministry of Public In¬ 
struction did not permit the Gymnazia student abstainers to hold their con¬ 
gress and the existence of their union is prohibited, although the separate so¬ 
cieties are permitted to continue their existence. 

The delegates and guests to the congresses in Kazimluk were met at the 
station by military music and their marching into the city made a great im¬ 
pression on the local population. The following day the largest hall of the city 
was filled to its utmost capacity for the united opening of the congresses. 

First the president of the Bulgarian Temperance Federation, the writer of 
this report, delivered an address in which he referred to the importance of the 
movement, which is a world movement, and said that as a handful of patriots 
fought at the not far distant famous Shipka Pass for the political liberation of 
Bulgaria so are we now fighting for her liberation from the tyrant alcohol. 

After brief addresses by the presidents of the Teachers Temperance Union 
and the Bulgarian Neutral Temperance Union, a special envoy of the Ministry 
of Public Instruction delivered an address in which he stated that the Ministry 
highly approves the temperance movement and added that if it had prohibited 
the congress of the student abstainers, it had done that for educational pur¬ 
poses. 

The mayor of Kazimluk greeted the congressists with the wish that the 
temperance idea might spread the world over as the perfume of the renowned 
Kazimluk Attar of Roses. Many others greeted the congresses on behalf of 
various organizations. 

In the afternoon an imposing manifestation was made throughout the city. 

The business part of the two congresses lasted two days, and the discus¬ 
sions showed warm interest in the temperance movement. Temperance in¬ 
struction in the schools, alcoholless production, our work in the villages, and 
kindred subjects were freely discussed. Resolutions were voted asking for 
public anti-alcoholic instruction in the schools, allowing women to vote in ref- 
erendums for closing of the saloons, legal restriction of the liquor traffic, en¬ 
couraging alcoholless production and state assistance to the temperance move¬ 
ment. 

The Bulgarian Neutral Temperance Union has grown from 19 societies 
with five hundred members when organized last year, to 90 societies with 25,000 
members. Much literature has beep scattered by them and hundreds of lec¬ 
tures delivered during the year. The gymnazia student temperance societies 
number 130 with 16,000 members. Each of these has propagated the temper¬ 
ance idea in his own home, which means 16,000 homes are leavened by the tem¬ 
perance idea. The teachers have 35 teachers’ temperance societies, with 800 
members. Similar growth has been made by the good Templars (I. O. G. T. N.), 
the railway temperance societies and the physicians’ temperance societies. 

The University Student Temperance Society has recently published a capi¬ 
tal book on temperance containing authoritative articles written exclusively by 
Sofiia University professors. 

The temperance movement is gaining in Bulgaria and it is expected that 
the newly organized Bulgarian Temperance Federation, including seven of the 
temperance unions, will give a still greater impetus to the advancement of the 
temperance cause in Bulgaria. M. N. Popoff. 


CANADA 

ALBERTA’S “GOVERNMENT CONTROL” MYTH 

The “Government Control” theory regarding the handling and sale of liquor 
is that it: 

(a) Keeps a record through “permits” issued by' the government, of all 
liquor users. 

(b) Prevents the abuse of legal privileges by drinkers. 

(c) Acts as a check on bootlegging, moonshining and home brewing, by 
providing a legal source of liquor supply for all purposes. 

413 



(d) Gives the profits arising from liquor sales to the government instead of 
to private parties. * 

547 Legal Sources of Supply in Alberta 

It will be observed, however, that Alberta’s system is a “hybrid” in that it 
provides for both government sale of all liquors and private sale of beer under 
license. Accordingly, in 1926, the .Liquor Commissioner's report shows liquor 
sold in Alberta as follows: 

By 29 vendor’s stores—all kinds of liquor, for consumption in private resi¬ 
dences. 

By 6 breweries—beer sold to licensees (and to permit holders for consump¬ 
tion in private residences). 

By 100 brewery warehouses—beer sold under same conditions as from 
breweries. 

By 49 clubs—beer, for consumption on the premises by nominal members. 

By 14 canteens—beer, for consumption by militia on the premises. 

By 349 hotels—beer, for consumption on the premises, in beer room only. 

In addition there were 660 “banquet permits” issued during the year. 

The Commissioner’s report for 1926 also reveals the following interesting 
facts: 

1. The Alberta government received: 

(a) From sade of liquor in vendor stores, $4,268,584.25—an increase of $534,- 
474.95 over 1925. 

(b) From permit fees, $131,127.75—an increase of $18,887.00 over 1925. 

(c) From license fees, $113,735.00—an increase of $7,093.50 over 1925. 

2. The Alberta government paid in 1926: 

(a) To the Dominion and Imperial governments for customs and excise 
taxes, $2,413,000.00. 

(b) For liquor law enforcement only, $103,870.83. 

(c) For total operating expenses, $474,190.30. 

3. The Alberta government sold through vendors’ stores: 

(a) 105,000 gallons of wine—an increase of 55,000 gallons over 1925. 

(b) 135,000 gallons of spirituous liquors—an increase of 21,000 gallons over 
1925. 

(c) 128,000 gallons of beer—(1925 sales unknown). 

4 The brewers sold 3,756,000 gallons and the government 128,000 gallons 
of beer—an increase of 318,000 gallons over 1925. 

(The sale price to the public of all beer sold at $2.00 per gallon—or ten cents 
for an 8-ounce glass—was $7,768,000.00.) 

5. The number of doctor’s prescriptions written in 1926 was 2,469—an in¬ 
crease over 1925 of 714. 

6. The public paid for legally obtained liquor in 1926, $11,780,586.25—or 
$19.46 for every man, woman and child in Alberta—basing the estimate on a 
population of 600,000—or $97.30 per family of five. 

7., As all the liquor cannot be consumed without an inevitable crop of 
drunkards being produced, we are not surprised to find 497 men and women 
whose names were added during the year to the list of drunkards—“the Inter¬ 
dicts List.” (An interdict is one who “By excessive drinking of liquor mis¬ 
spends, wastes, or lessens his estate, or injures his health, or endangers or in¬ 
terrupts the peace and happiness of his family.”) This represents an increase 
of 122 interdicts over 1925. 

Another startling fact appears in this connection, namely: that of the 1,021 
interdicts added to the list from May 10, 1924, to February 28, 1927, only 347 
altogether had permits. Six hundred and seventy-four had none! 

It is significant, also, that, after deducting the revocations from the 1926 
list of 497, the net increase in the list for the year was 259. Under the old bar 
sytem in Alberta, when private licensees sold all liq'uor, interdicts were added 
to the list at the net rate of 49.9 per year. It will, therefore, be clear that this 
system is making drunkards over five times as fast as the old bar system. 

S. And as we might expect, liquor-induced offenses are terribly prevalent. 
In 1926 there were 2,809—an increase of 224 over 1925. 

The following facts are taken from the Alberta Liquor Control Board an¬ 
nual reports. 


Number of Permits Issued 


1924 1925 

Individual liquor (resident) . 30,844 32,864 

Individual beer (resident) . 3,446 3,585 

Individual liquor (non-resident) . 3,785 3,010 


414 


1926 

33,850 

3,131 

3,047 





Single purchase . 25,372 74,557 107,667 

Special banquet permits . 942 1,039 8S5 

The decrease in beer permits only and increase in liquor permits proves 
that the beer drinker is now asking for hard liquor also. The increase in indi¬ 
vidual permits proves that many are just commencing to drink. 

Convictions Under Liquor Act 
(4% months in 1924 under prohibition) 

Convictions for drunkenness . 

Convictions for illegal sale . 

Convictions for illegal possession . 

Convictions for other offenses . 

Convictions under Criminal Code, 

drunk and disorderly . the above) 

Convictions for drunk in charge of auto . 

Total convictions under liquor laws . 

Record of Penalties 

Total number of males jailed ... 

Total number of females jailed . 

Total months spent in jail . 

Total fines paid.$59,771.00 

Annua! Consumption of Liquors 

(Sales in Gallons) 


1924 

1925 

1926 

1,254 

1,512 

1,371 

172 

152 

165 

210 

416 

555 

107 

227 

307 

(Included in 



the above) 

222 

335 

»> 

56 

76 

1,743 

2,585 

2,809 

1924 

1925 

1926 

283 

337 

322 

7 

19 

18 

356 1 /, 

532 

493 V 2 


$79,995.00 $82,950.00 


1925 

Beer, ale and stout . 3,566,000 


1926 

3,884,000 
105,000 
135,000 
4,800 


Wines . 50,000 

Spirituous liquors . 114,000 

Alcohol . 5,700 

The Moderation League of Alberta in their campaign literature and from 
the platform stated the following: “The League recognizes as fully as any pro¬ 
hibitionist the suffering caused by intemperance and the abuse of strong liq¬ 
uors, and yields to none in its anxiety to remove a blot on our civilization.” 
“The Moderation League stands firmly and decisively against the bar.” “Give 
men a good glass of beer and they will not demand hard liquor.” “Let them 
buy a drink of beer legally in a licensed place and they Mill stop buying from the 
bootlegger and illicit manufacturer.” Etc. 

“By their fruits ye shall knov^ them.” 

Alberta Prohibition Association. 


THE FIGHT AGAINST ALCOHOL IN MANITOBA 

Prohibition of the liquor traffic was a practical question before Confedera¬ 
tion. New Brunswick had prohibition as early as 1855—for a time. In 1864 the 
parliament of Canada. (Ontario and Quebec) passed the “Drunken Act” provid¬ 
ing for local prohibition by local vote. In 187S the Federal parliament passed 
the Canada Temperance Act (Scott Act) improving upon the Drunken Act. 
These acts were M’idely used in several provinces. 

In 1884 the parliament of Canada “resolved” that the right and most ef¬ 
fectual legislative remedy for alcoholism is the enactment and enforcement of 
a lav r of total prohibition, and that the House is prepared, as soon as public 
opinion Mill sustain it, to promote such legislation as far as it has poM T er. 

On July 23, 1892, the province of Manitoba took a plebiscite on the question 
of prohibition, resulting as follov's: For prohibition, 19,637; against, 7,115; ma¬ 
jority, 12,522. 

On September 29, 1898, a Dominion plebiscite was taken. Manitoba’s vote 
on that occasion stood: For prohibition, 12,419; against, 2,978; majority 9,441. 

In July, 1899, a provincial Conservative convention adopted as a plank in 
their platform: “That a measure be adopted to give effect to the will of the 
people regarding prohibition of the liquor traffic, which measure should go as 
far in the direction of prohibition as the powers of the province M T ill alloM\” 

At the general election on December 7, 1899, the Greenway government M^as 
defeated by the Conservative party under the leadership of Sir Hugh John Mac¬ 
Donald. 

During the preceding eleven years the number of liquor licenses in the prov¬ 
ince had been reduced from 216 to 167. 

The above facts indicate that prohibition of the liquor traffic M'as not only 
a live and practical question before the twentieth century opened, but that on 

415 























three occasions—twice by plebiscite and once in a general election—the electo¬ 
rate of the province had emphatically endorsed the principle. 

In January, 1900, the Conservative government took office and on June 11 
the Premier introduced the prohibition measure (the M. T. A.). On June 14 the 
bill passed the legislature, it being provided that it shall come into force June 1,. 
1901. 

The power of the province to pass the Act was questioned, and in February,. 
1901, an act was passed extending the time for the coming into force of the Act 
to June, 1902, in order to permit the Privy Council to hear the appeal. 

On November 22, 1901, the Privy Council gave its decision declaring the act. 
wholly within the power of the legislature. In the meantime Hugh John Mac¬ 
Donald had been succeeded in the premiership by R. P. Roblin . 

On January 12, Hon. Mr. Rogers announced on behalf of the government 
that a referendum must be held before the act can be put into force. The tem¬ 
perance people divided on policy in regard to the referendum, many refusing to 
vote at all. The referendum was taken on April 2, 1902. The total vote cast 
was 38,071—for the Act, 15,607; against the Act, 22,464; majority against the 
Act, 6,857. Total number on electoral lists, 73,897. 

On April 23 the Dominion Alliance by resolution declared that “in the whole 
history of this province no other election, municipal, provincial or federal, was 
ever characterized by such bribery, personation, perjury and fraud as the elec¬ 
tion on the referendum.” 

Does it become clear that twenty-five years ago—and before that—the liq¬ 
uor traffic was the same vicious, lawless power, capable of the same kind of 
tactics as we have known in later years—and withal that it has been subtle 
enough to entrench and maintain itself with all its evil to the present day? 

The Drink Traffic Advancing 

The opening years of the century saw liquordom gradually strengthened . 
From 167 in 1899 the number of licenses advance year by year as follow T s: 


1899 . 

. 167 

1906 . 

. 261 

1900 . 

. 171 

1907 . 

. 269 

1901 . 

. 188 

1908 . 

. 267 

1902 .. 

. 194 

1909 . 

. 282 

1903 . 

. 226 

1910 . 

. 274 

1904 . 

. 249 

1911 . 

. 284 

1905 . 

.. 254 

1912 . 

. 296 


Adding on the average 9 new licenses a year “the trade” was quite evident!y 
on good footing with the provincial authorities and began to seek further con 
cessions. 

In 1909 club licenses were issued and soon scandalous conditions became 
common in connection with them. Ordinarily the clubs were proprietary owned 
outright and personally managed by one or two men or by a close corporation 
incorporated as a joint stock company. They developed into places of constant 
gambling and excess. Investigation of their operations was systematically re¬ 
sisted by the government—and “clubs of that class” became a common byword 
for dens of every kind of vice. By 1912 sixteen of them were in operation. 

It is significant that in the campaign of 1926-1927 among the foremost de¬ 
mands of those who seek extension of the liquor system is that for club licenses. 
The people’s vote of June 28, 1927, gives no pledge of licenses to places “of that 
class,” and our legislators will do well to consider carefully before they take 
any step that will reopen the doors to the conditions of 1909-1916. 

Bootleggers Under the License System 

The word “bootlegger” has come into common use to indicate the illicit liq¬ 
uor seller. Sometimes it is claimed that he began to exist with the coming of 
prohibition. The facts are against that claim. 

On February 17, 1908, Hon. Mr. Rogers blamed the drunkenness of Winnipeg 
upon “300 or 400 blind pigs” then in existence. On June 17, T. M. Daly, police 
magistrate of Winnipeg, stated before the Anglican Synod that the law gov¬ 
erning the sale of liquor was violated every hour in this city. The evidence 
presented in the notorious Krafchenko case in 1914 made it clear that the “clubs 
of that class” dispensed liquor all night and were associated with every kind 
of excess and vice. 

In March, 1912, the prospectus issued by the Stanley Mineral Springs and 
Brewery Co., Ltd., said: “The directors own and control about eighteen licenses 
in the city of Winnipeg, of which the company will be the beneficiary. The 
directors also control indirectly a large number of licenses scattered through¬ 
out the west, and this will immediately form the basis of a very large distribu¬ 
tion of all the products of the company.” 

416 
















Looking to Another Referendum 

On March 2<, 1914 the Liberal party in convention adopted the following' 
resolution: “That the Liberal party, recognizing the grave evils, disorders and 
corrupt influences associated with the liquor traffic, especially the bar sale of 
liquor and the treating custom, reaffirms its declarations of unqualified sym¬ 
pathy with the temperance cause, and pledges itself: 

“(1) To pass an act for the abolition of the bar, to be prepared by the rec¬ 
ognized temperance forces and to submit such act to a referendum, which act, 
if endorsed by the electors, shall be put into operation and shall have the hearty 
support of the Liberal party in its thorough enforcement. 

“(2) To amend the Liquor License Act so as to ensure a large reduction in 
the number of liquor licenses, the abolition of proprietary club licenses and the 
prohibition of the sale of liquor on Christmas Day, Good Friday and Thanks¬ 
giving Day. 

“(3) To amend the local option law by providing that any municipality shall 
have the power: (a) To limit, reduce or abolish any class of liquor licenses as 
well as to shorten the hours of sale; (b) that resident voters only shall have the 
right to vote; (c) that no liquor licenses shall be issued where a local option 
by-law has been carried and subsequently quashed on technical grounds.” 

The Prohibition Period 

The Liberal party succeeding to office in 1915 provided at the following ses¬ 
sion of the Legislature for a referendum. This was taken on March 13, 1916, 
and resulted in the adoption of the Manitoba Temperance Act. 

The total vote was 76,986. Of these 50,484 were in favor of the Act, and 
26,502 opposed—a majority of 23,982. It came into force on June 1, 1916. 

Convictions for drunkenness as shown by the Criminal Statistics of Canada 
were at once reduced. In 1915 they stood at 4,154; in 1916 at 3,114, and in 1917 
at 1,085. From the first year before the War, 1913, to the end of 1917, the re¬ 
duction in drunkenness in Manitoba was 82 per cent. 

On February 1, 1921, the Federal law prohibiting importation came into 
force. This “tightening up” of restriction again was followed by a further de¬ 
crease in drunkenness. The act w r as not a failure. 

Trade propaganda, a degree of failure in enforcement of the Act, and the 
general unsettlement of the period, were factors that operated toward success 
for the Moderation League movement of 1922-23. 

A vote was taken on June 22, 1923, on a bill prepared by the Moderation 
League providing for so-called Government Control. The vote stood: For the 
Act, 107,609; against the Act, 68,879; majority in favor of Government Control, 
38,730; total vote cast, 176,488. 

The bill, which was brought into operation in September, 1923, provided for 
Government Stores, of which five were opened, and for brewers’ sale direct to 
permit holders. Of brewers’ beer shops, 21 were opened the first year, 37 the 
second and 46 the third. 

A second vote was taken on July 11 on a proposed Sale of Beer Act. The 
vote stood: For the Act, 27,016; against the Act, 65,072; majority against the 
sale of beer, 38,056; total vote, 92,088. Manitoba refused at this time to re¬ 
establish public drinking, private sale for private profit, and the return of bar¬ 
room conditions. 

Government Control in Operation 

The new system meant government sale without control. Bootlegging in¬ 
creased at once, and enormously. At first no limit of quantity purchasable was 
made. After some months a limit of two cases of beer and one case of hard 
liquor per week was made—which was no limit. 

The brewers’ sale feature was productive of constant trouble: 

1. In the year 1925 more than 61 per cent of all the beer manufactured in 
the province was disposed of without accounting to the Liquor Commission. 

2. In 1926 it was found necessary on July 1 to summarily close 40 of the 46 
brewers’ beer shops then in operation. 

3. In the year 1926 the brewers were convicted 32 times.of violations of law. 

Statements re Government Control 

“Our liquor laws are such that no tody of men, however capable and with 
whatever assistance, could do anything at all toward putting a stop to the pres¬ 
ent illegal sale of liquor.” J. B. Dunham, February, 1925. 

“In Manitoba every Tom, Dick and Harry buys from the brewers in bulk 
and then retails by night to the public at 35c to 40c a bottle.” 

Mayor Webb of Winnipeg, December, 1926. 

“Government Control regulations open wide the door for scores of small 

417 


bootleggers who immediately spring up to meet the wants of the man with the 
sudden impulse.” Mail and Empire Staff Correspondent, November, 1926. 

“On three successive nights police had raided and found the premises wide- 
open—30 or 40 men and women in the place every time they raided,—a resort 
of the worst nature.” Judge L. P. Roy, October, 1926. 

“This place is a veritable hot-bed of home-brew and bootlegging, and every¬ 
body seems afraid to move.” Letter of Mr. F., February, 1926. 

“Of the eight breweries operating in Manitoba all but one have been con¬ 
victed at least three times in 1926. One firm has two convictions registered; 
two firms have 3 convictions each; four firms have 4 convictions each, and one 
has 7 convictions all during the year 1926.” 

Attorney General Craig, January, 1927. 

“On August 13, 1925, Drewry’s beer shop at Letellier w^as found to have had 
delivered to it from the brewery a quantity of liquor totalling 330 cases and 27 
kegs which was not further accounted for either as,being sold to permit holders 
or held in stock. On August 15 Shea’s beer shop at Letellier had similarly 499 
cases and 13 kegs, and Drewry’s beer shop at St. Jean had 232 cases. On Octo¬ 
ber 7, 1925, in the town of Morden it was found that the Premier beer shop had 
174 cases, Pelissier’s 244 cases, Shea’s 207 cases and Drewry’s 558 cases and 14 
kegs.” 

The Second Step With the Liquor Traffic 

Government Control, as its promoters designed, prepared the way for a 
wider system. There was never any thought of stopping short of restoration of 
public drinking with conditions as nearly those of the barroom as possible. 

The brewers deemed the time ripe in 1926 and circulated a petition for a 
wide-open Sale of Beer Act, spending over $18,000 to make it a success. They 
overreached themselves and discredited their bill. Several of their canvassers 
were convicted of forgery, and the Bill, when presented to the legislature, was 
voted down. 

On June 28, 1927, a plebiscite on sale of beer by the glass was taken with 
the result that the province decided on that policy as an extension of the Gov¬ 
ernment Control system—at the same time refusing to abrogate the special priv¬ 
ilege enjoyed (and systematically abused) by the brewers since 1923. 

The plebiscite endorsed and renewed the brewers’ special privilege of sale 
direct to permit holders. 

While endorsing the brewers’ privilege, the electorate has repudiated the 
other main principle of the Act of 1923, namely, government control of the sale 
of liquors. It has added to the special privileges of the brewers that of having 
local licensed premises from which private individuals may dispense their 
products under the urge of private profit. 

Since 1916, i. e., under che Manitoba Temperance Act, and under the Gov¬ 
ernment Liquor Control Act, the province has no liquor license system, no pri¬ 
vate corporations or individuals (other than the breweries) deriving profit from 
liquor sale, no provision for public drinking or “treating” of liquor. Now by 
the vote of June 28 these prohibitions are set aside. 

On May 3 the Free Press said editorially, “The sale of beer by the glass 
breaks completely with the principle of government sale of liquor. It is a return 
to the earlier method of sale by private parties subject to'public laws and to 
regulation and supervision by the government. The beer parlor marks the re- 
emergence in modified form of the bar.” 

Summary 

Among the recorded effects of the Government Control system—the system 
Manitoba has decided to maintain and extend—may be found examples of every 
vicious condition, of every type of cruel suffering and wrong that ever were 
found in the trail of the liquor traffic. Such are the following: Families de¬ 
prived of comforts and necessities in order that the father might have money 
to spend for liquor; a mother waiting in terrified suspense for the return of 
drunken sons; a child of seven wildly intoxicated at a city school; men dis¬ 
missed from employment for drunkenness; a young mother forced into the night 
with her little child to escape a murderous attack by a drink-crazed husband; 
young men entrapped into vice and loathsome disease; parents in agony over 
youth being “dragged down to hell”; four lives suddenly cut short by poison 
liquor in one drinking bout; a wife beaten to death and the body drenched with 
boiling water in a husband’s drunken frenzy. 

These things and such things as these have been going on. But the elec¬ 
torate of the province have been deaf to the cry of their suffering and blind to 
the sight of their tragedy, and in the vote of June 28 have said to the liquor 

418 


trade: ‘Go on. We continue your franchise. We extend your liberties. We 

open wider the doors through which you may send your liquor flowing.” 

W. ft. Wood, Alliance Secretary. 

(Presented by A. S. Bardal.) 


THE TEMPERANCE SITUATION IN NOVA SCOTIA 

We have a measure of Prohibition in Nova Scotia inasmuch as our law 
passed in 1910 prohibited the sale of any kind of drink containing alcohol. 
Hence we have no legalized sale of strong drink as a beverage. 

A Vendor’s Commission takes care of the use for medical purposes. The 
issuing of prescriptions and sale by vendors is open to flagrant abuses inas¬ 
much as very few doctors believe in the efficacy of alcohol as a remedy for 
disease. 

In 1920, a referendum was taken and resulted in a large majority for the 
retention of our Temperance Act. The enforcement of the law is now in the 
hands of a Chief Inspector and seven District Sub-Inspectors who are appointed 
by the government. The local inspectors are appointed by the Municipal Coun¬ 
cils subject to the approval of the government. The chief inspector has the 
power to veto an appointment if he does not approve of it. 

Those opposed to the prohibitory law organized a Moderation League and 
after several years of propaganda, a bill having for its object the sale of wines 
and beer, was introduced in the House of Assembly last winter. This was de¬ 
feated by a large majority, the Premier leading in the debate against it. A 
great deal of campaign work had been done in the meantime by the various 
temperance organizations, and a Provincial Prohibition Committee was formed 
with headquarters at Halifax for the purpose of co-ordinating the activities of 
the temperance forces. 

At a recent meeting of the National Division of the Sons of Temperance, 
Nova Scotia headed the list for the greatest increase in membership in Canada 
and the United States. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union is most 
active in promoting temperance teaching in week-day and Sundaj^ schools, and 
in the distribution of literature. 

The greatest hindrances to the. enforcement of law are the export and im¬ 
port liquor houses at Halifax and the presence of rum-runners on the coast. 
Efforts are being made by the Social Service Council to have the licenses of 
the former cancelled. The federal government through its newly organized 
Preventive Service is seeking to cope with the latter. The investigations of the 
Liquor Commission disclosed a state of affairs which was anything but credit¬ 
able to the political parties or to some customs officials and which emphasized 
anew the truth of the statement that “the love of money is the root of all evil.” 

We are determined to hold what we have and to work for better conditions, 
being encouraged thereto by the recent victory for prohibition in Prince Edward 
Island. Mrs. Ada L. Powers, 

Cor. Sec., W. C. T. U. of Nova Scotia. 


TEMPERANCE IN NOVA SCOTIA 

From the founding of the city of Halifax in 1749 until 1916 that city was 
under a license system. 

In counties and districts outside of Halifax the power of granting licenses 
was in 1773 conferred upon justices of the peace sitting in special sessions. 
Later the Liquor License Act made provisions for the obtaining of licenses by 
requisition of a specified number of ratepayers in a district. 

As early as 1851 in most of the counties licenses were not granted. About 
that time active work was undertaken to have a prohibitory law placed upon 
the statutes. In 1894 and again in 1898 the people of the province by large ma¬ 
jorities voted in favor of prohibition. The vote of 1894 was in favor of provin¬ 
cial, and in 1898 in favor of Dominion-wide, prohibition. From year to year the 
temperance forces of the province called upon the government to place upon the 
statutes a provincial prohibition law and the Nova Scotia Temperance Act was 
in 1910 placed upon the statutes and became operative throughout the province, 
with the exception of the city of Halifax. At that time there were 46 licensed 
bars and five wholesale houses in the city. In March, 1916, by vote of the House 
of Assembly, it was decided that all licenses would expire on 30th of June, 1916. 
Thus the whole province is under prohibition. 

Results of Prohibition 

In considering the results of prohibition in Nova Scotia it should be remem¬ 
bered that for over one hundred and fifty years previous to 1916 the license sys¬ 
tem affected the social and business life of the province. It will take years to 

419 




remedy the conditions created by the long continued existence of the traffic, but 
as abundant evidence makes clear prohibition has already resulted in marked 
benefit to the province. 

There is and there will be for some time, a very active liquor propaganda to 
discredit prohibition. False and foolish reports are being circulated as to the 
number of illicit “stills’' and “dives,” and the enormous quantities of liquor 
consumed. To support our claim that prohibition is meeting with success, note 
the following: 

1. Leading business men, employers of labor, workmen in different occupa¬ 
tions, have given it as their opinion that prohibition has been of material benefit 
to the province. 

2. Clergymen of all denominations, physicians, social workers, and others, 
who visit the homes of the people bear testimony to the moral and social value 
of prohibition. 

3. There is less evidence on the streets of our villages, towns, and cities, of 
the beverage liquor traffic. 

4. Our railroad trains, our street cars, are freer from evidence of drinking 
and drunkenness. 

5. Our hotels in their lobbies, elevators, dining-rooms, in guest rooms, show 
less evidence of the beverage use of liquor. 

6. Conventions, fairs, carnivals, baseball and football games, holiday cele¬ 
brations, show less evidence of the beverage liquor traffic. 

7. Police Court records show that since 1916 there has been a marked de¬ 
crease in convictions for drunkenness and in convictions for all offenses 
throughout the province. 

The Police Court records in Halifax for the last ten civic years, 1906-16, un¬ 
der license, compared with the ten civic years, 1916-26, under prohibition, show 
an average annual decrease under prohibition of 332 convictions for drunken¬ 
ness and of 501 for all offenses. 

The city prison records for the ten-year periods show an average annual 
decrease in commitments for drunkenness under prohibition of 244, and of 269 
for all offenses. 

• Educational Work 

The progress of temperance reform in the province is a result of sustained 
effort for many years along educative and legislative lines. 

For more than one hundred years educational work has been carried on in 
our churches, Sunday schools, public schools and temperance societies. 

Not only have our churches and temperance organizations, Roman Catholic 
and Protestant, advocated total abstinence, but by resolution and declaration 
they have called for the suppression by law of the liquor traffic. 

Churches Favor Prohibition 

In the referendum of 1920 when Nova Scotia voted by a majority of about 
60,000 for prohibition of the importation of liquor into the province, His Grace, 
Archbishop McCarthy, and His Lordship, Bishop Morrison, of the Roman Cath¬ 
olic Church, declared for prohibition. 

In 1915 the Church of England Synod and other church synods, associations 
and conferences, passed strong resolutions in favor of prohibition, and to this 
day the churches stand by their resolutions and declarations. 

The Press and Temperance Reform 

The cause of prohibition has been greatly strengthened by the attitude of 
the press in Nova Scotia. The leading dailies in Halifax and Sydney have 
strongly advocated the enforcement of the law. Our county papers, with few 
exceptions, endorse prohibition. Take, for instance, the leading Roman Cath¬ 
olic paper—“The Casket.” In an editorial on November 11, 1926, comparing 
conditions under prohibition and license, we have the following: 

“The only way to fairly put the case before the people is to give them a 
chance to judge the present conditions in close comparison with the conditions 
before 1916. 

“By not doing this, they leave at least the voters who have grown up since 
1916 to suppose that such amount of alcoholism as now exists is due to prohi¬ 
bition. Two questions raise their heads sharply in this matter—“What were 
the conditions before 1916?” “What will be the conditions under a system of 
government shops?” It is most unfair to neglect either of these questions. And 
it is as foolish as it is unfair. The fact is the opponents of prohibition dare not 
take up the situation as it was before 1916 if they do not want to have the ver¬ 
dict go against them at once. 

“Do they imagine that people have forgotten the long lines of barrooms, the 
all-night drinking in hotels, the great ships loaded with intoxicants, the rail- 

420 


yay freight sheds packed to the roof with every sort of liquors? The crowded 
jails, the intolerable nuisance of public traveling amongst drunken crowds? 

“What sort of memories do they think people have? They had better wait 
for another generation till the public forgets!” 

The Medical Association Opposed to Beverage Use of Alcohol 

In 1915 the Medical Society and the medical health officers of the province 
placed themselves as opposed to the use of alcohol for beverage purposes. 

Nova Scotia Will Retain Prohibition 

For the reasons given, namely the support of the churches, the attitude of 
the press and the deliverances of the Medical Society and health officers, and 
the overwhelming temperance sentiment of the people in general, Nova Scotia 
will stand by its prohibitory legislation. 

Work to Be Accomplished 

One of the chief hindrances to enforcement of our provincial law has been 
the laxity of the Dominion government in dealing with the question of importa¬ 
tion into the proAfince. Uiquor is smuggled from St. Pierre and other places. 
Halifax, Lunenburg, and Yarmouth ha\ T e been bases of operation for smugglers 
and rum-runners. 

We have liquor import and export houses in Halifax, where large quantities 
of liquor are stored, presumably for export. These have been established under 
provisions of Dominion legislation, but may on request of the provincial go\ r - 
ernment be closed. They are a menace to the enforcement of our laAv. They 
are also a menace to the administration of the United States prohibitory law. 
We have asked our proAdncial government to take action as proAdded in the 
Dominion statutes to haA’e these houses closed. 

The Outlook for the Future 

Even with very imperfect enforcement, Avith no real provincial enforcement 
until within a little more than a year, the people believed that prohibition Avas 
the only method of overthrowing the liquor traffic. 

Now, under a determined effort by the inspector-in-chief Avith a staff of 
deputy inspectors, we have provincial enforcement of the Temperance Act, and 
the outlook for better administration is cheering. 

Again, the recent action of the Dominion government to suppress smug¬ 
gling will grealy improve conditions. 

On request of our Social Service Council the proAdncial government com¬ 
municated with the federal authorities respecting enforcement of customs regu¬ 
lations. The Minister of Customs replied in part as follows: “A new chief has 
been appointed and under him a force of special preAentiAe officers is being 
organized. Automobiles Avill be provided to facilitate their work in certain dis¬ 
tricts, and the coast will be watched by patrol boats. You may rest assured 
that everything possible will be done to prevent the illicit importation of liq¬ 
uors into the province of Nova Scotia.” 

The outlook for the future from a prohibition standpoint Avas neA’er brighter 
than at present. H. R. Grant, 

Secretary, Social Service Council. 


PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 

Prince Edward Island—the land renowned as the home of the siher fox—is 
the recognized fountain-head of advanced temperance thought, and the center 
of progressive prohibition on the American continent. 

For a century back its sturdy sons and daughters set for themselves the 
highest known objectives in temperance reform, and with noble determination 
labored to reach those high standards. In the earlier years they experimented 
with the best they could discover in the form of license restriction and liquor 
regulation. Then, in 187S-.79, when prohibitory local option became possible, 
they were quick to adopt the Canada Temperance Act (Scott Act), and to test 
its practicability as a suppressor of the liquor evil. 

In 1900 they adopted provincial prohibition. Other places may claim earlier 
entry into the field in this species of legal enactment, but for absolute prohibi¬ 
tion, without compromising clauses or conditions, the Island carries the banner 
of supremacy—the first to occupy the field. 

For a quarter of a century her temperance forces were compelled to con¬ 
test every inch of captured or occupied ground, for the militant aggressions of 
the liquor traffic, financed by their lavish stream of gold, had to be met and 
repelled. Legal flaws Avere sought out, and contended for in the courts, and no 
expedient was lost sight of, by the agencies of the foul traffic, to nullify our 
laws and reestablish their caracals of intoxication. 

These contests were sometimes long and costly. Frequently the enemy 

421 



would score a temporary advantage, but, by legislation or in some other way, 
the difficulty would be overcome, and the cause of temperance emerge with 
triumph. It is true, also, to a limited extent, that the temperance people would 
at times abate their wonted activity, but these recessions were never lasting, 
and, when duty called, they were ever ready to respond. 

In 1923 they adopted, by plebiscite, the Federal law prohibiting the import 
and export of intoxicants into, or out of, our prohibition province. 

Inspired by the success in Ontario, as the outcome of a combination in 
which the Ferguson government and the liquor trade succeeded in adopting a 
liquor sale system, our provincial government appealed to the people, in July, 
1927, upon a like issue. The ruling party were fairly popular and, in their 
natural party strength, would likely have been returned to power. False ad¬ 
visers, however, led them into the belief that if they would embark in the liquor 
sale craft they would be certain to reach port with safety. 

They opened up their campaign with a vim, and flushed with the idea that 
their program would be, in the language of one of their chiefs, a political 
“cyclone.” Printer’s ink was spread with lavish recklessness, and their plan of 
campaign, like similar ones of barroom origin, included innumerable forms of 
calumny, slander and misrepresentation. 

The Ministerial, and the Temperance Alliance were not caught napping. 
Even before the government sounded the tocsin of war, our combined temper¬ 
ance forces were on their job in deadly earnest. They felt that the conflict was 
to be a fierce one, and would be fought without scruple on principle by the 
moneyed interests behind the exploiting politicians. They were not too certain 
of success, but they determined to do their part, and leave the issue with God. 

The Rev. A. A. MacLeod, pastor of the Summerside Baptist Church, re¬ 
signed to take the position of field organizer for the Temperance Alliance. Wm. 
E. Bentley, K.C., a foremost barrister, left his extensive law business to his as¬ 
sistants, to devote his whole time and energies to campaign work. The writer, 
for many years organizer of the Conservative party, and writer for their press, 
abandoned all to give gratuitous service to the Alliance. Almost our whole 
clergy joined in the work, very many of them most active in platform and 
publicity work. 

In the months of March and April, when our roads were at their worst, 
facing snow and ice and slush and mud, our workers took up the challenge, 
addressing meetings and soliciting aid for our cause in the farm homes and 
wherever possible on the wayside. 

The Alliance issued weekly a Temperance Bulletin, sending it free of charge 
into every home in the province. This Bulletin is still issued—now only monthly. 

The government went to the polls with 25 members, as against five Liberals 
in opposition. At the urgent solicitation of the Alliance the Liberal party 
adopted absolutely our prohibition program. The election resulted in a com¬ 
plete rout of the government liquor sale party. The Temperance Alliance party 
were returned with 24 to support prohibition—elected by handsome majorities, 
and six liquor sale men, amongst them the Premier, almost defeated but saved 
by a meager 14 votes. 

One of the conditions of the campaign was that two years hence, after a 
two years trial of a more efficiently enforced prohibition, a plebiscite will be 
granted as to the retention of prohibition or the adoption of Government Con¬ 
trol. In view of this the Alliance are keeping their machinery in active opera¬ 
tion, their offices open, Bulletin published, pulpit and press education is being 
carried on, and as a further part we are cooperating with the government and 
the officers of the law for greater efficiency and better enforcement of all our 
temperance laws, so that when the plebiscite does come, we shall carry it with 
a sweep of surprising magnitude, 

Temperance Alliance of Prince Edward Island. 

By Lewis P. Tanton. 


NEWFOUNDLAND 

When the government without special reference to the people repealed the 
Prohibition Act and submitted the “Bottle a Day Act,” it was claimed by its 
supporters that this act would reduce, if not cure, shebeening or bootlegging, 
moonshining, smuggling, drunkenness, and generally promote temperance, etc. 
The official report of the Board of Liquor Control and police records prove that 
these expectations have not only not been realized but the Board is now selling 
probably two or three times the amount of liquor that was sold by the open sa¬ 
loons in pre-prohibition years. 

Shebeening—The Board’s report states: “During the year the Board con- 

422 



ducted 358 prosecutions before the several courts in St. John’s and the outports 
and fines amounting - to $6,427.93 were imposed and collected and paid over to 
the Board. This means an increase of 113 cases over those of the last fiscal 
year.” 

The average number of prosecutions for shebeening during five years under 
the prohibition act were 76, proving that the present act, supplying as it does 
a bottle a day, greatly develops shebeening, which is in itself a serious menace. 
The increase in prosecutions under the present act represents 100 per cent for 
shebeening alone. 

Moonshine—The report states that “During the year the Board conducted 
13 prosecutions for the offense of “moonshining” and blames prohibition for this, 
although there were fewer prosecutions under that act than under the present 
act. This proves that the distribution of over a million dollars worth of liquor 
by the Board did not and cannot cure this evil, and for a reason well known to 
those who have studied the question. 

The practice of making moonshine or “home brew” is now general in all 
countries because of the fact that people have discovered that moonshine can 
be made for about one-quarter the price of heavily taxed liquor. 

Smuggling—The report states that “As long as St. Pierre remains a French 
colony we must submit to a certain amount of smuggling on the southwest 
coast, etc., and that lately smuggling has taken on a different form; it is in a 
large measure carried on through the medium of rum-runners, etc.” 

It is therefore evident that smuggling has developed considerably under the 
operation of the present act. 

Suspension List—The Board states that 179 persons were put on the Sus¬ 
pension List and that this method is a failure, as many of those blacklisted con¬ 
trived to procure liquor. 

Drunkenness—The report contains the proud boast that the Board’s liquor 
business has been a great success. One way of measuring such success may be 
by considering the number of arrests for drunkenness. We find as follows: 


1915-1916—Two saloon years. Average arrests. 684 

1917-1918—First two years under prohibition. Average arrests. 91 


1919-1924—Six years under prohibition, lax enforcement. Average arrests 406 
1925-1926—First two years under Government Control Act. Aver, arrests 754 
(Also 358 prosecutions for shebeening and other offenses.) 

It was also evident that during last year many drunken men escaped arrest 
because, as reported in the public press, the penitentiary was filled to capacity, 
with two in each cell. 

The above comparative statement proves that drunkenness has increased 
nearly 100 per cent over the worst years under “unenforced” prohibition, and 
10 per cent more than during the saloon period. Surely an alarming situation. 

The Board admits that persons are ordering and receiving liquor under ficti¬ 
tious names, that liquor is re-sold, etc. It is common knowledge that this act 
has produced a serious situation for the legitimate business man, who is now up 
against a new competitor from the trader, who orders his daily bottle from the 
Board and uses the liquor to induce customers to come to his store to buy then- 
goods. Legitimate trade is thereby demoralized. 

Volume of Business—During 1917 the Prohibition Board of Control imported 
5 679 gallons of liquor, valued at $15,713.00. During 1918 the same Board im¬ 
ported 6 887 gallons, valued at $17,165.00. During 1926 the sales of liquor under 
the new act amounted to the huge sum of $1,144,122.76. This money withdrawn 
from legitimate trade when most needed because of the low earning power of 
the people, has helped to paralyze the trade of the country, is now a total loss 
as far as value-giving is concerned, and has contributed to the great amount of 
unemployment, causing poverty and distress. The revenue raised from the im¬ 
portation and sale of liquor would be raised if a million dollars of this money 
was diverted to general trade. W. C. T. U. of Newfoundland. 


CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

Up to the Great War the temperance movement was carried through in two 
directions- (1) The ethical, non-ecclesiastical direction, organized in temper¬ 
ance societies (2) The religious direction, in the Protestant Churches and Blue 
Cross. The activity ceased during the War, but after the War it was called to 

life Tlm^emperance Union is working with an ample governmental subsidy in 
the spirit of state economical-financial interests, and besides this the temper¬ 
ance movement is being propagated in some ethical and spotting societies as a 
part of their program. 


423 





The religious direction is conducted as an establishment of a Protestant 
temperance family, and it is also a part of the program in some smaller Protes¬ 
tant Churches and religious societies. It is not to be found either in Catholi¬ 
cism or in the new national Church (Czechoslovak). 

Consumption of beer, wine and liquors is growing yearly. Production of 
beer is considered an important part of national economy, which must not be 
touched. Therefore in temperance circles, depending on governmental help, the 
prohibition question is solved with regard to these interests. In the coming 
decade there is no hope to enter into dealing about beer and wine prohibition. 
But the need of liquor prohibition is being seen, as the influence of liquors in 
some less cultural districts of the republic, especially in Slovakia, is terrible. 

The scientific authorities did not give their approval for an entire removal 
of alcohol. Only very few physicians belong to teetotalers. The beer industry 
will always find its scientific defenders. A physician recommending temperance 
is depreciated by his colleagues. 

Journalists are in the service of the alcoholistic capital and bring syste¬ 
matically reports of the failure of prohibition in other countries. Only a few 
cultural magazines are propagating temperance; the political journalists are 
not inclined to deal with this question. 

The manner of our social life asks directly for the use of alcohol. Social 
and public meetings are held in restaurants. Social homes of political and 
sporting organizations are always connected with a restaurant. Family festi¬ 
vals cannot be thought of without alcohol. 

A bill, passed some years before, forbids to serve alcoholic drinks to the 
youth up to 16 years, but as there is no severe control of this bill, it is not 
observed. 

In spite of all these facts the general education and the small work of tem¬ 
perance movement is making way. The number of drunkards is decreasing; 
drinking is not held for heroism. Students, conducted by althletic sports to a 
healthy, sober life, cease to look for revelries in saloons. Also the progressive 
churches recommend temperance at least theoretically. Trial vote for liquor 
prohibition has in some communities a favorable result for the temperance 
movement. 

The following statistics are according to present official data, as far as they 
could be collected: 

The production of alcoholic drinks employs 420,000 persons, i. e., 3 per cent 
of all inhabitants. 

Breweries—in 1923, 584 breweries produced 7,272,772 hi. of beer. In 1924, 
598 breweries produced 8,134,490 hi. of beer. In 1925, 637 breweries produced 
9,211,243 hi. of beer. Export to other countries amounts to 40,000 hi. a year. 

Distilleries—In 1923, 905 big and 2,777 family distilleries produced totally 
469,804 hi. of 100 per cent spirits, from which 256,162 hi. were used for produc¬ 
tion of liquors. 

In 1926 the production of 892 big distilleries amounted to 580,000 hi. of 
spirits. 

The yearly import of cognac and liquors from other countries amounts to 
10,000,000-Czech crowns. There were consumed 500,000 hi. of wine a year. There 
are 43,000 restaurants, inns and saloons in our country. For beer, wine and liq¬ 
uors the sum of 3,000,000,000 Czech crowns is spent yearly. The profit of the 
beer tax was 270,000,000.-Czech crowns in 1923 and 318,000,000.-Czech crowns 
in 1925. 

The beer production requires 2.500,000 q. of grain. The spirit production 
requires 2,583,200 q. of potatoes, 104,116 q. of malt, and 4,122 q. of maize yearly. 

Josef Bradac, 

Vice-President of the Fighters of God. 


CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

In Czechoslovakia 50,000 men die annually of tuberculosis and lung diseases, 
two-thirds of whom—33,000—are at the best working age. ... If we take the 
average daily wage of the 33,000 as 30 crowns, we thus lose every year 300,000,- 
000 crowns’ worth of work. 

Alcohol also has its share in causing the second scourge of mankind_the 

sex diseases. In the national handbook of the Czechoslovakian Republic for 
1925, Dr. Pelc estimated that there are annually about 100,000 new cases of in¬ 
fection. 

Alcoholism is also a heavy burden on our domestic economy. We drink an¬ 
nually to the extent of three and one-half milliards of crowns, which amounts 
to 250 crowns per capita. We import every year enormous amounts of food 

424 



materials, products of a cultivated area which is greater than all of Silesia; we 
spill them out, however, in the fermenting-vat and thereby destroy them, since 
none of the alcoholic drinks can be considered as a food material. Every year 
we pay out many millions in the form of taxes for hospitals, sanitariums, insane 
asylums, prisons, police, reform institutions, poorhouses, etc., in short, for ar¬ 
rangements which have to be made in great part for those who have been ruined 
physically, mentally, morally, or economically, by alcohol. . . . 

Most of the terrible housing misery is also caused by alcoholism, and, in 
fact, this was enormous before the war. In 1910 in Prague one in every 25 
dwellings were in cellars, and more than seven persons lived in every tenth 
house in Prague, and more than eight in each house in Mahr-Ostrau. In other 
larger cities it was not much better. Eut how is it today? In one room three 
generations are often found penned up together. 

Our Republic has already passed some laws and regulations, which w'ould 
be excellent if they were carried out earnestly. We still lack institutions for 
the care of drunkards in every community, and we do not have prohibition of 
alcohol advertisements, higher alcoholic taxes, tax-free non-alcoholic drinks, or 
local option. The chief work is done by private initiative, among the Czechs 
the Svaz Abstinentni (“Abstinence Society”), among South-Germans, the Ar- 
beiterabstinentenbund (“Workmen’s Abstinence League”), the Weisse Kreuz 
(“White Cross”), and especially the Deutsche Guttemplergemeinschaft (“German 
Good Templar Order”). Besides methods of instruction, explanation by word 
and by writing, petitions to authorities and officials, they see in the example of 
personal abstinence the chief means of education, as the drink habits of the best 
circles, in the so-called moderate measures, have become an actually destructive 
example for the lower classes. The work for juvenile total abstinence instruc¬ 
tion was intensive; as its fruits are to be recorded in 26,000 juvenile total absti¬ 
nence pledges. The young people’s society in Dandskron publishes its own 
richly illustrated monthly paper for youths at a price of 10 crowns a year. (The 
temperance forces do not demand prohibition or general abstinence, but restric¬ 
tion.) “Aufwarts.” 

Prof. Dr. Alfred Grimm, Landskron. 


REPORT OF ACTIVITIES OF “DEUTSCHE GUTTEMPLARGEMEIN- 
SCHAFT” FOR THE YEAR JULY 1, 1926-1927 

1. Organizations. The number of groups has increased from 75 to 82. New 
organizations were recorded in Schmiedeberg, Wiesenber, Plannsdorf, Desche- 
iitz, Neuern, Znaim, Mahr-Schonberg (two groups). 

A gratifying activity has been noticeable among the young people. The 
number and strength of the juvenile groups has increased very favorably. 

It is not to be misunderstood that the organization work is more difficult 
from year to year, yet there are places, at the start firmly organized, in which 
new tendencies demand much intensive and continuous propaganda work. 

2. Cooperation With Similar Bodies. We were represented last year at 
the International Antialcohol'Congress at Dorpat by Chief Templar Prof. Otto 
Kuhnert (Mahr-Schonberg). Dr. Alfred Grimm (Landskron) took part in the 
convention of 1926 of the German Association for Alcohol-free Culture (Deutsche 
Gemeinschaft fur alkoholfreie Kultur) in Austria. In the spring of this year 
Grand Secretary R. Schorth spent two weeks in Germany for the purpose of 
studying. E. L. G. Hohenthal, the American prohibitionist, spent the winter 
months in Europe and gave us the opportunity of learning about the prohibi¬ 
tion situation in the United States. By his arrangement we received regularly 
a series of American papers. We are a member of the International Bureau 
Against Alcoholism in Lausanne, from which we receive valuable information 
of the whole world. Not last is the improvement made in cooperation with the 
alcohol opponents of Czech nationality. In Mahr-Moravia-Ostrau our groups 
joined with that of Abstinentni Svaz in establishing a great public health ex¬ 
hibition in Ostrau, near which the alcohol section of the exhibition was to be 

seen. , ,, 

3. Lecture Activities. In all, 42 public lectures were held. 

4 Publication Activities. These were quite active. Newly issued were two 
illustrated placards, “Cause, Effect,” 2,000 copies, and the illustrated leaflet “The 
Sorrow Farmer,” with text by Dr. George Plischke, 5,000 copies. Also a pam¬ 
phlet, “To the Worker,” 5,000 copies. 

Second editions were published of other pamphlets, to the number of 25,000 

copies^ mogt i mpor tant improvement is the foundation of our own journal, 
Aufwarts (“Upwards”), an independent critical monthly, which today appears 

425 



in an edition of 1,000, which in the large supply of periodicals must really mean 
something. Indeed, this is just a beginning. Should Aufwarts become what we 
expect of it, then the edition will have to be still further increased. 

It must be recorded here that the founding of the periodical was only made 
possible through the joining together of all available forces. 

A great number of new posters on the alcohol question were circulated by 
the various antialcohol publications by hundreds, especially the pamphlet “Why 
Did We Lose the War?” by Schmidt, and the brochures, “What Should We 
Drink?” and “The Position of Jahns Concerning the Alcohol Question.” 

5. Propaganda Material. The series of photographs were continually in 
use, and during the National Health Week all the calls for them could not be 
satisfied. 

Exhibitions were held in Olmutz, Grulich, Weipert, Truban, Moravia, Trop- 
pau, Ostrau, Moravia, Neustadt, Moravia, and Eger. In the last five cities the 
alcohol section of the exhibition was discontinued, for extending the material of 
the other lines of public health efforts. In order to increase the effectiveness of 
the show-case, a special show-case device was arranged, which the participators 
supplied weekly with new material. 

The completion of a traveling library is near at hand. 

6. General Propaganda Activities. The National Health Week gave the op¬ 
portunity to carry out propaganda work on a large scale. Above all, leaflets and 
posters were given out by the Prague office, which went out to the various dis¬ 
tricts. Moreover, the head office directed a round robin to all the district edu¬ 
cation committees of the Republic in which a list of effective poster material on 
the alcohol question was contained. To this circular is due the fact that thou¬ 
sands more of various posters were distributed, 

7. Legislation. Through contact with the Czech abstinence societies the 
way was prepared for the attainment of legal measures against alcoholism. 

Many petitions which pointed out the insufficiency of the administration of 
the existing laws against alcoholism, were directed to authoritaive places, so 
that never were the most regrettable facts of the “paper” laws allowed to be 
forgotten by the officials. 

Moreover, our demands for new regulation of the closing hour were brought 
to the attention of the ministry in a memorial. 

8. Juvenile Work. We support as far as it is in our power the aspiring 
youth movement. In spite of the prevailing need of its wide classes the edition 
of its paper has recently been increased. 

9. Social Activities Without Alcohol. In stronger measure than in former 
years the idea of social gatherings without smoking has been carried out. Es¬ 
pecially were the dance entertainments a great success. 

Evening entertainments of all kinds make our groups and their work known 
in various places in the proper way. The stage was also used successfully for 
the propagation of our ideas. 

10. Non-alcoholic Use of Fruit. Our sub-committee for the study of this 
subject worked continually. A great part of the work included asking questions 
of the farmers and housewives about things of a general and special nature con¬ 
cerning the use of fruit, which were answered freely, and the carrying out of 
the idea served very \vell. According lo its feasibility we circulated the infor¬ 
mation among the people concerning markets for good, pure fruit juices. 

11. Finances. The financial situation is very serious. The receipts do not 
grow in proportion as the work is widened, but much slower. The majority of 
our members are from the non-wealthy class, who can offer us much working 
strength but not much money. 

Deutsche Guttemplergemeinschaft (“German Good Templar Order”). 

Karl Schroth 


CZECLIOSLOVENSKY ABSTINENTNY SVAZ 

Alcoholism rages in our country like a real pestilence. There are many 
families where not only the father and mother drink spirits every day, but also 
the parents give this poison to their own children, in the belief that this drink 
is nourishing and necessary to the children. There are families where spirits 
are used in the place of soup or milk, and where the bread is moistened with 
brandy instead of butter. 

Therefore, we have up to the present time organized in Slovakia 3,482 total 
abstainers in individual village and student societies, who fight together with us 
against this alcohol pestilence. We should be very glad if we could not only 
hold what we have previously organized, but develop it further. We need our 
own anti-alcohol organ in the Slovakian language, and Slovakian pamphlets 

426 



and leaflets. It is necessary to hold anti-alcohol lectures, to undertake propa¬ 
ganda trips, to write anti-alcohol reports for newspapers, and to pay our work¬ 
ers suitably. For all these things we lack the necessary funds. 

Csl. Abstinentny Svaz. 
Prof. Dr. Karl (von) Lanyi, President. 


EGYPT 

Every station reported temperance activities throughout the year. Many 
temperance meetings were held, a goodly number signed pledges, and approxi¬ 
mately 100,000 pages of temperance literature were distributed. 

There was a very encouraging response to the request sent to all pastors 
and missionaries to observe the World’s Temperance Sabbath. 

Many missionaries testified that “Our agreement with the Moslem on this 
matter paves the way for a more favorable consideration on his part of the full 
gospel message.” 

The literature printed last year has been nearly exhausted, but a reprint of 
30,000 picture leaflets is now available. (All in Arabic.) 

We hope that charts and posters will soon be available for use in schools, 
clubs and temperance meetings. 

Among other recommendations, we recommend the mission plan for a Na¬ 
tional Temperance Day in consultation and cooperation with the Synod of the 
Nile and with existing temperance societies in Egypt. We hope this can be car¬ 
ried out. Helen J. Noordewier (returned missionary). 


ENGLAND 

WORLD’S WOMAN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION 

The N. B. W. T. A. U. has been and is still strenuously opposing the schemes 
for the Disinterested Management of the Liquor Traffic, and we rejoice that the 
Southborough Government Committee (before which I gave, with two other 
ladies, evidence a few months since) has reported it cannot commend the Car¬ 
lisle System. 

We are keeping the great principle of local option as our chief aim. 

Our Union has just purchased a horse caravan, and this will tour villages 
during the next few months in charge of two capable workers who will visit the 
cottages, distribute literature, get on friendly terms with the villagers and ad¬ 
dress open-air meetings from the platform of the caravan which will be deco¬ 
rated with our temperance posters. The caravan will stay several days in each 
village so that a real impression may be made. 

We are encouraging study circles as a means to educate. 

Our temperance film has been most useful, and we have just ordered an¬ 
other one from the National W. C. T. U. 

The Frothblowers Association - is doing mischievous work here under the 
name of philanthropy! 

We have just held a summer school at Swanwick, Derbyshire, with daily 
committees and conferences on many important aspects of our question. 

The number of teetotalers in England is steadily increasing. Our aim is to 
bring over to our side a large number of hesitating people who have not seen 
the need. 

I believe that the economic question is bound before long to vastly move 
Britains, as the truth gets known over here of U. S. A. prohibition; so our posi¬ 
tion will be enormously increased. I am, week by week, speaking on this sub¬ 
ject from the point of view of America’s gains of health and moral force. 

We need to secure real temperance teaching in our schools. That subject 
we keep steadily before us. 

World’s Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. 

Agnes E. Slack. 


BAPTIST UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 
TEMPERANCE COMMITTEE 

So far as our denomination is concerned practically all the ministers are 
total abstainers, and certainly this is true of the students now preparing for the 
ministry in our colleges. We have still a long way to go so far as members of 
our churches generally are concerned. At the same time we are much en¬ 
couraged in the work we are striving to do, from many quarters. 

The Abstainer’s League is still proving effective in many churches, and a 
few new branches have been started during the year. The reports that we have 

427 






received from some of the branches show that a real earnest work is being done 
in many parts. 

Reports from the secretaries of the County Associations indicate that in 
many churches, as opportunity presents itself, ministers are drawing attention 
to the evils which are wrought by strong drink. It is only right to say, how¬ 
ever, that in many of the reports there is a feeling that more unity might be 
accomplished if only the churches realized the urgency of our problem. 

We again sent all ministers “Facts and Figures” in time for Temperance 
Sunday, and were enabled to do so by the kindness of several friends who sent 
contributions towards the cost. 

Our appeal for Temperance Sunday met with a fairly gratifying response, 
and in not a few cases an offering was taken, to be equally shared by the Tem¬ 
perance Council of the Christian Churches and our own committee. 

Our motto must still be “Forward”; there is much land yet to be possessed, 
and it is earnestly to be hoped that in the near future our Committee may be 
able to do some real definite work as a contribution to the drink problem, 
amongst the churches of our own faith and order. 

The Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland Temperance Committee. 

Rev. E. W. Gibbons, F. R. G. S. 


TEMPERANCE CORLEGIATE ASSOCIATION 

The Association was founded with the object of fostering temperance edu¬ 
cation—the education of the rising generation, and the training of teachers, men 
and women, who would be capable of imparting accurate knowledge on the sub¬ 
ject of alcohol in a w r ay that v r ould appeal to those to w^hom it was directed. A 
systematic course of study w^as devised and examinations arranged by which a 
recognized guarantee of efficiency would be provided for those w r ho desired to 
teach, speak or write on the alcohol question. 

During the Association’s operations upv r ards of 30,000 students have been 
examined, some sitting at local centers as far afield as Australia, South Africa, 
Canada and the West Indies. 

At the last examination in Trindad schools, 1,528 pupils sat for examination 
in 68 schools, and this showed an increase in candidates over the previous ex¬ 
amination of 222, and in the number of schools participating in the examination 
an increase of nine. 

The “Physical Fitness” series of booklets have attained a circulation of 
about 55,000 copies, and these graded booklets have been of great service in pro¬ 
moting educational and examination w^ork over a w r ide area. The Association 
now has in course of preparation a further series of booklets based on the Board 
of Education’s Syllabus, “The Hygiene of Food and Drink,” and it is believed 
that these new booklets will appeal to an even wider public, being primarily 
written by a teacher for teachers, and adapted for examination purposes. There 
are many signs of real progress along educational lines in this country, and 
there is an expectant confident faith prevalent of greater progress ere long. 

Robert Mairns, Secretary. 

Temperance Collegiate Association. 


ROYAL NAVAL TEMPERANCE SOCIETY REPORT FOR 1927 

The following figures, so prosaic in themselves, really tell a story of fine 
progressive work, w r ell conceived and executed during the past year among the 
men of the fighting forces. 

This success is all the more remarkable in the light of the extraordinaiw 
and momentous events of the year. 

Four thousand, seven hundred and ninety-five (4,795) visits tq ships by our 
mission wmrkers have been paid. Five thousand, three hundred and ninety- 
eight (5,398) new members have been enrolled. Seven hundred and eighty-four 
(784) honors have been awarded. One thousand and forty-eight (1,048) hos¬ 
pital and sick visits have been paid. Thirty-nine thousand, three hundred and 
thirty-three (39,333) changes of address have been dealt with. Twenty-four 
(24) new branches of the R. N. T. S. vvere instituted. Two hundred and twenty- 
eight committees reorganized. 

We are glad to chronicle w r ork in our halls, which have been throwm open 
•every night. Attendance at concerts, etc., w r as 32,847; at devotional meetings. 
146,213. 

A vast deal of correspondence is carried on by the men. Sixty-five thou¬ 
sand, eight hundred and twenty (65,820) letters have been written on our prem¬ 
ises and posted by themselves. Letters, parcels, packets of “Ashore and Afloat.” 

• 428 




II. N. T. S. supplies, woollens, etc., despatched during the year numbered 287,44R 
weighing approximately 40 V 2 tons. 

The circulation of “Ashore and Afloat,” the official organ of the society, for 
the year reached the total of 698,905 copies. 

The approximate number of active service members is estimated to be be¬ 
tween 25,000 and 27,000. (These figures must not be taken as representing the 
total number of abstainers in the Royal Navy, but only the number of our mem¬ 
bers. Many more belong to other temperance societies. We reckon that, roughly 
speaking, about 65 per cent to 70 per cent are abstainers, of the navy personnel. 
There is a decided tendency to a considerable increase in the next few years; 
this expected increase is based upon the fact of the increasing number of life 
abstainers who are now entering the services. This is partly accounted for by 
the vastly improved conditions of service, messing arrangements, proper and 
systematical routine of sports and physical training, the appointment of a large 
number of specially qualified officers and instructors for the latter, and the gen¬ 
eral approval of the same with the principles of total abstinence. 

The old-time charm of the rum ration is undoubtedly losing its hold, and 
as the old stagers or those who have been unable or unwilling to resist its sway 
generally leave the service, and their places are taken by those life abstainers, 
the result is obvious. It is not at all uncommon experience nowadays for our 
mission workers and ships visitors to come across large messes of men with¬ 
out a single one drawing his rum, and in one ship quite recently only three men 
on the stokers’ mess deck drew the ration. 

On H. M. S. “Adventure,” one of the newest and latest commissioned ships, 
over 70 per cent of the crew do not draw the ration, and today in the Royal 
Naval Barracks at Portsmouth, the general depot of the port, out of 3,900 
men victualled, only 1,472 were down for grog, which means that 62.26 per cent 
of that large and varied number of petty offlecrs and men of all ratings, and in 
all stages and period of service, were on the books as “Temperance.” To any¬ 
one acquainted with the services, of say 20 years ago, these figures are most 
remarkable and hardly believable, and must be most encouraging to those of 
that period who envisaged the present-day state and (in spite of the unpopu¬ 
larity and general ridicule meted out to them) bravely advocated the principles 
of total abstinence and the attendant improvements in moral, mental and physi¬ 
cal efficiency, which has improved the navy almost out of all knowledge. 

Another very striking feature is the large number of officers of high rank 
who have become patrons of the work. At the present time, 308 officers, active 
list, and 358, retired list, are patrons. Amongst those on the active list are; 
The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, the Air Ministry, and 8 Admirals, 
5 Vice Admirals, 12 Rear Admirals, 32 Captains, 28 Commanders, 24 Lt. Com¬ 
manders. 

In addition to the foregoing, which deals with the work in the Royal Navy, 
Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, the work carried on in a large and grow¬ 
ing number of military units is worth more than passing notice since the extra 
work has not been sought for, and has only been fostered and helped at the 
special request of the men themselves. 

Advantage is taken of every opportunity to organize concerns with special 
temperance speakers on board the various ships and shore establishments. Val¬ 
uable assistance in this respect has been given by Dr. Courtenay Weeks, M.R.- 
C.S., L.R.C.P., R.A.M.C., who by special consent of the Commanders-in-Chief at 
Portsmouth and Devonport frequently gives lectures in the various shore estab¬ 
lishments, Royal Naval Barracks, gunnery schools, torpedo depots, and signal 
schools, etc., where sometimes as many as 40,000 service men and officers are 
present. These meetings are organized by and are conducted under the auspices 
of the “Royal Naval Temperance Society” under the presidency of Admiral Sir 
George King-Hall, K.C.B., C.V.O. 


IRELAND 

The Temperance Movement in Ulster 

Prior to 1920 the laws regarding the sale of intoxicants in Ulster were the 
same as those in the rest of Ireland and were enacted by the Imperial Parlia¬ 
ment at Westminster. The most salutary of these laws was the Irish Sunday 
Closing Act of 1878, which enforced complete closing on Sunday throughout the 
whole of Ireland except in the five exempted cities of Dublin, Belfast, Cork, 
Limerick, and Waterford, where the hours of sale were reduced by two, the 
hours of opening being from two till seven. The act of 1906 confirmed and 
made permanent that of 1878 and reduced the Sunday trading hours in the ex¬ 
empted cities from two o’clock till five. The limit for the bona-fide traveler 

429 



was increased from three to five miles, the distance to be calculated by public 
thoroughfare. This legislation proved very beneficial and despite numerous 
attempts by the liquor party it remained on the statute book. With the politi¬ 
cal changes in Ireland after the War and the coming into existence of a North¬ 
ern Parliament with control of its own affairs there was an immediate demand 
for further restrictive legislation. In 1923 the first Temperance Act of the new 
Parliament was introduced and passed into law within a little more than a 
month from the day of its introduction. The bill enforced the closing of all 
liquor shops on Christmas Day and also all drinking bars in hotels, the latter 
being defined as containing at least four apartments used exclusively for trav¬ 
elers. For the first time Belfast, hitherto exempt under the old Acts, was “dry,” 
June 17 being the first Sunday under the new conditions, and on the following 
Monday morning there was not a single case of drunkenness in the Police 
Court, a state of things that had not been known for years. The sale of medi¬ 
cated and other wines by chemists was severely curtailed. Mixed trading was 
forbidden, 400 “spirit-grocers” closed down, and the bona-fide traveler abolished. 
Needless to say, all these reforms met with strenuous opposition from the liq¬ 
uor sellers. When the act became law there were the usual attempts to evade 
and defy it, but these were for the most part dealt w r ith so severely by the au¬ 
thorities that the attitude of defiance w r as soon abandoned. There is thus at 
least one “dry” day every week in Northern Ireland and prohibition of the open 
sale of liquor is in force every Sunday. 

The temperance forces, however, are not satisfied and are pressing for a 
measure of local option. This movement has the strong support of the churches, 
the Presbyterian and Methodist bodies being practically unanimous on this 
matter, and there is every reason to hope that this may become law in the near 
future. 

The liquor trade are largely on the defensive, being too much alarmed at 
the rapid progress of temperance sentiment to attempt any really aggressive 
action. There is a progressive decrease in their business. The exports of 
home-made whisky from Belfast harbor since the war have fallen by 80 per 
cent. The drink-bill per head is lower in Ulster than in any part of the United 
Kingdom, and just half of that in England and Wales. For the period 1923- 
1926 the decrease in the amount expended on intoxicants is estimated at about 
three million pounds, or fifteen million dollars, w r hile there has been a cor¬ 
responding increase in savings bank deposits and other forms of thrift. Ac¬ 
cording to the Finance Minister the decrease in the amount spent on liquor 
last year w r as six hundred thousand pounds, or three million dollars. A sober 
generation is growing up and is replacing a drinking one, and the anger and 
alarm of the liquor trade regarding the conditions in Northern Ireland are very 
manifest. 

A good deal of this state of affairs is due to a very complete system of 
temperance education. Instruction is given in all the schools with the sanction 
and approval of the government department concerned. In addition, lectures 
are given and examinations held yearly. Though the latter are voluntary, 
many thousands of children attend and compete for various awards that are 
offered. There is no doubt whatever that a great deal of the strong temper¬ 
ance sentiment in Ulster is due to the teachers and the educationists. There 
is no propaganda in the schools, the teaching is purely scientific and in ac¬ 
cordance with the most recent knowledge on the subject. Special stress is laid 
on the effects of alcohol on the mental processes and so on the question of 
moral control. Visitors from other parts who come to meetings and conven¬ 
tions in Ulster always express themselves as surprised at the number of young 
men and women who are found in their audiences. Young Ulster is with us, 
and we shall win. 

The General Assembly’s Temperance Committee 
of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. 


SCOTLAND 

The Temperance Movement in Scotland 

In reviewing the present position of the temperance movement in Scotland, 
there is much upon which we can dwell with satisfaction and there is every¬ 
thing to spur us on to victory. 

Since 1920, there has been in operation in Scotland “The Temperance (Scot¬ 
land) Act,” a measure which gives local option (three options—No License, 
Limitation, and No Change) in burghs and parishes where a poll under the act 

430 



is requisitioned. This act is our weapon in the offensive against the liquor 
traffic in Scotland. 

The various Temperance societies in Scotland are now coordinated for the 
purpose of effective campaigning under the title of the Scottish Temperance 
Alliance, to which the British Women’s Temperance Association, Scottish Chris- 
tion Union, is affiliated. 

Three no-license campaigns have been held since the act came into opera¬ 
tion, and while progress in general is somewhat disappointing, it will be re¬ 
membered that the fight is against a powerful and wealthy vested interest. Mr. 
R. S. Calder, president of the Local Veto Defence Association, speaking in June, 
1926, previous to the last polls, said: “If they could administer a crushing blow 
to the ‘fanatics’ in these next polls in the burghs, he thought they should be 
giving the death-blow to the Temperance Act.’’ Measured by this standard, the 
victory has been to the temperance cause. 

The success of no-license in those areas where it has had a fair chance 
hardly needs mention, but Kilsyth, Kirkintilloch, Stew r arton, Wick, Stromness, 
Lerwick and the twenty or so other areas all bear their testimony in the shape 
of increased moral and material welfare. 

The licensed trade are much exercised in their minds at the cost to the 
ratepayers of these recurring polls under the act, yet the supporters of the 
trade themselves requisitioned polls in thirteen areas in which no-license had 
already been adopted. All these areas voted for the continuance of no-license 
with two exceptions. The bitterness of the licensed trade towards the temper¬ 
ance act is indeed a tribute to what it has achieved and an expression of fear 
of what yet may be achieved through its means. 

There is little if any growth in the liquor traffic in Scotland. The Scottish 
Temperance Act would seem, judging from their own utterances, to have driven 
the licensed trade to fight for its very existence. 

The Scottish distilleries at the same time have had a period of depression 
due to various causes, principally, the trade itself declares, the high taxation 
of spirits, but it may be remarked in passing that dividends are still forth¬ 
coming. 

The Dundee Advertiser reported as follows in January, 1926: “The Dis¬ 
tillers’ Company, the whisky combine which controls the production of grain 
whisky, has decided to close down the Grange Distillery, Burntisland, Fifeshire, 
and the Sciennes Distillery, Edinburgh. These distilleries will still be used to 
store whisky. There has been a falling off in the whisky market, and Highland 
distillers of malt whisky agree to reduce production by 25 per cent. Scottish 
firms engaged in exporting whisky through the Bahamas to the United States 
have experienced a considerable falling off in trade.” 

Apart entirely from the no-license campaigns but undoubtedly as an in¬ 
direct result, there are signs of an increasing temperance opinion in Scotland. 

The corporation of the city of Glasgow passed a resolution agreeing to 
supply no alcoholic liquor at civic functions and has since twice reaffirmed its 
decision. Aberdeen and Dundee corporations followed suit, though Aberdeen 
has since rescinded its decision. 

These are straws in the wind to show which way it blows, and they are full 
of hope for our cause in the future. Miss E. M. Mein, 

Secretary British Women’s Temperance Association, Scottish Christian Union. 

Liquor Defense Organizations 

The various sections of the liquor traffic in Scotland are thoroughly organ¬ 
ized, and possess ample funds which are lavishly expended in areas where a 
poll of the electors is being taken under the Temperance (Scotland) Act. Enor¬ 
mous sums are spent'on newspaper advertising. Huge posters are displayed in 
conspicuous places. Unscrupulous use is made of statements of public men 
living and dead on the results of prohibition in the United States. Carefully 
drawn appeals are made to nublic prejudices and private interests. 

A bill entitled, “The Liquor Trust Control (Scotland) Bill” has been intro¬ 
duced into the House of Lords by the Duke of Montrose. A memorandum ex¬ 
planatory of its provisions states that the bill deals with “No-license areas” 
under the Temperance (Scotland) Act, 1913. At present under the act, where 
the electors on a poll decided to repeal a “no-license” resolution, the discre¬ 
tionary power of a licensing court to grant liquor licenses is restored. Under 
the bill introduced by the Duke, the effect will be that in a “no-license area” 
where a requisition is lodged for a fresh poll of the electors, a new option is 
given whereby the electors may vote for a system of “trust control.” Under 
this scheme instead of licenses being granted to private individuals, a central 
authority (called the Board of Trustees) appointed by the Secretary of State 

431 


for Scotland will be made responsible for the sale of intoxicating liquor in trust 
control areas. 

It is a well-meaning effort to get rid of the political menace of the liquor 
traffic organizations, but judged in the light of experience it is certain to prove- 
futile as a means of promoting sobriety. Andrew Bennett, J.P. 


WALES 

NORTH WALES WOMEN’S TEMPERANCE UNION 

We in our land are not yet ready for prohibition, but your American ex¬ 
ample helps us in our constant effort for local option as an educational pre¬ 
liminary to prohibition. Wales is steadily working for local option. It is also 
working for its own Welsh Temperance Bill, which includes local option and 
better regulation of clubs. Lord Clwyd moved its second reading in the House 
of Lords on May 11, but his many efforts and those of members of the House of 
Commons have been frustrated and we are still longing, working and praying 
for our bill. 

Our Union has a scientific lady visitor for schools, has Snowdrop Bands* 
clubs and guilds to work among young people, Bands of Hope to work among 
children, and Babies’ Bands (for all under seven). 

Dame Margaret Lloyd George, J.P., and Lady Clwyd, are our presidents, 
and we have thousands of convinced, educated and devoted Christian workers* 
We like to think we are part of a World’s Union and we whole-heartedly pray 
for the success of the World League Congress. 

North Wales Women’s Temperance Union. 

Miss A. C. Prichard. 


FIJI 

FIJI LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM—MAY, 1926-MAY, 1927 

The past twelve months have seen signs of activity which confirm the be¬ 
lief that the League has important work to do in the colony which will take 
time but which will prove effective. 

The Executive Committee has met eight times during the year. Leaflets- 
in English and Hindu have been printed and circulated. These have included 
Sir Leonard Rogers’ weighty statement on “Alcohol in the Tropics” and an im¬ 
portant and authoritative declaration on the results of prohibition in Samoa by 
the Administrator, Sir George Richardson. A pamphlet by the world-renowned 
Dr. John B. Mott entitled “Prohibition—a Boon to Youth,” was kindy sent by 
the New Zealand Alliance and several hundred copies have been posted to- 
European residents all over the colony. The attitude of the European com¬ 
munity is not what it ought to be and there was a poor response to the one 
thousand circular appeals sent through the post by the secretary to those whose 
names are on the electoral roll. 

Useful work has been done by various branches through the year. For in¬ 
stance, the Suva and Davuilevu Fijian branches have held monthly meetings. 
Davuilevu reports 209 members. European and Fijian speakers have addressed 
these meetings and a quiet educative work has been carried on. The Jubilee 
Church reports as follows: “One pleasing feature is the formation of a branch 
for the boys and girls with something over 100 members, and the meetings of 
this branch have been characterized by a good deal of enthusiasm. We suggest 
that this department of the League’s activities be extended and that there be a 
juvenile branch in connection with the adult branch wherever possible. There 
is great need in Suva for temperance work among the Fijian young men, and 
in this connection we are considering the question of issuing temperance leaflets 
of a chosen type printed in the vernacular for circulation amongst them. Our 
branch should have a very busy time in the coming year.” 

The Suva parent branch, which is attended mostly, though not exclusively* 
by Europeans, has met regularly each month and there have been some in¬ 
formative and interesting addresses and discussions, in which may be included 
a public debate held in the Y. M. C. A. rooms on “Is Prohibition Desirable in 
Fiji?” 

The work of the Dilkusha branch has become somewhat merged into the 
meetings and activities of the Nausori Y. M. C. A., which was commenced ten 
months ago. The Indian Reform League has during the year announced its de¬ 
cision to encourage temperance among its members, and we are expectantly 
awaiting the commencement of propaganda in this direction. The Fiji Muslim 
League, representing 7,000 Indian Muhammedans, may be relied upon to further 
our aims and objects and cooperate with us. 

432 




ii 16 ^ ^ auravou . ? r Young Fijians’ Society, however, has outdistanced 
all others in the magnificent stand taken at its annual meetings held in the 
i own Hall, Suva, in October. Each of the 1,400 members of this ambitious 
\ oung society is pledged to total abstinence and to prohibition in their beloved 
land. These young men have shown a courageous example worthy to be fol¬ 
lowed by other races who have chosen to come and live in their country, and 
they are deserving of every encouragement in the matter. 

In July the League’s executive placed before the Education Commission the 
urgent desirability of introducing into all schools scientific instruction upon the 
evil physiological effects of alcohol and other harmful drugs that are in fre¬ 
quent use, as is common in Australia and New Zealand. Accepting this view, 
the Commission, when dealing with “Hygiene and Sanitation,” stated in its of- 
licial report, “The Commission is of the opinion that simple instruction in the 
evil effects of the abuse of alcohol and of narcotics should be given in all 
schools.” 

In October the Methodist Annual Synod very sympathetically received a 
deputation of the officers of the League. There is no greater force for sobriety 
and righteous living in the Colony than the Australian Methodist Mission. It 
is keeping the importance of total abstinence before its constituency, especially 
through the pages of its monthly magazine in Fijian. The rpsnonsp to the deno¬ 
tation included indications of a forward move in the direction of educative work 
among the young. 

In November a deputation representing the Fiji League Against Alcoholism 
and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union waited on his excellency the 
Governor with a view to urging the need for a stricter enforcement of the liquor 
ordinance of the Colony and to draw attention to the difficulties arising out of 
the racial discrimination as seen in the existing system of liquor permits. 

In his reply to the deputation the Governor stated that information which 
would lead to the conviction of law-breakers would always be welcomed by the 
government. He further indicated that “steps would be taken to amend the law 
to provide that prohibition orders shall be issued against all persons, irrespec¬ 
tive of nationality, who may be convicted of offenses under the liquor ordinance 
—and that the Legislative Council will be invited to amend the existing law to 
provide for a hotel license, the holder of which shall not hold on the same prem¬ 
ises a publican’s license, nor keep thereon a public bar.” His excellency was 
not prepared to recommend that the Liquor Permit System be extended to per¬ 
sons of the Chinese or Japanese races or that hotel public bars should be closed 
at 6 p. m. as in adjacent lands, instead of the hour of 10 p. m., as at present. 

Whilst it is very gratifying to notice that legislation introduced last July 
has practically brought the hop-beer trade to an end, we are faced by the dis¬ 
quieting fact that in the eighteen months ending last June there was an in¬ 
crease of 49 per cent in the number of official liquor permits issued to Indians 
and 61 per cent in the number granted to Fijians. Our desire is that the arm 
of the law which has struck so effectively at the locally-brewed drink shall 
deal similarly with foreign-imported liquor, no matter what vested interests 
may be affected. There is at present no indication that the European is pre¬ 
pared, self-sacrificingly for the good of others, to submit to a curtailment of 
his so-called national drink, in the way he expects the Chinaman to abandon 
his opium or the Indian his hemp. 

The policy of partial prohibition, in these days of nationalism and growing 
race-consciousness, is failing in places like South Africa, and it is not likely to 
succeed in Fiji as Fijian and Indian self-expression becomes more insistent. 
Unfair racial discrimination will embarrass the government in the years that 
lie ahead. There is only one way to deal with the menace of alcoholism, especi¬ 
ally in lands where the interests of the indigenous population should receive 
paramount claim, and Samoa has shown the way. Fiji should be treated like 
the mandated territories in the South Pacific and in other parts of the empire. 

A. W. McMillan, Honorary Secretary. 


FRANCE 

REPORT ON THE QUESTION OF ALCOHOLISM AND ANTIALCOHOLISM 

IN FRANCE (1918-1926) 

It is a well-known fact that, since the end of the last war, the consumption 
of alcohol has been steadily increasing in this country. It is to be regretted 
that the French government, which had taken, during the great conflict, effi¬ 
cient measures (such as the prohibition of bitters: “absinthe”—and the early 
closing of saloons) has not maintained them. 

Thanks to the above policj', the consumption of alcohol in France (as re- 

433 



gards distilled beverages) had gone down from 1,413,000 hectoliters of pure alco¬ 
hol (100%) in 1914 to 584,700 hectoliters in 1918. These figures have been raised 
to 767,443 hectoliters in 1921; 968,365 hectoliters in 1924; 1,014,392 hectoliters in 
3.925. 

The consumption of wine has increased by more than a million of hecto¬ 
liters every year since the war: 38,291,048 hi. during the year 1919-1920; 53,- 
381,436 hi. during the year 1925-1926. 

If we add to this, cider and beer, every Frenchman annually drinks 17.51 
liters of pure alcohol. The habit of drinking cocktails stands for a large share 
in this consumption. These figures are those of the Minister of Finance and 
have been given by Monsieur Riemain, general secretary of the National League 
Against Alcoholism. 

But those figures do not include the private consumption of alcoholic bev- 
erages. The Home Distillers Privilege has been extended since 1923, so that 
we now have 2,639,244 men who are allowed to distill (duty free) ten liters of 
pure alcohol every year (they distill their own fruits). 

In the same way, the wine-growers are not taxed for the wine they drink 
with their family. So that the actual consumption of alcoholic beverages in 
France is not known exactly. 

The increase in this consumption has been followed by an increase in alco¬ 
holic diseases, which has alarmed our physicians. In July, 1925, Professor Achard 
signalled the danger to the French Medical Academy. In his hospital service, 
in six months, he found the manifest stigma of alcoholism on 44 men, 38 women 
and 418 children. He notes the frequency of cirrhosis of the liver: 18 per cent 
among women, 9 per cent among the men. 

The specialists in mental diseases, Dr. Mignot, of Paris, Dr. Benon, of 
Nantes, are struck by the increase in alcoholic madness. 

In 1926, Professor Lepine, of Lyons, signalled the alcoholic peril, as Pro¬ 
fessor Achard had done in Paris, the year before. 

The Medical Academy has condemned the habit of drinking aniseed cock¬ 
tails. Dr. Fie, a member of Parliament, has laid down a bill asking for the pro¬ 
hibition of these cocktails which tend to replace "absinthe” or bitters. 

A great agitation has taken place on this question and that of the Home 
Distillers’ Privilege, and public opinion has been moved. The National League 
Against Alcoholism has been the soul of this movement. A great meeting was 
organized against the ‘‘Aniseed Cocktails.” Hundreds of petitions against the 
Home Distillers’ Privilege have been signed throughout the land. No doubt 
that this agitation will one day triumph over the coalesced interests of alcohol 
producers and sellers. 

The National League has also a great influence on the coming generation, 
because it is allowed by the government to enter the primary schools, where 
the soul of our children is moulded. 

Another important temperance league is the ‘‘Antialcoholic Society for Rail¬ 
way Men,” which has already grouped 10,000 members. It publishes a paper, 
called “The Health of the Family.” 

The “Blue-Cross” is a Protestant association for the release of drunkards. 
It numbers 1,700 men and women, among whom are many who were formerly 
drunkards. The “Golden Cross” has the same goal, but it is a Catholic society. 

The “Good Templars” are, in France, a neutral temperance society. Their 
leader, Dr. Legrain, has recently started a paper called “New Dawn” for the 
abstinent children of France. 

Now, for the women: 

1. The “Frenchwomen Union Against Alcohol” tries to obtain from the Par¬ 
liament the prohibition of distilled beverages. But as long as women have not 
the vote, their opinion is not considered by political men. 

2. The “French White Ribbon,” branch of the World’s Woman’s Christian 
Temperance Union, is giving its greatest effort to the education of mothers and 
children. Through the “Hope of the Cradle” it teaches the mothers to rear their 
babies without a drop of alcoholic beverages. By means of the groups of “Young 
French Abstinent,” it gives scientific temperance instruction to the children be¬ 
tween 7 and 16. The young men and young women form “Young People's 
Branches” on whom we rely for the future development of our society. Several 
groups of White Ribboners exist in Paris and in the departments (Finisterre- 
Oise-Alsace). 

Last September, Madame Koechlin, president of the French White Ribbon, 
was asked by Miss Anna Gordon to represent the W r orld’s Woman’s Christian 
Temperance Union at the International Congress of the Cinematograph. There 
she proposed a request that was adopted at the general meeting. More recentlv, 

434 


Madame Roechlin was called to enter a delegation of the National League 
gainst Alcoholism, sent to Mr. Herriot, the Minister of Public Education. She 
obtained ot the head of the delegation to propose to the Minister the request 
above mentioned. The Minister took heed of this suggestion with evident satis¬ 
faction and promisd that, as soon as a film was created, he would have it dif¬ 
fused in all the primary French schools. The request was as follows: 

The Congress, considering the importance that the cinematograph could 
take in the teaching of the first principles of social hygiene to 
children; considering that, in this teaching, one of the first duties of the teacher 
is to put the children on guard against the danger of alcohol; expresses the 
wish that films specially created for antialcoholic teaching should be put by the 
authorities at the disposal of the teacher in every primary school.” 

Last spring, the president and secretary of the French White Ribbon were 
asked to be present at the creation of the “National Committee of French 
fruits. Its aim is to teach fruit-owners to sell their fruito, either under the 
natural form, or to make non-alcoholic products thereof. This committee will 
certainly have a great task to accomplish, as France is essentially a fruit-grow¬ 
ing country. Ruban Blanc Francais. 

Idelette Perrelet. 


UNION DES FRANCAISES CONTRE L’ALCOOL 
The Union of French Women Against Alcohol dates from 1916. It now 
numbers some thousands of French women, convinced that only the suppression 
of the consumption of alcohol can save their country from the abyss toward 
which the deadly drink is precipitating it. The spread of the evil is frightful. 
Checked in the course of the Great War, the consumption of alcohol in 1925 
reached 1,014,392 hectoliters, and alas! this figure has considerably increased in 
the last year. Unfortunately, if public opinion takes a definite position against 
alcohol, the public authorities are incredibly feeble and refuse all'measures nec¬ 
essary to restrain alcohol. The first measure should be the suppression of the 
privilege of “bouilleurs de cru” (small home distillers) who, to the number of 
2,639,244, inundate the country with untaxed alcohol. 

The Union of French Women Against Alcohol seeks particularly the cessa¬ 
tion of this iniquity. It demands unceasingly that alcohol be banished from sa¬ 
loons, cafes, and restaurants, and relegated to certain depots for pharmaceuti¬ 
cal needs, like opium, morphine, and all poisons. 

As mothers of the race and guardians of the homes, Frenchwomen wish at 
any cost to save their race and their homes, and they will fight until victory is 
achieved. They take example from their American sisters, to whom they ex¬ 
tend a fraternal greeting. 

M. Fallot-Matter, 

President, Union des Francaises contre L‘Alcool. 


GERMANY 


Beer production is as follows: 


Year 

Amount Produced 

Per Head of Population 


1913-14 

69,200,000 hi. 

103 liters 

Reichs. 

1920-21 

23,319,000 hi. 

34 

Statist. 

1925-26 

47,419,000 hi. 

75 

Yr. Bk. 

1926-27 

48,026,000 hi. 

76.2 

Breweries daily 

This 

last amount means a sum 

of 3,122,000,000 Reichmark, 

or $441,050,000. 

Spirits production (100% spiritus vini): 




Per Head of Population 


1913-14 

1,736,300 hi. 

2.6 liters 

Reichs. 

1920-21 

504,337 hi. 

0.8 

Statist. 

1925-26 

601,000 hi. 

1.0 ” 

Yr. Bk. 

It is 

a well known fact that a large quantity of whisky has found consump- 


tion by unlawful ways. 

The report of the Reichsmongr. office shows 5,941 delicts for moonshining; 
8 008 persons accused; 6,112,263 liters of 100% spirits lost by moonshining; 14,- 
900,000 reichmarks ($3,425,000) lost in revenues by moonshining. 

In our October-process 11 bootleggers were punished for the smuggling of 
150,000 liters of spirits. They got a punishment of imprisonment from one 
month to one year and the fines reached a total of 10,% million marks (about 
.$2,500,000). 


435 




Wine Production 

Year Amount Produced Per Capita 

1920 2,322,450 hi. 3 - 8 liters 

1924 2,466,131 hi. . 4.0 

The wine growers find a bad situation. The climatic conditions, of German 
wine gardens are not as good as in foreign countries, so they can’t sell their 
wine. The German government has spent large sums to advertise wine, P° s_ 
ters are hanging in all railway stations demanding “Drink German Wine. A 
great exposition is made in Coblentz on the Rhine, in favor of German wine. 
Last year there were revolts of wine growers in Rhine and Moselle valleys 
against the high taxes. 

In Germany there were in 1924 25,423 breweries and 39,663 distilleries. In 
1902 there were in Germany 248,102 saloons (last report). In Prussia there were 
in 1922 167,338 saloons. 

According: to the Minister for Economics, Germany has spent in 1926 for 
liquor 4,500,000,000 reichmarks, or $1,125,000,000. 

It is comprehensible that such a. government is not in favor of strong,tem¬ 
perance laws in spite of the fact that it is always speaking of moderation. Tem¬ 
perance movements tried to make a private referendum on local option. They 
gathered over two and a half million subscriptions, but government defeated the 
law. In spite of restriction the Prussian Minister of Interior Affairs extended 
the sale hours for saloons; the existing laws prohibiting beer for young people 
till 16 and prohibiting liquors till 18 are attacked by the wets, and if the new 
proposed bill will pass the Parliament the limit will be only 15 years. 

But the German Temperance Union are not hopeless. They know that the 
propaganda in favor of local option has spread the knowledge about alcoholism. 
It is necessary to say that many had refused their subscription for fear that 
local option is a socialistic matter and would bring us prohibition. Prohibition, 
to most of the people in our country, is the work of the devil. Liquor interests 
and their influence in the daily press have spread this opinion among the peo¬ 
ple. But the fact that alcoholism is increasing in Germany (there -were 6,704 
persons in the Prussian drink cures in 1924 and 8,833 persons in 1925) has opened 
their eyes to try to save the youth. The German Conference of Catholic Bishops 
in Fulda has asked in a pastoral letter the strongest temperance and an educa¬ 
tion of youth without alcohol. So that scientific temperance education is, be¬ 
sides “Caritas” for drunkards, the only platform where government and tem¬ 
perance may go together. Temperance instruction is given here by traveling 
teachers. In April, 1927, there were 14 special teachers. I myself work as a 
temperance teacher in the Rhineland. That the work is necessary is shown by 
the fact that of more than a thousand children I asked this month, there was 
none that never drank beer, and most of them had drunk stronger liquors. The 
teachers have given good testimonies in favor of this instruction. 

Success has been made in the industrial and home fabrication of nonfer- 
mented juice. Also the government has spent money in favor of milk propa¬ 
ganda. The Prussian Minister of Welfare has spent in 1925 for temperance 
work 230,077,111 marks ($57,500). Also the Germans Physicians’ Meeting in 
Eisenach declared itself in favor of temperance instruction and alcohol restric¬ 
tions. The Physicians’ Meeting in Berlin protested against business advertise¬ 
ments of alcohol against influenza. Gerhard Huffman. 


DEUTSCHER ALKOHOLGEGNERBUXD 
We admire the energy with which the American people proceed against the 
“people’s enemy—Alcohol,” while in Germany the fight is in its first stages. The 
influence of the all-powerful alcohol interests is so great on the government, 
municipalities, representative industries and commerce, that change can be ef¬ 
fected here only through systematic, methodical propaganda which must be ex¬ 
tended over many years. This enlightenment is especially difficult, as the en¬ 
tire daily press, with feiv exceptions, is subject to the alcohol interests and is 
continually throwing sand in the eyes of the German people. 

The “business interests” in Germany are almost entirely balanced with alco¬ 
hol, and the German merchants, manufacturers, life-insurance companies, and 
workmen’s benefit societies must first understand that they would be better off 
if the many milliards, which the Germans now spend annually for drink, should 
be directed into other channels where they would benefit other industries and 
the whole of the German people. Deutscher Alkoholgegnerbund, 

Fritz Ivruse, Secretary 


436 



HUNGARY 

The World War having bereft our country of two-thirds of its territory and 
inhabitants, and most of its great towns, we have lost eight of our ten lodges. 
Our activities were seriously hindered, even for a time suspended by the War, 
the revolutions and after-days. Notwithstanding we, especially the Good Tem¬ 
plars, resumed after this devastation our work with renewed forces. We deliv¬ 
ered numerous public discourses upon the alcohol question, in the schools, Red 
Cross Unions, clubs, before nurses, and many trade unions. A powerful attrac¬ 
tion for the public were the popular scientific discourses and the classic musical 
performances of the Good Templars, which were always united with the propa¬ 
ganda. .Last year we had in Budapest an International Hygienic Exposition, 
■entitled “The Man,” which was much appreciated. Its alcohol department, ar¬ 
ranged by the Good Templars, contained charts showing the effects of Ameri¬ 
can prohibition upon general mortality and tuberculosis. We have recently pub¬ 
lished two works: “The Practicability of Prohibition in Hungary,” and a “Com¬ 
pendium of Alcohology.” 

We have now resuscitated, after a period of nine years, our pugnacious 
organ “The Alkoholismus” with the aid of its first editor, Doctor Docri, in its 
old fashion and spirit. 

For all that Hungary is a wine-producing country, engaged since the treaty 
in a serious “wine crisis,” the government is showing an increasing interest in 
the combat against alcohol. Last autumn the government called a conference 
for hygienic reform; in the question of alcoholism Good Templars and abstinent 
physicians bore a leading part and practical proposals were made by them. 

With great pleasure we have arranged in the metropolis two discourses of 
Mr. Emil Hohenthal of America, before the representatives of the government 
and a great audience; he met as always with the warmest applause, and did 
also good work in the province. 

It is not much that we have done in comparison with other countries, but 
we did it with untiring zeal and unshaken hope for the future of our great cause. 

Prof. Julius Donath, G.C.T. 


INDIA 

One of the greatest evils of modern civilization is alcoholism. It has been 
in the occidental countries, in particular, a matter of course to use spirituous 
drinks as a part of every-day consumption. 

In the Orient, however, and especially in India, all alcoholic drinks have 
been tabooed by religious as well as social injunctions. The Hindus, as well as 
the Mohammedans, not only consider alcoholic drink as poison, and the drink¬ 
ing of it as a vice, but a positive sin. 

The climatic conditions, moreover, obtaining in India do not favor the use 
of alcoholic drink. But like all other social and physical vices, the spread of 
alcoholism has been contagious and has proved itself to be a fatal curse. It is 
fatal because it has gained ground among the poorer classes of India. Eighty 
per cent of the population of India, according to certain estimates, lives on the 
verge of starvation, and does not know what it is to have a square meal. That 
such a population suffering from the frequent visits of epidemics of cholera, 
malaria, influenza and bubonic plague should be left open to the seductions of 
alcoholic drink is a tragedy. 

Governments all over the world, we are told, are instituted to guide and 
govern mankind in the path of progress and prosperity. Especially in these 
days of democracy should this be all the more true, and is true in many Occi¬ 
dental countries where the governments, by law, have declared prohibitions of 
the sale and use of spirituous drinks. But unfortunate India has ill luck dogging 
her to her ruination. The government of India is the sole dealer in alcoholic 
drinks. It is one of the big businesses that the government of India conducts 
for its own maintenance. The following figures showing the percentage of ex¬ 
cise revenue as compared with the total revenue accruing to the provincial gov¬ 
ernments speak for themselves: In the year 1925-26 Madras, 33.5; Bombay 

(including Sind), 26.3; Bengal, 21.2; United Provinces, 12.2; Punjab, 10.7; Burma 
(including Shan States), 11.6; Bihar and Orrissa, 33.9; Central Provinces and 
Borsr 29.3* Assrih, 29.5. 

It is easier to blame the government, and. conseQuentl\ one is often re- 
minded of the responsibilities of the leaders of public opinion in these matters. 
One would naturallv expect Indian legislators under the Refoim Constitution to 
shoulder the responsibility and rectify the mistakes made heretofore by the alien 
j.u] 0 Pg of India When the Government of India Act was passed in 1919, it was 
generally understood that the excise, being what is called a “transferred sub- 

437 




ject,” would be under the unfettered control of the provincial governments act¬ 
ing through ministers responsible to the legislatures, and that all temperance 
legislation, except as regards imported liquors, would be left to their full dis¬ 
cretion. “Experience has shown, however, that the government of India claims 
and exercises the right to intervene in these questions, and as that government 
is responsible only to the British Parliament through the Secretary of State, it 
would appear that the powers exercised by the Indian Legislatures in these 
matters are to a large extent illusory.” 

Public men of India, including Mahatma Gandhi, are in full favor of total 
prohibition for India. “There can be no better scheme of development than to 
save the poor millions from the drink curse,” says Mr. Gandhi. “It would put 
money into the pockets of the poorest. Every rupee of drink revenue given up 
represents many rupees of the poor man saved for his women and children, and 
money saved would mean a higher standard of Life all around. It will help the 
'untouchable’ in a practical and material way, such as probably no other single 
measure can help.” 

Mahatma Gandhi has gone beyond the mere preaching of the gospel of tem¬ 
perance, and has drafted a prohibition bill. The bill is di'afted to provide statu¬ 
tory authority to introduce and administer prohibition in select areas with the 
power to extend it to other areas as time and experience enable such extension. 

If world opinion could be awakened through the efforts of such international 
gatherings, and a wholesome pressure were brought to bear upon the authori¬ 
ties in India, it is quite conceivable that the future of India’s millions will be to 
that extent improved and her aspirations assured. 

When the government of India should be busy developing education, sani¬ 
tation, and scientific agriculture to render the masses, as well as classes, fit for 
self-government in keeping Avith the trend of the time, it is discouraging to see 
it engaged in the monopolistic business of alcoholic drinks. 

When the League of Nations called the Conference in Geneva to consider 
the problem of prohibition, it was found that India was represented, not by any 
leader of the Indian people, but by an English official who in the name of India 
pleaded the cause of India’s right to drink and drug herself. It was Bishop 
Brent, who headed the American delegation to that conference, who opposed the 
“India’s representative,” and told the true story about India. 

In spite of all the various divisions that exist in India, separating her peo¬ 
ple into contending factions of communal, racial, political or economic nature, 
there is one issue on which all parties are united, and that issue is temperance. 
The people of India want to be saved from the monster of alcoholic drinks. 
People belonging to the leisure class and to the so-called “white collar” profes¬ 
sions tend to trangress the limits of natural living and to take to luxuries which 
degenerate them physically as well as morally. But it becomes a matter of 
grave concern when they argue that it is the right of the poor man to taste of 
these luxuries. The poor man, whether he be a peasant or a factory worker, is 
deprived of all those opportunities of education, and culture, being kept busy 
eternally, like a beast of burden, to supply the wants of the middle and upper 

class people. What a worthy way of rewarding him for his services by open¬ 

ing before him the hell gate of alcoholism to accelerate his total downfall! 
Who are his true friends, those who plead for his freedom to drink or those 

who wish to save him from the curse of drink? Let us hope that this conven¬ 

tion will offer a solution to this vital problem of India. 

R. V. Gogate, 

Prof, of Philosophy, New Jersey Law School, Newark, N. J. 

For Hindustan Assn, of America. 


ANGLO-INDIAN TEMPERANCE ASSOCIATION ANNUAL REPORT, 1926-27 
The total avoidance of drink has been a national ideal in India for many 
centuries, and there is nothing in the history of the recent past to indicate any 
slackening of the resolve to reach this goal. On the contrary, the demand for 
prohibition has been reaffirmed with the utmost clearness, and that despite the 
acute religious and political differences which have prevailed. Indeed, the one 
public question upon which it is possible to unite nearly all classes, creeds, and 
parties in India is that of temperance reform. The movement meets with no 
serious opposition, except on the part of those—in the main officials—who, in 
regard to provincial and central revenues, fear the financial consequences of 
drastic changes in the excise system. Nevertheless, the temperance movement 
can reach permanent success only through education and organization. 

As a reminder of the considered attitude of India on this question it is de¬ 
sirable to recall the fact that in September, 1925, the Legislative Assembly rep- 

438 



resenting British India as a whole, passed a resolution by 69 votes to 39, in favor 
of prohibiting the production, manufacture, sale and import of intoxicating liq¬ 
uors, save for medical and scientific purposes. The resolution recommended 
that as a first step in carrying out this policy the provincial governments be 
directed immediately to initiate a system of local option with a view to limiting 
the number of licensed shops, and to undertake all necessary legislation in fur¬ 
therance thereof. 

That resolution stands as a declaration of policy by the most authoritative 
legislative body in India. It was carried against the opposition of Sir Basil 
Blackett, finance member of the government of India, who condemned prohibi¬ 
tion as impracticable, and added that “if local option or prohibition was going 
to be attempted by any of the local governments, the government of India would 
not be able to look on.” 

The Executive Committee of the Prohibition League, meeting in Delhi last 
February, placed on record its clear and considered judgment that the total pro¬ 
hibition of the traffic in alcoholic liquors and poisonous drugs, except for medi¬ 
cal and industrial purposes, should be the goal of the excise policy of the gov¬ 
ernment of India, all provincial governments, and the governments of Indian 
states. The committee recognized the existence of certain difficulties as regards 
the introduction of national prohibition forthwith, but expressed the opinion 
that a period of ten years would suffice for the purpose. It was held that the 
financial difficulty could be surmounted partly by reduction of expenditure and 
partly by alternative methods of taxation. The various governments were urged 
to recast as early as possible the present scheme of finance so as to eliminate 
excise revenue from the country’s financial system. 

The resolution further demanded the immediate introduction of local option 
laws by which to ascertain the wishes of the people in this matter. All con¬ 
nected with the Association and the Prohibition League are being urged to 
unite in a progressive campaign for local option in 1927-28. In provincial areas 
where local option acts (however limited in their scope) are in force, there is 
every need to educate the elctorate in the powers thus conferred upon them. 
Where such measures have not been passed, members of the legislative councils 
are requested to introduce bills at the first available opportunity. 

Anglo-Indian Temperance Association. 

By Frederick Grubb, Gen. Secretary. 


AMRITSAR TEMPERANCE SOCIETY 

India wants total prohibition. Our religious, social, climatic, economic and 
political conditions are quite different from those of other countries of the world 
as regards the drink question. A poor country like ours does not so much care 
for the 19 V 2 crores of the excise revenue as it does for the disastrous conse¬ 
quences of the drink habit carrying with them constant pain, agony, penury and 
misery. 

India is echoing her feelings for prohibition from all corners. The provin¬ 
cial legislatures have presented their united demand for it. But unfortunately, 
owing to the peculiar circumstances of our country, we have not been able to 
achieve the desired goal. 

You will, however, convey to the World Congress that India stands for total 
prohibition, and you will kindly endeavor to save this country from the clutches 
of drink and convey the humble greetings of a remote land to the representa¬ 
tives of the different countries who have assembled at Winona Lake to save 
humanity from the hydra-headed scourge of drink. We have set our hopes 
high on your work. Amritsar Temperance Society. 

Nand Lai, Hon. Secretary.. 


LITHUANIA 

A Plea for Education for Lithuanians 

I was exceedingly glad at having received the invitation to be present here 
at this Congress, to represent my Lithuanian Catholics, and to have an oppor¬ 
tunity to express my opinion on the subject of greatest importance. For, as the 
proverb of Lithuanian language says: “We are learning even while we are 

J m <fince we have convened here with the object to do good to all nations in 
general, so in particular, I presume every delegate who has a particular reason 
to say a few words in favor of his nation ought to have a chance. I have no 
doubt in the least that this Congress may help our Lithuanians to a good foun¬ 
dation in this educational business. In order to plead with the Congress for this 
help I am obliged to state all reasons why I am pleading for them. Since the 




conversion from paganism to Christianity at the end of the fourteenth century, 
Lithuanian people, being situated between Germany and Russia, with many 
breweries and distilleries, had not much chance to use their savings for the edu¬ 
cation of their children. Under the emperor of Russia, for about forty years, 
Lithuanians were forbidden even to get their prayerbooks printed in Lithuanian 
in the Latin letters. The czar also placed so many conditions for the students 
who study for priests, that very few could get the chance to enter the seminary, 
so there was a great scarcity of priests. All these circumstances were forcing 
Lithuanians to weaken their faith and abandon their mother tongue, and as¬ 
sume, though imperfectly, Russian, Polish, or some German language. 

My 22 years experience in one parish clearly shows that Lithuanian people, 
if they are strongly influenced to neglect their mother tongue in preference to 
the American language, as under the czar the Russian language, are inclined to 
become hypocrites to the government, be it civil or ecclesiastic, or to lose their 
faith and fidelity to the government. If necessary, I could give the names of 
families, that were the best in my parish before they started to read atheistic 
literature, and attend socialistic public speeches. Of course, they started in sa¬ 
loons, and lost their faith and fidelity to the American government. When I 
started to issue a good Lithuanian paper they would not read it. When I opened 
a Lithuanian parochial school they refused to send their children. So I was 
obliged to dispute with them and their atheistic papers, and thereby discovered 
that some of them were writing articles and publishing in the atheistic papers 
against faith and the American government. 1 even noticed bold anarchical ex¬ 
pressions directly against the present American government. Their paper was 
closed by the government, but after some time they started a pap’er under an¬ 
other name, but they were more cautious in their expressions. 

This proves that all bad literature started and originated from saloons and 
now from bootleggers, and they are almost always successful to start before the 
good literature is obliged to start to defend the truth. Even those atheists are 
using the Lithuanian language not with their patriotic spirit, but to be able to 
conceal their anarchy, and to influence other Lithuanian Catholics to join them. 

As the czar keeping Lithuanians without education, reduced them to such 
a degree of ignorance as to neglect and in some respects despise their mother 
tongue, faith and fidelity to the country government, so now by the assistance 
of this Congress we may be able to educate them to love their adopted country, 
and to become true patriots both of their native and adopted countries. This 
could be done only by the Lithuanian young generation, who may be influenced 
or induced to study the Lithuanian language, which would not interfere in the 
least with the study of the language of this country, but would make it even 
better, as my experience of 22 years, maintaining Lithuanian pax’ochial schools, 
clearly demonstrates. For, all our Lithuanian graduated students of our paro¬ 
chial 8 years school, who had opportunity to attend the high school, were very 
well instructed in public schools, and at the same time they were instructed in 
the Lithuanian language. None of them lost their faith nor fidelity to the Amer¬ 
ican patriotism. This proves that to teach children at the same time in two or 
more languages does not require a longer time than four years to study. I knew 
one family in Lithuania w r hose children while growing were learning four lan¬ 
guages very well. They did not require longer time nor more expense. Father 
never addressed his children but in Polish, mother never spoke to her children 
but in German, from the servants and companions they learned Lithuanian, in 
public school they learned Russian. It is much better always to educate chil¬ 
dren in their mother tongue, together with the language of the country, as it is 
much better to have for the same money two suits of dress or two pairs of shoes 
than only one. Those who study together more than one language surely wilt 
acquire the American language in a much deeper sense, for no language can be 
acquired in any etymological or philological sense while studying one language 
alone. 

Besides, children educated without their mother tongue gradually deviate 
from the true love of their parents, from the observation of the fourth com¬ 
mandment of God. For, if they are not instructed to love their mother tongue, 
which is more than mother's photograph or picture, any who may despise his 
mother’s picture, despises his. mother, too; parents not being able to instruct 
their children in English on their duties to respect their parents, while children 
are educated only in English, they do not understand their parents* language, 
they cannot get the proper instruction in places where they have no priest of 
their nation, naturally they neglect their obligations and all their duties. If the 
children are educated only in English, they would not be able to do any good to 
their parents in the way of total abstinence, and if their parents were addicted 

440 


to making moonshine, they may drag their children into the habit, too. To bring 
•on prohibition in America it took more than 50 years to agitate. To the czar of 
Russia it required only to sign the edict. But, if the czar could rise from death 
arid ascend his throne again, I think he would try to educate all his subjects in 
their vernacular languages, to instruct them in total abstinence, rather than 
simply to sign the prohibition decree. 

This Congress would do very much to my cause, if it be pleased to intercede 
with state governments in places where Lithuanians have parochial schools and 
they are sending their children to public schools or to Catholic schools of other 
nations, to allow them to have one or two lessons in Lithuanian language, a 
week, where there is a sufficient number of Lithuanian children. Or if that may 
seem to be impossible, to give this my plea a kind and just approbation, which 
translated into the Lithuanian language wilf make a good impression and pro¬ 
duce its effect in the future. Rev. P. P. Saurusaitis. 


NETHERLANDS 

The battle against alcoholism in the Netherlands by total abstinence began 
in 1862 by the Rev. Adams v. Schelteina, when he had read the book of Mrs. 
Wightman. The same book influenced also Miss de Routir in Groningen, who 
then, assisted by Prof. Valeton, included in her labor for evangelization the 
struggle against the drinking habits. 

That struggle was very necessary. The use of alcoholic beverages was con¬ 
nected with various customs in the life of the people, in the household, in the 
workshop, and everywhere. In 1893 the average personal use was 9 1. (today 
2.60 1). 

In 1881 there was constituted by Rev. Adams v. Schelteina the “National 
Christian Total Abstinence Organization.” Earlier there had been constituted 
the neutral “Ned. Vereeniging,” which admitted only moderate drinkers asj 
members, but in 1897 it began to admit also total abstainers, and in 1899 it wasf 
changed into an organization only for total abstainers. In the same year ther£ 
was constituted “Sobrietas,” a Roman Catholic organization for moderates and 
total abstainers. (In the last years the number of moderates is decreasing, tie 
number of total abstainers increasing.) And so from three sides, the battle 
was organized among the three groups of the population. Each of these has Its 
own periodicals and papers. i 

In 1881 the first beverage law was issued. It has been revised in 1904 ly 
the Minister. It contains several good and useful articles, i. e., there may mt 
be an unlimited number of saloons; that number may not exceed above a mas- 
mum which depends on the number of inhabitants; every five years (for the last 
time in 1925) the Common Council may put a proposition to the Queen to dimifi- 
ish that maximum. The Common Council may appoint that new licenses miy 
not be committed; also it may be constituted that in some quarters or streets 
and on some days or hours the public houses must be closed. 

Several years already the Dutch abstainers, assisted by many social, politi¬ 
cal, and ecclesiastical organizations, have demanded a local option law. Twice 
such a law has been accepted by the second chamber of Parliament, but aftq'- 
wards rejected by the first chamber, the last time in 1924. Now the Ministjr, 
Slotemaker de Bruine, has presented a new beverage law in which the two pri 
cipal matters are the regulation of die sale of wine and beer and a local optim 
provision. The first measure is necessary, as the consumption of beer and wifie 
is increasing. A. J. Montique, Pres. N. C. A. 

PERU 

Since our return from Peru, several years ago, I have not been able to ib- 
pack all my library and papers so I am, regretfully, not in a position to furn sh 
you with even a brief accurate statement of the founding and early history of 
the National Temperance Society of that country. Suffice it to say that, ah I 
recall it, the Rev. Dr. Thomas B. Wood, son of the Rev. Dr. Aaron Wooq a 
famous pioneer Methodist preacher, born and raised in northwestern Indian^, a 
most able scholar, educator, preacher and missionary, soon after his appoint¬ 
ment, some thirty-five years ago, to the superintendency of our Methodist Ms- 
sion work in Peru, which Rev. Francisco Penzotti had started but he organi:fed 
and developed, began, with a group of influential and loyal friends, mostly Peru¬ 
vians, whom he had ralliei to his support, to work for a civil marriage law, (or 
freedom of public worship and religion, and other important reforms or forward 
movements, in the most *f which they were successful. 

Some fifteen or twerty years later he and his friends inaugurated the tan- 
perance movement and :hough they met, most naturally, with strong opposition 

441 









and many difficulties, they finally secured the passage of a law prohibiting the 
sale of alcoholic beverages on Saturdays and Sundays, the great market and 
feast days of the country; and then of another law for the teaching of temper¬ 
ance in the public schools. With Dr. Wood’s retirement some years later, an 
able and influential physician and Senator became president of the national 
Temperance Society and the movement was progressing finely when, suddenly, 
about four years ago, owing to some internal political differences, our president 
as well as some other friends of the temperance cause thought it better to visit 
other parts of the world for a while; with the result that the National Society 
has not been able to secure such prominent and able leadership as it had before 
enjoyed or keep its activities before the public and secure the necessary finan¬ 
cial support for carrying them forward. But a most devoted and faithful group 
are holding fast the advanced positions previously obtained, and, with the en¬ 
couragement of President Leguia, are also taking up national hygienic and health 
matters, and patiently awaiting the moment when a more active and aggressive 
temperance campaign can be reinaugurated throughout the entire republic. 

The Rev. Ruperto Algorta, a Methodist pastor in Dima and editor of the 
Peruvian Methodist paper, who has had for years past, as secretary of the Na¬ 
tional Temperance Society, a large and most important part in the achievement 
of its wide inlluence and splendid success, is still giving himself with sacrificial 
effort and affection to this noble cause in his native land; and I take special 
pleasure in presenting with this a brief statement of the Society’s present activi¬ 
ties and the conditions of its work, which has just come from him. I am glad 
to translate it, for your information, as follows: 

“Some Data Regarding the Anti-alcoholic Campaign in Peru, South America 

“The congressional act, No. 2531, which prohibits the sale of alcoholic drinks 
on Saturdays and Sundays, has not been repealed, notwithstanding the three 
strong attempts which have been made for that purpose, owing to the ener¬ 
getic opposition to its repeal which the national press as well as various social 
organizations have made; which proves that the country knows how to appre- 
cate the importance of this law even though it is frequently violated, which 
l&tter, however, is duly punished with the respective fines. 

“Antialcoholic teaching in the schools is steadily progressing; and it is be- 
irg promoted in many of them by enthusiastic professors. The government is 
sincerely interested in the observance of the act. No. 2282, which makes this 
teaching obligatory, and for which the National Temperance Society has already 
Provided a primer and two manuals. 

“There is widespread confidence in Peru that the anti-alcoholic campaign 
ir the schools will lead to the triumph of a Peruvian dry law. With this object 
in view many children’s temperance leagues have been organized in the schools, 
wiich are doing magnificent work to the great joy of the country. 

“The progress of the dry laws in the United States is being followed with 
wide interest, and the articles which I prepare for the daily papers are especially 
read. Many times I have to write in refutation of the statements of corre- 
sjondents and cable notices that the wets \n North America circulate down here 
tc discredit the success of alcoholic prohibition up there. 

“The anti-alcoholic campaign among t*,e Indians is being conducted with 
mich enthusiasm, especially by the Evangdical churches. Due to this effort 
tin miracle is already visible of adult Indians giving up the vice of alcohol and 
tin use of coca as well as other bad habits. The departments of Puno, Cuzco 
aid Junin are those which have, so far, most distinguished themselves in this 
campaign, and in these are many Evangelical schools and churches. 

“Much more could be accomplished if only we had the funds so greatly 
neded for the printing of temperance literature Vnd tracts, for the expense of 
lecture tours on temperance throughout the coufltry and the holding of public 
diicussions on the subject, as well as to encourage medal contests in the public 
anl private schools, as we, for the past four years\have been unable to under¬ 
tale any of these things because the government nas not felt able to give us 
ary financial aid for this important cause.” \ 

May I take the liberty of adding that the executive committee of the Na- 
ticnal Temperance Society are well worthy any financial assistance that the 
trends of the cause, anywhere, may be able to furn'ysh; for they will use the 
greatest care in its expenditure. I have never known,W any of the Datin lands 
wlere we have been privileged to labor, more faithful and self-sacrificing men 
anl women devoted to this great movement than in old Peru, the greatest cen¬ 
ter of old Spain and her wide influence in all South America. 

Rey A. W. Greenman. 


442 


POLAND 

The consumption of absinthe (vodka) for the year 1926 amounted to 

656,817,740 zloty (florins), or $80,000,000. Will you not come to the assistance of 
our paper, Der Flamberg? Hans Linnert, Editor Der Flamberg. 


PROPAGANDA AGAINST ALCOHOLISM AMONG THE YOUTH 

AT CRACOW 

On the fifth and sixth of June, there took place at Cracow a two days course 
for work against alcoholism, organized by the Central League Against Alcohol¬ 
ism (Central Abstynencka Kol Mlodziezy). One hundred and forty delegates 
took part in this course, among them 70 foreigners. Universities, grammar 
schools, seminaries, and many Catholic associations, were represented. 

The course took place in the new Association House under the management 
of the most eminent Polish leaders of the propaganda against alcoholism—Rev. 
Kuznowicz, Cracow; Rev. Ciemniewski, Lemberg; Editor Szymanski, Warsaw, 
and Rev. Galdynski, Poznan. The participants received certificates of their at¬ 
tendance on this course of methods and appliances for spreading the idea of 
anti-alcoholism among the youth. 

At the end of the meeting, the committee organized an evening party. An 
orchestra, common songs and recitals furnished entertainment during the party, 
which not only contributed to furnish friendship among those in attendance but 
was also an example of a truly joyous and youthful amusement without alcohol. 

A performance by a Theater Club of a special play written in four acts pro¬ 
duced a great impression. It was a thrilling moment when the participants sol¬ 
emnly promised to abstain completely from alcoholic drink. 

It is a great pity that because of want of funds it is not possible to start a 
really great campaign against alcoholism, an action which could develop mag¬ 
nificently in Poland, but such a campaign needs large sums for propaganda. 
Therefore we are not able to issue regularly our own organ nor to open in 
Cracow a model restaurant without alcohol, all these means being necessary 
for anti-alcoholic action. Tadeus Olpinski, 

Secretary Centrala Abstynencka Kol Mlodziezy. 


SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE 

Our temperance movement started in a small town, Foca, near Sarajevo, in 
1903, under the name of “Pobratimstvo” (Brotherhood). Before the Great War 
we had over 40 branches of this society ah' over the country. This society, un¬ 
der the Austrian rule, had a political character in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 
members were mostly peasants, as the liquor traffic is most widspread among 
them. In Belgrade, also, was founded an association of young men in the year 
1907. It had several thousands of members. 

During the war all our societies ceased their work. After the war we 
started with all our force to renew the movement and succeeded, so that we 
have two sections—a section for the older members, which has over one hun¬ 
dred branches and more than 5,000 members (the center of this section was un¬ 
til July of this year Sarajevo, bat is now transferred to Zagreb);, and a section 
of young men, mostly students of the university and of other schools, which has 
over three hundred organizations and about 30,000 members. 

It is a great pleasure to report that we have several university professors 
among us, and many other professors and doctors, who are very ardent propa¬ 
gators of our movement. Our educational and ecclesiastical instructions help 
us very much, especially our cultural education society “Prosvete” (Enlighten¬ 
ment) at Sarajevo. 

Our state helps us very much. A few weeks ago there was issued an order 
of very severe punishments for the drunkards. But we are very far from the 
total prohibition, as it is the custom in our country to give to everybody a li¬ 
cense for the production of liquor from the plums. Enormous sums of money 
are spent for liquor, i. e., in a small town, Zenica, near Sarajevo, the drunkards 
cost over four million dinars, by which amount all food and other necessities of 
the people in thac town could be supplied. 

In spite of that, casting a bird’s-eye view on our movement, I may say that 
our movement is gradually permeating all parts of our kingdom, and we hope in 
a short time to have bigger results ....... . .. . ... .. 

We have two factories that produce wine without alcohol, and this will help 
u<? much in our undertaking. Lasar Radosawbjevitch, General Secretary. 

443 







SWEDEN 

Our ancestors, Old Northerners, had their problem of intoxicating drinks. 
About 300 years preceding the Christian era people knew how to get an intoxi¬ 
cating drink. Brandy was introduced into Sweden in the fifteenth century. 
About the year 1500 the technical speculations for an alcohol problem on a large 
scale existed. On account of its high price the on-coming had not yet any 
general expansion as liquor for enjoyment. It was first during the seventeenth 
century that brandy became a popular drink. Contributing to this circum¬ 
stance was perhaps mainly the easier and more cheap manufacturing method, 
which then came into fashion. Home distillation thus rose on a large scale. 
Prom 1810 brandy distillation was allowed to anyone as well for his own en¬ 
joyment as for sale. In 1829 a statement was given of 173,126 distilleries in 
Sweden for a population of 2,860,000 inhabitants. In addition to the home dis¬ 
tilleries there were also so-called“King’s” distilleries, which belonged to the 
government. From 1756 to 1787 home distillation was prohibited. After this 
epoch the king’s distilleries little by little disappeared. 

Patriots with responsibility could meanwhile not avoid feeling the effects 
of the unchecked tippling. In due time good spirits met for an organized cam¬ 
paign against the brandy jeopardy: and the temperance movement started. One 
of its first tasks was the so-called abolition of home distilleries. By the Rule 
of 1855 against brandy its use was really checked, and by edicts later on even 
more so. Formally, the privilege to make brandy is still free, but in its charg¬ 
ing with duties and a rigorous control the private manufacturing of drink is 
docked. Besides, the sale of intoxicating drinks has been submitted to a cur¬ 
tailment by the prescription that each person is limited to the purchase of one 
certain quantity every month, and even in the bars restrictions are made. 

In spite of these rules, though somewhat varying, in consequence of the so- 
called “local veto” introduced in some places, conditions are such that the 
friends of temperance have no reason to leave out their social supporting work. 

The first associations for temperance in drinks formed in Sweden were not 
all proclaiming absolutism. In the eighties a more vital agitation for temper¬ 
ance grew up with the introduction of the I. O. G. T. The first I. O. G. T. lodge 
was founded in 1879. Nine years later there was a breaking out and the Na¬ 
tional Good Templars was created. In 1884 the Templars Order appeared, and 
in 1886 the Blue Ribbon Order. Some ten years later there were temperance 
organizations formed for special groups of social members. The first of this cat¬ 
egory was the Corporation of Swedish Studying Youth for Abstinence, founded 
in 1896. Then the agitation advanced in creating a corporation especially with 
accession for persons of certain callings. Among these the Railway-employees' 
is the eldest. Now, however, there are several such clubs. Thus the Teachers, 
Physicians, Officers and Subalterns, Postmen, Tollwaiters, the Police agents. 
Blue Jackets and in the very last days even Chauffeurs have their own special 
association. 

The agitation for temperance is mainly conducted by discourses, lectures, 
students’ circles, etc., and not less by direct agitation. Some of the organiza¬ 
tions are enlisted in a Central Corporation for the Excitement to Temperance, 
which has by means of its office for information and general courses contributed 
in a high degree to the good results. The Central Corporation as well as some 
other clubs for Sobriety have a supply from th? government. Thus the Rail- 
waymen’s club for Temperance receives annually 1 a supply of 1,000 kroner. 

The year 1922 was a remarkable year for the Swedish temperance move¬ 
ment. There was then a general vote on the general prohibition of intoxicant 
drinks. The antagonists to prohibition went off victorious with some few votes. 
We did, nevertheless, not consider this as a defeat, but on the contrary as a vic¬ 
tory in more than one direction. What we then learned will, apparently, be of' 
good use for the next voting and help us to carry the motion for the release of 
our country from the odious bonds of intoxicating drinks. 

For the Society of Abstaining Railway Workers. 

Gaufr.Grahn. 


SWITZERLAND 

The Swiss Catholic Abstinence League (Ligue Catholique Suisse d'Absti- 
nence) was started in 1887 for the Diocese of Fribourg by the late Mgr. Savoy, 
Apostolical Protonotary under the denomination of “Ligue de la Croix” after 
the organization fostered in London by the late Cardinal Manning, and finally 
organized in 1895 for German-speaking Switzerland and the rest of this country 
by the late Bishop A. Egger of St. Gall. While the movement developed fairly 

444 



well in the German-speaking states, it has been spreading rather slowly, at 
least until these late years, in the French-speaking cantons. 

The League numbers at present over 10,000 adults and 40,000 children out of 
a Catholic population of 1,500,000. There are in all about 120,000 organized Total 
Abstainers in Switzerland for a total population of about four millions—so there 
is plenty of scope still for future development. I attribute the slow progress of 
our cause to the fact that so-called light wine (containing 8 to 12 per cent of 
pure alcohol) is drunk generally by all classes of the population, including chil¬ 
dren, that beverage being considered as rather harmless, although I myself 
believe its effects, especially the moral ones, as just as bad in the long run as 
those produced by distilled liquor. This, however, is a personal opinion, for 
the Catholic League, although not advocating total abstinence and demanding 
it of all its members, does not uphold prohibition, its primary aims being the 
cure of alcoholism in individuals, preservation of youth and opening the eyes of 
the public about the dangers of the use and abuse of drink. 

The League supports a home for the cure of excessive drinkers and pub¬ 
lishes three papers, one in French and one in German, supplemented by the 
“Friend of Youth,” for children. 

The main working centers of the Catholic League are, of course, the chief 
cities of German-speaking Switzerland, namely, Zurich, Basle, St. Gall, and 
Lucerne. 

The League of Catholic Abstainers Students is an independent branch of 
the Swiss Catholic Abstinence League, with a distinct organization, having cen¬ 
ters in the University towns of Fribourg, Lucerne, Einsiedeln, etc. 

The Pioneers’ movement, started in Ireland in 1898 by the late Rev. Cul¬ 
len, S. J., with the aim of making total abstinence respectable, therefore not 
admitting actual drinkers to be reformed, and at the same time providing 
staunch and enlightened workers for the temperance cause generally, has been 
organized as a section of the Catholic League in French-speaking Switzerland, 
but owing to the fact that it requires the pledge for life and that its promoters 
lack the necessary time and means for wider propaganda, it has found so far 
little response. Yet many of the Swiss Guards at Rome are members of the 
Pioneers’ Association. 

As for Crux, being the federation of all Catholic total abstinence societies 
in the world, it was started by Rev Canon J. Gross at the Milan Anti-alcohol 
Congress in 1913 and finally organized in 1914 at Berne, and in 1919 at the Basle 
Swiss Abstinence Congress. Its object is to keep in touch with all Catholic or¬ 
ganizations working on the lines and principle of total abstinence (yet it is not 
a prohibitionist organization as a whole) and forms a section of the Catholic 
World League Against Alcoholism, whose center is in Holland. The various 
societies which have adhered to Crux, from all parts of the earth, number about 
two millions of Catholic abstainers, chiefly from Ireland and the United States, 
but Crux demands no contributions from its members or constituents, has there¬ 
fore no budget, and relies entirely for its existence upon benevolent work and 
service. Camille M. Balleidier, Secretary of Crux. 


THE POSITION OF THE ANTI-ALCOHOL MOVEMENT IN SWITZERLAND 

IN THE YEAR 1927 

The following report can not cover the condition of the anti-alcohol move¬ 
ment in all particulars, but may only show in rough outline the outstanding 
points as to how the movement is situated today, as concerns what problems 
are being faced, and what tasks will have to be accomplished in the future. 

That an antialcohol movement is necessary in Switzerland, the following 
direct and indirect statements will perhaps show: 

According to careful estimates of the Swiss Secretary of Agriculture, our 
people in 1924, with a population of about 4,000,000, spent— 

For alcoholic drinks . 600,000,000 fr. 

For bread . 231,000,000 

For milk . 378,000,000 

with an estimated fixed national income of 5-6,000,000 fr. Unofficial statistics 
give the following figures for the admission of alcoholics in the Swiss insane 


asylums: 


1918 there 


195 patients 

1913 there were 369 

patients 

were 

1914 ” ” 312 

* 9 

1919 

99 

223 

1915 ” ” 255 

9 9 

1920 ” 

99 

334 

1916 ” ” 255 

99 

1921 ” 

99 

361 

1917 ” ” 224 

99 

1922 

99 

362 

Swiss fruit-culture 

also compels consideration of 

445 

the 

alcohol question. 







There are in Switzerland 12.5 million trees of bearing- age, divided as-— 

Apple trees . 5.4 million—43 per cent of the total 

Pear trees . 3.7 ” —30 ” ” ” ” 

Plum trees .6 ” —13 ” 

Cherry trees. 1.5 ” —12 ” ” ” ” 

Walnut trees . 0.3 ” — 2 ” 


The Swiss fruit crop amounted to, in quintals: 


Cherries 

152,000 

524,000 

300,000 

180,000 


Plums 

51,000 

311,000 

150,000 

80,000 


-44.5 per cent 
-32.3 per cent 
-18.7 per cent 

- 1.3 per cent 

- 0.5 per cent 

- 0.4 per cent 

- 5.8 per cent 


Apples Pears 

1921 . 2,313,000 1,197,000 

1922 . 7,351,000 3,431,000 

1923 . 1,928,000 1,295,000 

1924 . 3,526,000 1,655,000 

An average Swiss fruit crop, according to the Secretary of Agriculture, will 

be used in the following ways: 

Fresh fruit consumption 2,384,000 q 

Fruit juice used by farmers 1,730,000 q 

Use of commercial cider makers 1,000,000 q 

Use of preserve makers 70,000 q 

Distillers of cherries and plums 25,000 q 

Industrial use of unfermented fruit juice 20,000 q 

Fruit exports 308,745 q 

The home-made wine production amounted to: 

1918 . 765,199 hectoliters 1919 . 589,646 hectoliters 

The wine imports amounted to: 

1918— casks, 970,922 hectoliters; bottles, 9,170 double-hundredweights 

1919— casks, 1,398,856 hectoliters; bottles, 6,949 double-hundredweights 

In 1924 the wine imports amounted to about 146 million liters, of a whole¬ 
sale value of 61,000,000 francs. 

In the same year the imports of beer amounted to 2.3 million liters, which, 
including the imported brewing materials, had a value of 15 to 20 million francs. 

In addition there were about 3% millions of distilled drinks imported, so 
that the foreign expenditure for spirituous drinks in 1924 amounted to about 80 
millions [frs.], against which there was only an export revenue for spirituous 
drinks of % million. (Freiheit, Feb., 1925.) 

If one understands how to read these figures, under which nothing is to be 
found concerning the home-made production of distilled drinks, one may realize 
that in Switzerland it is necessary that the antialcohol circles bestir themselves 
in order to check the evil and to explain to the people the dangers of alcoholism. 
The fighting band has already grown to a really important number, which, it is 
true, makes only a small part of the entire people, but yet can not be overlooked: 
There are the following anti-alcoholic societies in Switzerland: 

Approximate 

Societies on a Religious Basis Membership 

Blue Cross: (celebrated this year its 50th anniversary) with many of¬ 
ficial agents and agencies (Blaue Kreuz) . 43,000 

Catholic Abstinence League: founded 1893, has central office and many 

canton agents (Katholische Abstinentenliga) . 

Alliance Abstinent Union (Allianzabstinentenbund) . 

Avenir (“Future”). 

Non-religious Organizations 

Good Templar Order: strictly organized, with ritual and secret sessions 

(Guttemplarorden) . 

Antialcohol League (Alkoholgegnerbund) . 

Social Democrat Abstinence League (Sozialdemokratische Abstinenten- 

bund) . 

Swiss League of Abstaining Women (Schweiz. Bund abst. Frauen). 

Professional Societies 

Schweiz. Yerein abst. Lehrer und Lehrerinnen (“Swiss Society of Ab¬ 
staining Teachers”) . 

Schweiz. Yerein abst. Eisenbahner (“Swiss Society of Abstaining Rail¬ 
way Employees”) . 

Abstinentia (“Abstinence”), Society of the Mail, Telegraph and Cus¬ 
toms Employees . 

Vereinigung abst. evangel. Pfarrer (“Association of Abstaining Pastors”) 

Priesterabstinentenbund (“League of Abstaining Priests”) . 

Schweiz. Verein Abst. Aerzte (“Swiss Society of Abstaining Physicians”) 

Yerein abst. Landwirte (“Society of Abstaining Farmers”). 

446 


9,000 

2,500 

200 


4.500 

1.500 

800 

250 


1,300 

1,200 

200 

500 

100 

150 

200 



























Marthaverein (“Martha Society”), the organization in the non-alcoholic 

restaurants . 250 

And in addition a number of independent abstinence societies, such as: 
Abstinent Athletic societies, Shooting societies, Cycling societies, 

Tourist societies, and Music corps. 

Juvenile Societies 

Of the Blue Cross (Blaue Kreuz) — 


Junglingsbund (“Youths’ League”) ... 3,000 

Tochterbund (“Girls’ League”) . 1,300 

Hoffnungsbund (“Band of Hope”) . 1,800 

Espoir (Children’s Abstinence Society) . 7,000 

Schweiz, katholischer Jugenbund (Swiss Catholic Juvenile League). 38,000 

Juvenile work of the Alliance Abstinence League. 2,000 

Juvenile work of the Good Templar Order. 2,500 

Juvenile work of the Antialcohol League . 500 

Schweiz, kath. abst. Studentliga (“Swiss Catholic Abstaining Student's 

League”) . 550 

Sequania (High School Society), Helvetia (Middle School Society;, 

Iduna (Girl’s Abstinence League) . 700 


These societies and associations have now resolved on the following tasks, 
for which they will work with their united forces: Encouragement of relations 
with drinkers and drinkers’ families, the winning of drinkers to abstinence and 
the winning of the temperate to total abstinence; to learn to be a support to 
former drinkers, since the example of not drinking represents the most effective 
measure for reducing the high Swiss alcohol consumption, religious building up, 
strengthening, maintenance and education of the members won; work in behalf 
of and for the erection of institutions for the care of drunkards and for their 
cure; maintenance of homes for drunkards’ children; circulation of antialcoholic 
literature; gifts of leaflets to students, those out of school, and candidates for 
confirmation, etc.; public pamphlet sale for society purposes; collection of money 
for greater work by means of bazaars, collections, flower days, etc.; presenting 
petitions to officials (asking for the distribution of newer teaching material, 
protesting against the opening of public houses, pointing out the improper or 
insufficient management of the public-house police), establishment of investi¬ 
gations, employment of agents and support of agencies, promotion of sociability 
without alcohol, and creation of educational opportunities through public lec¬ 
tures and lecture courses, with or without films and photographs, partly with 
embellishment of music or by the serving of refreshments; evening entertain¬ 
ments, evening meetings .for women, evenings for servants, evenings for moth¬ 
ers; juvenile training of various kinds; demand for the substitution of unt’er- 
mented for fermented drinks; advertisements of the valuable non-alcoholic 
fruit-juices by the public house, by instruction in the manufacture, by technical 
facilitation of home manufacture and home sterilizing with the aid of sterilizing 
apparatus purchased through cooperative societies, or through the establish¬ 
ment of the so-called “sweet-cider days,” by which in public places, with the 
help of the so-called Loder apparatus (a convenient, practical sterilizing appa¬ 
ratus with a daily capacity up to 2,500 liters), a converted distillery, the con¬ 
trivances for cheese-making, etc., for the customers who bring along their ves¬ 
sels to be filled and sterilized, furnishing non-alcoholic drinks in the working- 
places (the motor kitchen of the women of Basel, for example, travels in winter 
from working-place to working-place to provide hot milk, coffee, soup, etc.). 
The societies will work with greater publicity to organize the tea-shop, and es¬ 
pecially the large organizations will devote themselves to public-house reform. 

Other very important societies are: 

Schweiz. Frauenverein fur alkoholfrei Wirtschaften in Zurich (“Swiss Wo¬ 
men’s Society for Non-alcoholic Taverns in Zurich”). 

Volksdienst (“People’s Service”), which provides chiefly non-alcoholic pro¬ 
visions for industrial establishments. 

Verein fur Massigkeit und Volkswohl in Basel (“Society for Temperance 
and the People’s Welfare in Basel"). 

And in addition there are many other local societies for tavern reform: 

Schweiz. Stiftung fur Gemeindestuben and Gemeindehauser (“Swiss Foun¬ 
dation for Community Rooms and Houses”), which has for its purpose 
chiefly the placing of community rooms at disposal free of charge, in 
which opportunity is found for valuable social gatherings and non-alco¬ 
holic refreshment. 

Welsche sozialdepartement des Vereins Christli. junger Manner und des 
blauen Kreuz (“French Social Department of the Young Men’s Chris- 

447 













tian Society and of the Blue Cross”), performs similar duty as the first- 
named foundation. 

Schweiz. Gesellschaft fur das Gemeindebestimmungsrecht (“Swiss Associa¬ 
tion for Local Option”), which has for its aim the promotion of local 
option propaganda and the increase of local rights in regard to the 
alcohol problem. 

Nationale Verband gegen die Schnapsgefahr (“National Union Against the 
Spirits Evil”), which aims to decrease the use and abuse of spirits by 
legal measures, increasing the price of spirits, by legal taxation. 

Verband Volksaufklarung gegen den Alkoholismus (“Association for the 
Education of the People Against Alcoholism”) gathers material for 
anti-alcohol education of the people. 

All of these societies, especially for the discussion of uniform proceedings 
in the political sphere and for deliberation on other suitable propositions, send 
annually at least one delegate to the “Beirat.” That is a sort of Swiss Absti¬ 
nence Parliament, w r hose executive body is the Schweiz. Zentralstelle zur Bek- 
ampfung des Alkoholismus (“Swiss Headquarters for the Fight Against Alco¬ 
holism”), Av. Dapples 5, Lausanne. 

This headquarters is supported not only by voluntary contributions of the 
abstinence societies, but also through subsidies of the Union and the cantons, 
by gifts, and by its own secretariate organization. It serves the Swiss anti¬ 
alcohol movement and the wider circles through the following activities: 

1. Information Service: It answers questions on all phases of the alcohol 
problem and the abstinence movement, seeks to point out the proper Swiss 
method for fighting alcohol to the societies attached to it, and helps them, plac¬ 
ing its resources especially at the disposal of the officials. 

2. Press Service: It sends anti-alcoholic material to the daily press, after 
it has been given by the local contributors. It sends direct to the press an in¬ 
formation sheet for printing article by article, supplies various reform maga¬ 
zines with solicited material, and publishes its own anti-alcoholic produc¬ 
tions, as— 

Die Freiheit (“Freedom”), anti-alcoholic journal; 24 numbers a year; 135,000 
copies. 

Beilagen (“Leaflets”): Guides for woman’s work against alcoholism; 6 
numbers, 10,000 copies. 

II Pioniere (“The Pioneer”), anti-alcohol journal for Italian Switzerland; 
8 numbers; 4,000 copies. 

Nachrichten (“Information sheets”) for use of the press; 12 numbers; 6,000 
copies. 

Schnitz (“Chippings”): Material for family and juvenile journals; 5 num¬ 
bers; 1,000 copies. 

Press Bulletin (also sent to societies) French edition of• Nachrichten; 12 
numbers; 6,000 copies. 

3. Publications: Publishes various small and larger pamphlets and dis¬ 
cussions on the alcohol question, conducts the sale of pamphlets for the propa¬ 
gation of temperance, preparation and sale of anti-alcoholic posters for schools 
and public houses, and of placards and postcards. In this department it co¬ 
operates with Neuland Verlag (“Neuland Publishing Co.”) in Berlin, as also 
with the Blue Cross Publishing Company in Berne. Both Swiss publishing com¬ 
panies publish also the writings of the active Society of Abstaining Teachers 
and the Association of Abstaining Pastors. 

4. The traveling exhibition for instruction concerning alcoholism has been 
given over for the renewal of contents. Therefore the preparation of printed 
matter relating to exhibition pictures for the press has been pledged, and of new 
picture series and posters for blackboards of the middle schools; also the film, 
the electric sign, the puppet theater, music and the drama should be provided. 

5. The lecture service claims much energy, on occasion of scientific courses, 
vacation courses, and home weeks. 

Advising and helping the numerous institutions for the care of alcoholics 
admitting the drinker and his family, of which institutions there are about 40 in 
Switzerland, partly erected by private means and supported by them or by the 
city authorities. Only the cantons of Uri, Unterwalden, Genf, Neuenburg, Wal¬ 
lis, and Tessin possess such institutions as yet. 

For the cure of drunkards institutions have been created for men and wo¬ 
men separately, seven for men and three for women, which have been sup¬ 
ported by societies or by general utility societies, and partly maintained by pub¬ 
lic funds. In addition there are also a number of private institutions for the 
care and cure of drunkards. 


448 


There is a problem which for some years has engaged the serious interest 
ot the abstinence circles in all Switzerland; it concerns the new regulations of 
our federal alcohol legislation. Especially during the War the flood of spirits 
rose in a threatening wave against our people's welfare, so that the public 
found itself obliged to do something against it. How did this flood of spirits 
come? 

In three-quarters of the 19th century the manufacture and the use of potato 
spirits rose to a point threatening the people’s health in many cantons, so that 
on Oct. 25, 1885, it was fixed in the Federal Constitution that henceforth the 
free production and the unrestricted sale of distilled liquors should be repealed. 
The government held the monopoly right over the manufacture, import, and 
sale of distilled liquors, which it submitted to a tax, in order that its use should 
be restricted by an increase of the price of drink. By this monopoly the pro¬ 
duction of distilled liquors from wine, fruit, and its refuse, gentian-roots, juni¬ 
per berries, and similar materials, was stopped, so that by this legislation, which 
is still in force today, only the grain, potato, and sugar spirits were permitted. 
A national alcohol commission now manages the Spirits Law and one-tenth of 
the whole profit of this administration goes to the canton treasuries, for the 
purpose of repairing by this means the evils of alcoholism there. In 1890 the 
annual production of fruit brandy and the spirits made from fruit refuse was 
estimated at 100,000 hectoliters, while the alcohol administration sold 70,000 hi. 
alcohol, that is, the control and taxation of seven-eights of the total production. 

After the War the situation was otherwise. In 1921 the yearly production 
of the released spirits reached 80,000 hi. The great private distilleries notified 
the alcohol administration, at the beginning of 1922, that it should arrange to 
produce 120,000 hi. for the year. Therewith, one knows that along with these 
great factories there are also 35,000 home distilleries in the farmers’ houses 
throughout the country. If one could say in 1890 that control and taxation cov¬ 
ered seven-eighths of the production, so one can today assert that seven-eighths 
of the production escapes control and taxation. The alcohol administration for 
1921 strives for an insignificant profit and total sale of 7,996 hi., while a single 
private distillery sells more than 10,000 hi.; for the private distillery undersells 
the Administration with their fruit spirits, especially with the grape spirits. 
The Administration took up the fight, but attained only an insignificant success. 
The result of the price-fixing agreement on this matter signified cheap alcohol, 
thereby increasing consumption and finally the strengthening of alcoholism 
among the people. 

A glance into the conditions of production gives the following light: If 
much fruit is at hand, the production in the numerous wine-factories is so large 
that only with great trouble can buyers be found, so that every year great 
quantities of wine must be converted into brandy. Wine distilling is followed 
by distilling the grape refuse. In order to make this brandy production yet 
more profitable, some 20 distilleries have furnished their factories wfith improve¬ 
ments by which the manufacture of 90-per-cent alcohol is made possible. In 
1921 these factories bought 3,000 cars of wine, which was converted into alcohol. 
The other distilleries, according to the estimates of the professional experts, 
had distilled 5,000 cars of wine, from which brandy was made. If these esti¬ 
mates are true, the wine distilleries alone have thrown on the market a quantity 
of alcohol which is sufficient to make six million liters of brandy. Always it is 
difficult to appraise the actual corresponding estimates. According to the esti¬ 
mate of an inspector of the alcohol administration, in 1921 the wine distilleries 
alone produced 30,000 hi. of 95 per cent alcohol. A single private distillery had 
distilled 1,600 cars, from which it produced 10,000 hi.; that is, it alone had pro¬ 
duced and provided for consumption more alcohol than the administration it¬ 
self. The distillers of fruit refuse have furnished approximately 80,000 cwts. of 
brandy. In addition the production of 35,000 small home-stills must be in¬ 
cluded. In certain country regions the private still exists in all the farm¬ 
houses. They convert in it not only the refuse of the fruit, but also the bad 
grain. In a certain region every large farm distills 500 to 1,000 liters spirits, 
which are used exclusively for home consumption. The unfortunate custom of 
adding a large quantity of spirits to black coffee has become more and more 
widespread; and it appears that not infrequently the children also drink this 
fatal mixture. 

In 1923 the legislative preliminary work was so broad that the proposal for 
alcohol revision could be laid before the people for acceptance or rejection. It 
brought all distilled liquors under the national monopoly and proposed the abo¬ 
lition of home distilling. The abstainers zealously took up this proposal, since 
it -would have meant a real step in advance in Swiss alcohol legislation, but the 

449 


people rejected by a great majority this newly formed article of the Constitu¬ 
tion, the abolition of home distilling having brought it to defeat. Since then a 
way has been sought legally to restrict the flood of spirits without molesting 
too greatly the home distilling and also the financial interests of the great dis¬ 
tilleries. Although no practicable way has been found as yet, one would like, 
only too gladly, to unite the attempts at restriction of this flood of spirits by a 
good organization. Regarding this, in the last few years almost all of the leg¬ 
islative proposals of the Confederation have been rejected by the vote of the 
people, so one would scarcely dare to lay before the people such a difficult pro¬ 
posal, which touches the Swiss from the business viewpoint and interferes with 
his just right to drink. 

The abstainers themselves tried to do something to stop the flood of spirits, 
however, before the Government authorities began the work of revising the al¬ 
cohol provision of the Federal Constitution. 

The previously mentioned headquarters in Lausanne arranged for a trial 
vote in the country, in order to prove that the people were ready to do some¬ 
thing against spirits. The question, which in 1920 was laid before every adult 
citizen in 76 districts, read: “Would you vote for or against the prohibition of 
retail sale and retail license of spirits in municipal communities, if the citizens 


of the district had the right 

to decide the question?” 

The total 

result of the 

votes in the 76 test districts 

was as follows: 





Yes 

No 

Blank 

Total 

Men’s votes. 

. 22,180 

10,790 

4,938 

37,908 

Women’s votes . 

. 32,301 

7,348 

4,597 

44,246 

Total vote . 

. 54,481 

18,138 

9,535 

82.154 


In certain communities the results were very surprising, as, for example, in 
Aarau, where the following figures were given: 



Yes 

No 

Blank 

Men . 

. 1,476 

394 

219 

Women .. 

. 2,396 

299 

183 


On January 21, 1921, in Berne, the initiative demand was resolved on, ac¬ 
cording to which communities and cantons should have the right, in their dis¬ 
tricts, to prohibit the sale, license, and manufacture of spirits. This initiative 
was realized by the people, when on November 10, 1921, the Government office 
received 146,500 valid signatures of enfranchised Swiss citizens in favor of the 
initiative, although, according to the Consitution, 50,000 signatures would have 
been sufficient. 

The Federal Council did not give the initiative a free course and did not 
propose the federal officials for handling it, although there had been a long de¬ 
lay since it first had brought the alcohol provision under revision. When this 
was rejected on June 3, 1923, the Government made preparations for a new vote 
on the same question. 

Today the situation stands thus, that the Government has not ventured to 
bring the new revision of the alcohol article before the people from fear that if 
this should again be rejected by the people the Government would be blamed. 
Now it is rumored that the so-called brandy initiative measure will be brought 
before the Federal Council. On what grounds? Will it prefer to surrender the 
initiative, which perhaps will not pass so readily, to the rejection of the people, 

or .? Time will tell the purpose. The abstainers in any case have the 

duty of keeping a good watch, in order that their interests for the people’s wel¬ 
fare may be decided one way or another by the Council, and to represent the 
people, and both to declare their moral obligation to the whole people and to 
keep themselves on the alert. Willi Kobe, Pastor. 


TURKEY 

Work of the Green Crescent 

The Moslem religion has forbidden alcoholic drinks to its followers. As it 
is in the nature of th'e human being to sin in spite of all his knowledge of evil, 
the Moslem men used a kind of liquor called “rhaki,” of which 36 per cent is 
pure alcohol, while the Christians use all sorts of beverages. Until lately, drink¬ 
ing had very few friends among Turkish women; now drinking is prevalent 
among public women and in society circles. 

In Constantinople, the great majority of saloons were run by Greeks and 
Armenians; but after the Great War a few saloons were opened by Turks. In 
the Turkish Code of Civil Law it is forbidden to run bars or saloons near 
mosques and religious places. But during the occupation of Constantinople by 
Allied troops some Greeks and Armenians found occasion to violate this rule. 

450 













The Turks could not refrain from perceiving the future of the younger genera¬ 
tion threatened by alcoholism. In this lamentable situation the “Green Cres¬ 
cent” was founded by the Turks. This action created a good impression among 
the Turks generally as well as so'me serious and good Christians. Especially 
Admiral Bristol, the American High Commissioner in Turkey, encouraged us by 
sending programs and laws on prohibition made by Americans, and his best re¬ 
gards to the society. 

Before the founding of this society, several physicians had been giving con¬ 
ferences in order to explain the harms and disasters of alcoholic drinks. They 
had seen that the use of alcoholic beverages was increasing year by year. In 
the year 1909 during the visit of Prof. Forel to Turkey, an anti-alcoholic lodge 
was formed by Dr. Mazhar Osman, Dr. Baha and Dr. Bogosian Beys. But the 
Italian-Turkish War was declared and the lodge could not work. 

The Green Crescent was finally formed on March 6, 1920, and held its first 
meeting in the building of the Turkish Press Society, and declared war upon 
• alcohol in a scientific way. It holds no political meetings. 

Although the financial condition of the society is not strong, it has reduced 
the use of alcohol to some extent, and has succeeded in closing the saloons and 
bars which were neighbor to mosques and religious places. Many conferences 
have been given at the various schools, to create a movement against alcohol¬ 
ism among the younger generation. 

We have carried on propaganda in newspapers, have sent in reports of sta¬ 
tistics, cases of drunkenness, tables of convictions concerning alcohol, etc., and 
these have been published on the first page of the papers. We have investi¬ 
gated the number of saloons and bars in Constantinople and a chart of them 
has been given to the government. The statistics for 1922 show 229 saloons and 
73 beer-shops in Bayazid, where most of the population is Moslem. Thirteen of 
these places belonged to Turks, 209 to Greeks, 28 to Armenians, and two to Jews. 
At that period four million pounds’ worth of alcohol was imported by the for¬ 
eign element. 

The National Assembly in Anatolia enacted a prohibition law, which was 
put progressively into effect, at first mainly in Anatolia, then in 1923 in Con¬ 
stantinople (after the evacuation of Constantinople by the Allied troops). The 
Green Crescent carried on all sorts of modern propaganda for the election of 
anti-alcoholic deputies, but there was a great agitation on account of the losing 
of the revenue from the liquor traffic, and the illegal sale of liquors smuggled 
through the Customs. In May, 1924, the drink traffic was restored by the gov¬ 
ernment. Twenty-five deputies who were members of our society managed to 
restrict the sale of strong liquors. Light beverages like beer were free, but 
strong liquors could not be sold separately in shops. 

After liberty was given to all sorts of liquor, the monoply of this trade was 
granted to a Polish company which pays a large sum of money to the govern¬ 
ment. The new laws, however, strictly forbid drunkenness and the sale of liq¬ 
uor to the younger generation. 

The following statistics were sent to the members of the National Assembly: 


Total convictions of three months before the prohibition law. 5,920 

Total convictions of three months after the prohibition law. 3,480 

Drink cases during prohibition law... 21 

Drink cases after the removal of prohibition law. 131 


The Green Crescent. 

Dr. Fahreddin Kerim, General Secretary. 


URUGUAY 

The Republic of Uruguay has been fortunate in having, among her states¬ 
men, men of broad vision who have included in their subjects for consideration 
that of total abstinence. 

Among these, there was none more eminent nor more universally loved 
than the late Dr. Joaquin de Salterain, who when a member of the Chamber of 
Representatives was untiring in his efforts to arouse public sentiment in favor 
of total abstinence, and who later was instrumental in organizing the Liga Na- 
cional Contra el Alcoholismo, which is allied with the Woman’s Christian Tem¬ 
perance Union of the United States of America, and whose active members are 
total abstainers. 

This Liga, led by prominent Uruguayan women, has a strong, constructive 
program including scientific temperance instruction in the public schools of the 
capital city of Montevideo as well as in those of the interior of the country. 
Child welfare and prison welfare are also counted among the activities of the 
Liga. 


451 







The government of Uruguay recognizes the beneficial results of this organi¬ 
zation, contributing, for the work of the propaganda, the sum of three thousand 
dollars (gold) annually. The go's eminent also pays the full salary of a public 
school teacher specially prepared, who gives her entire time to scientific temper¬ 
ance instruction and to the organization of temperance clubs in the schools. 

Aided financially by the world organization of the Woman’s Christian Tem¬ 
perance Union, the Uiga Uruguaya has purchased a fine residence for its head¬ 
quarters, where its varied activities are carried on and where the Executive 
Committee meets every week. The official organ of the Liga is El Lazo Blanco, 
under the direction of Madame Elena Fabregat de Caetano and Madame Manuela 
de H. de Salterain. Mention should be made, in this Sketch, of Mrs. Carrie C. de 
van Domselaar, who sponsored the cause of total abstinence in the early days 
and who continues a useful member of the Liga. 

The young people of Uruguay form an important factor in the great task of 
spreading temperance principles throughout the republic. Their organization 
is known as the Club Juventude de Templanza. 

On June 25, 1926, the great friend and illustrious leader of temperance in 
Uruguay, the wise and distinguished counsellor of the Liga Nacional Contra el 
Alcohlismo, laid down the torch so ably carried by him through several decades, 
and passed to the Great Beyond. 

Immediately the members of the Liga, while tears of grief were still un¬ 
dried, looked to the bereaved and distinguished wife, Madame Manuela H. de 
Salterain, and to the gifted daughter, Hortensia, believing that they would take 
that torch as a sacred trust and bear it forward at the head of the band of 
earnest men, women and young people in this great war against alcoholism, 
that our beloved Republic of Uruguay shall be free from this great evil. This 
they are doing, and thus the continued prosperity of the Liga is insured. 

Mrs. Elizabeth Hewitt, 

Delegate to the Winona Congress from Uruguay 


452 


LIST OF REGISTERED DELEGATES 
CONGRESS OF THE WORLD LEAGUE AGAINST ALCOHOLISM 
WINONA LAKE, INDIANA 


Name 


Ewing, Hazel R. N. 


Address 
ABYSSINIA 
New Sheffield, Pennsyl 


Representing 


Richards, Frank 


Keshishian, Arshak 


Penzotti, Mr. Paul 


Penzotti, Mrs. Paul 


ALBANIA 

435 So. Division, Ann Ar¬ 
bor, Michigan. 

ARMENIA 

433 South Division, Ann 
Arbor, Michigan. 
ARGENTINA and URUGUAY 


Parana 481, Buenos 
Aires, Argentina 

807 E. Erie, Albion, 
Michigan. 


Liga Nacional De Tern 
planza de la Repub- 
licca Argentina 
Liga Nacional De Tem- 
planza de la Repub¬ 
lics Argentina 


Bailey, Mrs. J. R. 
Bailey, J. Riley 


ASSAM 

Impur Naga Hills, 

Assam, India. 

Impur Hills, Makok 
Chung, Assam, India. 

AUSTRALIA 

Chenoweth, R. Thomas. Kew, Victoria, Australia. Australasia & Melbourne 

Total Abstinence Soc. 
and Australian Prohi¬ 
bition League 


Houlder, Miss Graccio 
Leggo 

Sherar, G. W. 

Sherar, Mrs. G. W. 

Schamanch, Leudwig 

Springer, Mr. J. M. 
Springer, Mrs. J. M. 

Jauregui, Julius C. 


Perth, Western Australia 
Sydney, Australia 
80 Bathurst St. 

Sydney, Australia 
80 Bathurst St. 
AUSTRIA 
Mollardgasse St. 67, 
Vienna, Austria. 
BELGIAN CONGO 
150 Fifth Ave. 

New York City 
150 Fifth Ave. 

New York City 
BOLIVIA 
La Paz, Bolivia 
453 


I. O. G. T. of New So. 
Wales 

I. O. G. T. of New So. 
Wales 


Belgian Congo 
Belgian Congo 

University of Michigan 


Name 

Taylor, Mr. W. C. 
Taylor, Mrs. W. C. 

Sallabashova, Mrs. E. 

Berdal, A. S. 

Bean, Rev. E. H. 
Buchanan, John 
Coburn, Rev. John 
Hart, Rev. E s h 
Irwin, Dr ; A. J. 

Lyle, A. H. 

McLachlan, Rev. D. N., 
D.D. 

Patrick, Arthur 

Peck, Rev. W. W. 

Sanders, Rev. W. 

Rural Dean 
Spence* Ben H. 

Spence, Mrs. Ben H. 

Wright, Mrs. Gordon 

Campoe, Luis E. 

Chen, G. S. 

Linam, Alice 


Address Representing 

BRAZIL 

2600 Frankfort Ave., 

Louisville, Kentucky. 

2600 Frankfort Ave., 

Louisville, Kentucky. 

BULGARIA 

17 S. Crawford St., 

Chicago, Illinois. 

CANADA 

62 E. Kildonan, 

Winnipeg, (Canada. 

Hanover, Ontario, 

Canada. 

2 Rosemont Ave, Toronto, 

Ontario, Canada. 

299 .Queen St., west, 

Toronto, Canada. 

757 Upperlansdowne Ave. 

W'est Montreal, Canada. 

24 Bloor, East, 

Toronto, /Canada. 

206 West Ave., North 
Hamilton, Ontario, Can. 

434 Confederation Life 
Bldg., Toronto, Ontario, 

Canada. 

Hamilton, Ontario, 

Canada. 

24 Bloor St., 

Toronto 2, Canada. 

163 Grey Ave., 

Montreal, Canada. 

77 Hilton Ave., 

Toronto, Canada. 

77 Hilton Ave., 

Toronto, Canada. 

133 Elmwood Ave., 

London City, 

Ontario, Canada. 

CHILE 

Concepcion, Chile 
CHINA 

402 E. Huron St., 

Ann Arbor, Michgian. 

Home Address, Hangchow 
Chekiang, China. 

Warsaw, Indiana China. 

454 


Bulgarian Christian 
Mission 

Grand Lodge of 
Good Templars 
Canada Conference 
Evangelical Church. 


United Church of 
Canada 

Quebec League A. A. 

Prohibition Federation 
of Canada 
Royal Templars of 
Temperance 
Prohibition Federation 
of Canada. 

Royal Templars of 
Temperance 
Prohibition Federation 
of Canada 

Quebec League Against 
Alcoholism 
World League 
Branch Office 
World League 
Branch Office 
Nat’l. Pro. Federation 
and Nat’l. W. C. T. 
U. of Canada. 

University of Michigan 


Name 

Edwards, Mr. R. F. 

Jones, Mrs. May M. 
Jones, Slyvester 

Sefl, Rev. Joseph F. 

Hansen, Adolph 
Larsen-Ledet, Lars 
Barnes, Miss Ella M. 

Atkinson, Mrs. M. 
Carter, Rev. Henry 

Hopkins, J. W., J.P. 
Oliver, Edward, J.P. 
Walker, Mrs. 

Emits, Prof. Villem 

Ikavalko, Teavi 
Karpio, Vihtori 

Sugimoto, Mr. R. 
Bracke, Otto 

Goesch, Mr. F. 


Address 

904 Beall Ave., 

Wooster, Ohio. 

CUBA 
San Miguel 126, 

Havana, Cuba. 

San Miguel 126, 

Havana, Cuba 
CZECHOSLOVAKIA 
1109 West 19th Place 
Chicago, Illinois 
DENMARK 
St. Kongensgade 36-38, 
Copenhagen, Denmark. 
Aarhus, Denmark 
EGYPT 

Fowler Orphanage, Ab- 
basia, Cairo, Egypt. 
ENGLAND 

23 Beaconsfield St., Blyth, 
Northumberland, Eng. 

1 Central Bldgs., West¬ 
minster, London, 
England 

Gloucester, Pembury 
Road, England. 

4 Gladstone St, Hartle¬ 
pool, England 
Ingleside, Waverly Road, 
London, England. 
ESTHONIA 
Jakobi t., No. 8 
Tartu, Esthonia 
FINLAND 
Helsinki, Finland 

Helsinki, Engeleukea, 
Finland 

FORMOSA 
Formosa, Japan 

GERMANY 
30 C. Worfenbuettler 
Strasse, Brunswick, 
Germany 

Kronenstrasse, Berlin 
West 8 


Representing 
South China. 


National W. C. T. U. 
Cuba 

National Alcoholic 
League of Cuba 


Czechoslovakia 

Federation of Danish 
Temperance Societies 


W. C. T. U. of Egypt 

Grand Lodge of 
England 

Temp. Social Welfare 
Dept. Wesleyan Meth¬ 
odist iChurch 

I. O. G. T. 

Grand Lodge, I.O.G.T. 

Grand Lodge of England 
I. O. G. T. 

Central Temperance 
Committee. 

Raittiuden Ystavat So¬ 
ciety of Finland 

Sec’y of Prohibition 
League of Finland 

Government of Formosa 


I. O. G. T. 


455 


Name 

Melle, Dr. F. H. Otto 
(Pres. Theological 
Seminary) 

Mensching, Rev. Wilhelm 

DeKay, Rev. Geo. H. 

Master, Lewis A. 

Robert, Rev. Victor. 

Berar, Santokh S. 

Husain-Khan, Syed 
Fakhruddin 

Bardal, A. S. 

Cornelius, J. J. 

Shah, Lalit 
Singh, Dan 

Santi, Mrs. R. 

Ivanamori, Miss Sumi 

Kubota, G. 

Shaw, Mark R. 

Shaw, Mrs. Mark R. 


Address 

Bueckburg, Germany 
Ginneheimer, Land- 
strasse 180, Germany 
Bueckeburg, Germany 

HAWAII 

515 Kaikeolani Bldg., 
Honolulu, Hawaii 
HUNGARY 
911 E. Culver, 

South Bend, Indiana. 
1811 S. Kindall, 

South Bend, Indiana. 
HINDUSTAN 
326 E. Catherine, 

Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
1326 Geddis Ave., 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 
ICELAND 
62 E. Kildonan, 

Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
INDIA 

500 Riverside Drive, 

New York City, N. Y. 
42 Gates Hall, University 
of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 
Garrett Dormitory 
Evanston, Illinois. 
ITALY 
Casa Materna, 

Napoli, Italy 
JAPAN 

360 Hyakunin-Machi, 
Okuso, Tokyo-Fu, 

Japan. 

747 E. 36th St. 

Chicago, Ill. 

3412 Euclid Ave., 

Berwyn, Illinois. 

3412 Euclid Ave., 

Berwyn, Illinois. 

Japan Address, 

3 Aoyama Gakuin, 
Tokyo, Japan. 


Representing 
Internationale Vereini- 
gung gegen den Al- 
koholismus 
Abstinence League of 
German Clergy 

Hawaii A. S. L. 


Hindustan. 

Hindustan 


Italian Temperance 
Forces 

Japan I. P. L., W. C. 

T. U., Japan Nat’l 
Temp. League 

Methodist Church of 
Japan. 

Methodist Social Wel¬ 
fare in Japan. 

Japan Natl. Temperance 
League, Japan. I. P. 
A., Methodist Social 
Welfare in Japan, Ja¬ 
pan Natl. Christian 
Council Com. on So¬ 
cial Welfare. 


456 


Name 

Address 

Representing 

Shimadzu, Misaki 

7473 E. 36th St., 
Chicago, Ill. 

Japan Y. M. C. A. 

Watanabe, Mrs. Jyun 

10 Motomachi, 

Japan W. C. T. U., Nj 


Hakodate, Japan. 

JAVA 

tional Temperance 
League of Japan 

Lau, Edward 

1412 Geddes Ave., 



Ann Arbor, Mich. 
JUGOSLAVIA 

Java. 

Johnson, William E. 

Smithville Flats, N. Y. 

Jugoslavia Gadez Tres- 
venoste of Sarajevo 

Troy, Mrs. John W. 

Box 136, 



Winona Lake, lnd. 
KOREA 

Jugoslavia 

Bergman, Miss Anna 

284 Miller Ave., 



Columbus, Ohio. 

Korea 

Chew, Miss Ai Kyung 

Care Bethany Girls’ 



School, )Chicago, Ill. 

Korea 

Hyun, Mr. Chai M. 

7627 Pauline St., 



Chicago, Ill. 

Korea 

Kum, Teh Soor 

116 E. 53rd St., 



Care E. L. Phillips, 



New York City, N. Y. 

Korea 

Lutz, Dexter N. 

Pyongyang, Chosen, Japan Korea 

Lutz, Mrs. Lew Harpster 

Pyengyang, Chosen, Japan Korea 

Samuel, Miss James 

639 E. Spring St., 



Columbus, Ohio. 
LATVIA 

Korea 

Davis, Mr. J. 

Ivr. Barona ilia 49, 

Riga Municipal Absti- 


Latvia, Riga. 
LITHUANIA 

stinence Committee. 

Emits, Prof. Villem 

Jakobi t. No. 8, 

Central Temperance 


Tartu, Esthonia 

Committee. 

Saurusaitis, Rev. Father 

3905 Fir St, 

St. Francis Lithuanian 

Peter P. 

Indiana Harbor, lnd. 

MEXICO 

R. 'C. Church. 

Cox. Jack 

Monterey, Mexico 


Cox, Dr. Jackson B. 

Monterey, Mexico 

Asociacion Nacional de 
Temperancia 

Cox, Mrs. Jackson B. 

1206 North 15th St.. 
Waco, Tex. 



NETHERLANDS 


Arriens, Miss A. 

Velp near Arnhem, 

Grand Supt. J. Work 


Holland 

Int. Order G. T. 

Van Rees, Prof. Dr. J. 

Hlversum near Amster¬ 

Past Chief International 


dam, Sumatralaam 5 

Good Templars 


457 


Name 


Address 


Representing 


NEW ZEALAND and AUSTRALIA 
(See Australia) 


Bagne, O. J. 

Hvidsten, Johan 
Jensen, Lars O. 

Ostlund, Rev. David 

Ostlund, Mrs. David 

Nelly, Henry M. 

Olmstead, Rev. Wm. B, 
M.A. 

Carapitian, Haikas M. 
Murray, Mrs. Chas. R. 


NORWAY 
2729 Garfield St. 

Minneapolis, Minn. 
Oslo, Norway 

Bergen, Norway. 


Box 284, 

Stockholm, Sweden 


Box 284, Stockholm, 
Sweden. 

PANAMA 
548 So. State St. 

Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
1132 Washington Blvd. 
Chicago, Illinois. 
PERSIA 

433 S. Division St., 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 
2053 Washington Blvd. 
Chicago, Ill. 


A. S. L. 

United Temperance So¬ 
cieties in Norway. 

I. L. L. Executio of F. L 
L. Norwegian Federa¬ 
tion of Temperance 
Organizations 

Norway’s National Com¬ 
mittee of Temperance 
Organizations, A. S. L. 
of Norway and A. S 
L. of Sweden 


I. P. A. Canal Zone 
Panama 


Persia 

Persia. 


Greenman, Mr. A. W. 
Meredith, Miss Euretta 


PERU 

Evanston, Illinois 
Box 132, 

Yellow Springs, Ohio 
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 


Peru Nat’l Temp, Society 
Missionary from Peru 


Abaya, M. 
Masa, Jorge O. 


Reed, Nellie A. 


Davidson, Miss H. 
Frances 


2408 Orrington, 

Evanston, Illinois Philippine Islands 

Taylor University, 

Upland, Indiana. 

PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA 

323 Fox St., Portuguese 

Denver, jColorado. East Africa. 


RHODESIA 

Care Mission Bible Col- Missionary from 
lege, Grantham, Pa. So. Africa. 

ROUMANIA 


Ghinea, Lt. Col. Jean Gh. Str. Stirbey Veda No. 95 

Bucharest, Roumania 


Gen. Secy. Sanatatea 
Sociala 


458 


Name 
Isac, Elizabeth 

Popa, Paun D. 

Stanley, Anna 


Chalmers, Mr. Peter. 
Graham, Mrs. Jessie 

Honeyman, Mr. Tom 

Honeyman, Mrs. Tom 

Howe, Rev. John Qr. A. 


Kirkpatrick, Miss Helen 

D. 

MacLennan, Mr. Duncan 
S. S. C. 

MacLennan, Mrs. Duncan 


Barland, Miss Agnes L. 


Address 

1031 E. Fairy Ave., 
Detroit, Michigan. 

Str. Gaitauri 25 

Bucharest, Roumania 
1028 Holden, 

Detroit, Michigan. 
SCOTLAND 
Glasgow, Scotland 
Milngavie, 

Glasgow, Scotland 
226 W. George St. 

Glasgow, Scotland 
150 Hill St, 

Glasgow, Scotland 
Dundee, Scotland. 

U. S. Address, c/o Mrs. 
Thomson, 10501 S. Ham 
ilton Ave., Chicago, Ill. 
1326 Geddis Ave., 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

79 Princes St., 

Edinburgh, Scotland 
79 Princes St. 
Edinburgh, Scotland 
SIAM 

Eau Claire, Wisconsin. 
SIERRA LEONE 


Representing 
Roumania A. S. L. 


Scottish Temp. Alliance 
British Women’s 
Temp. Association 
Scottish Temperance 
Alliance 

Scottish Women’s 
Temperance Union 
Scotland Temperance 
Union 


Scotland. 

Scottish Temperance 
Alliance 

British W. C. T. U. 
Association. 

Missionary Narse-Siam 


Lohr, Ross, 


Anderson, Rev. John A. 


Bjorkman, Red. Alexis 

Borgstrom, Sigfried 
Furuskog, Jalmar 

Ganander, Rev. O. W. 
Ostlund, Mrs. Inger 

Yngve, H. J. 


Hercod, Dr. R. 


Sierra Leone 


A. S. L. of Sweden 


Hampton Institute 
Hampton, Va. 

SWEDEN 
Karlskrona, Sweden 
U. S. Address, 

1302 Blair St. 

St. Paul, Minn. 

Tunnelgatan 19 b, 3 tr. Swedish Prohibition 
Stockholm, Sweden ^ Federation 
Stockholm, Sweden 
Tunnelgatan 19 b, 3 tr. 

Stockholm, Sweden 
Karlstad, Sweden 
Box 284, 

Stockholm, Sweden 
322 Hennepin Ave., Room 
401, Minneapolis, Minn. A. S. L. of Sweden 
SWITZERLAND 

Avenue du Grammont 7, International Bureau 
Lausanne, Switzerland. Against Alcoholism 
459 


Swedish Pro. Federation 

A. S. L. of Sweden 
A. S. L. of Sweden 

A. S. L. of Sweden 


Name 

Hussin, Sofie 

Johnson, W. E. 
(Pussyfoot) 

Lippert, Mrs. A. B. T. 


Address 

TURKEY 

Bostandji, Constantinople 
Turkey 

Westerville, Ohio. 

WEST AFRICA 
3744 Bodinot Ave., 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 


Representing 

Green Crescent, 

Turkey 

Green (Crescent, 
(Constantinople) 

West Africa-Kameroon 
Presbyterian Mission 


Brookover, W. L 
Brookover, Mrs. W. L. 


Brookover, Zella, 
Shaw, Rev. Frank J. 

Shaw, Mrs. Frank J. 


Branscomb, Rev. L. C., 

DD. 

Champion, Ira. 
Crawford, Eugene L. 
Fowler, Mary E. 

Long, Mrs. Mary C. 
Long, Sarah Winfred 
Long, T. H. 

Marsh, Mattie 

Mills, Hon. J. 


Perkins, H. A. 
Stevens, Mrs. F. B. 


Brown, Mrs. May M 
Guthrie, Mrs. Martin 
Kemper, Rev. Paul E. 


BARBADOES B. W. INDIES 
Passage Road, Bridge¬ 
town, Barbados Missionary 

Passage Road, Bridge¬ 
town, Barbados Missionary 

TRINIDAD B. W. INDIES 

Port of Spain, Trinidad Missionary. 

15 Carlos St., Port of 
Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I. 

15 Carlos St., Port of 
Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
Alabama 

Anniston Appointed by Governor 


Melton Hotel, BirminghamA. S. L. of America 


Greensboro 
Selma 
Uniontown 
Uniontown 
Uniontown 
Talladega College, 
Talladega. 

806 Jackson Bldg. 
Birmingham 

R.F.D.l, Mobile 

Arizona 

Box 174, Phoenix 


Arkansas 

1004 Perry St., Helena 


Appointed by Governor 

A. S. L. of Alabama 
W. C. T. U. 

Appointed by Governor 


Appointed by Governor 
to represent Alabama 
Anti-Saloon League 


Appointed by Governor 
to represent W. C. T. 
U. of Arizona 


Millar, A. (C. 


Prescott 

409 Federal Bank & Trust Arkansas Anti- 
Bldg., Little Rock Saloon League 

221 E .Capitol Avenue Arkansas Anti- 

Little Rock Saloon League 

460 


-N owe Address 

Pittman, Mrs. Jennie Carr Prescott 


Russell, O. 0. 


Benisell, Mrs. 

Bennett, Philip 

Briggs, A. H. 

Condit, Fillmore 

DeYo, Mrs. Anna Marde 

Ebbert, Major Frank B. 


Edwards, J. W. 
Hewett, Elizabeth 

Hutchins. Dr. M. Len 


Moore, Rev. B. S., 
Evangelist 
Moore, Mrs. Marie 

Wheeler, Mrs. Eva C. 


Dillon, Mrs. W. Edward 

Finch, A. J. 

Mussy, Miss Theodore 

Greenbacker, Mrs. Lena 

W. 

Hohenthal, Emil L. G. 


Prescott 
200 E. Main St. 
California 
Long Beach 
1026 Story Bldg., 

Los Angeles 
3 City Hall, 

San Francisco 
2211 E. Ocean Blvd. 

Long Beach 
2 City Hall Ave. 

San Francisco 
1454 Comstock Ave., 
Sawtelle 

Pomona 
2111 Cedar St., 

Berkeley, California 
1937 Harcourt Ave. 

Los Angeles 

901 Raymond Ave., 

Long Beach 
999 Raymond Ave., 

Long Beach, Calif. 

2616 Ivan Hill Terrace 
Los Angeles 

Colorado 

3327 Gaylord St., 

Denver 

317 Trinity Bldg., Denver 
137 Irvington PI., Denver 

Connecticut 

Middlefield 

467 Center St. 

South Manchester, 
Conn. 


Newton, Mrs. Hattie M. Durham 


Representing 
State W. C. T. U. 


California Anti- 
Saloon League 

Appointed by Governor 
W. C. T. U. 

Natl. Lecturer, A. S. L. 
A. and World League 
Against Alcoholism 

The Uruguay League 
Against Alcoholism 

Appointed by Gov. repre¬ 
senting Nat’l Director 
of Medical Temperance 
W. iC. T. U. 

Baptist Church 


Japan 

State Pres. So. Calif. W. 
C. T. U., Also State of 
California 

Sec. & Treas. Anti-Sa¬ 
loon League of Colo. 

Colorado A. S. L. 

W. C. T. U. 

State President 
W. C. T. U. 

Nat’l Division Sons of 
Temperance of North 
A. The World Federa¬ 
tion of London. Inter¬ 
national Federal Re¬ 
form Federation 

State Director of Insti¬ 
tute Work of W. C. T. 
U. in Connecticut 


461 


Name 

Tuttle, Mrs. George E. 
Yining, Roscoe W. 
Dinwiddie, Edwin C. 
Longacre, Rev. C. S. 


Address 

39 Ridgefield Ave. 
Waterbury 

721 Main St., Hartford 
District of Columbia 

644 Transportation Bldg., 
Washington 
102 Park Ave, Ta- 
koma Park, Washington 


Schutz, Mrs. Margaret W. 

122 Maryland Ave. 
Washington 

Shoemaker, Albert E. 

1031 Woodward Bldg. 
Washington 

Steuart, T. J. 

30 Bliss Bldg 

Washington 

Warner, Florence W. 

5403-7th St. N.W. 
Washington 

Warner, Harry S. 

122 Maryland Ave., N.E. 
Washington 

Wesley, L. S. 

122 Maryland Ave., N.E. 
Washington 

Wheeler, Dr. Wayne B. 

30 Bliss Bldg., 
Washington 

Florida 

Axgell, Rev. J. S. 

Penny Farms 

Carnine, Mrs. R. M. 

2212 Piscayen Blvd., 
Miami 

Crooke, C. W. 

209 Dyal-Upchurch Bldg. 
Jacksonville 

Davis, Ella May 

P. O. Box 622, 


St. Augustine. 

Davis, Wilma E. 

P. O. Box 622, 

St. Augustine 

Freeman, Marion 

1340 Laura 

Jacksonville 

Garrett, Mrs. O. D. 

119 No, Lakeview Drive 
Sebring 

Neal, Miss Minnie E. 

1340 Laura St., 
Jacksonville 

Georgia 

Armor, Mary Harris 

Tate 

Barton, Dr. A. J. 

Atlanta 

Jones, Rev. C. O. 

406 Wesley Memorial 
Bldg., Atlanta. 

Ledbetter, Rev. C. M. 

Cordele 


Representing 

Pres, of Waterbury 
W. C. T. U. 

Connecticut A. S. L. 

1. O. G. T .(Nat’l Gr. 
Lodge) 

The Seventh Day Ad¬ 
ventist Denomination 
A. S. L. of District 
of Columbia 

I. P. A. 

Anti-Saloon League of 
Washington, D. C. 

A. S. L. of America 

Intercollegiate Prohibi¬ 
tion Association 

1. P. A. 

I. P. A. 

General Counsel 
World League 


A. S. L. of Florida 


W. C. T. U. 

Pres. State W. C. T. IT. 

National W. C T. U.' 

So. Baptist Convention 

Georgia A. S. L. 
Appointed by Governor 
Nat’l Director A. S. L. 


462 


Address 


A’ am c 

Upshaw, Wm. D. 
Wardlaw, Rev. J. P. 
Williams, Mrs. Marvin 


Kimball House, Atlanta 
505-13th Ave., Cordele 
602 Moreland Ave., N.E. 
Atlanta 

Illinois 


Representing 
Dry Democrat 
Appointed by Governor 

State Pres. W.C.T.U. 


Abbott, Mrs. A. B. 
Allison, Lorena A. 
Almquist, C. 

Andreen, Rev. Carl J. 

Beaddy, Mrs. Flora 


911 George St., Chicago 
5526 Rice St., Chicago 
522 N. Lawler Ave., 

Chicago 

510 N. Dearborn St., 

Chicago Illinois A. S. L. 

611 N. Fourth Ave. 


Beaddy, George G. 

Beauprie, Lorren M. 

Bendixen, John 

Beauscher, P. H. 
Bowman, Rev. C. V. 


Maywood 

611 N. Fourth Ave. 
Maywood 

10321 Prospect Ave., 
Chicago 

6547 Emerald Ave. 
Chicago 

215 Clark St., Aurora 
136 W. Lake St., Chicago 


Maywood W.C.T.U. 
Maywood W.C.T.U. 


Good Templar Lodge 
Evangelical Church 
Swedish Evangelical Mis 
sion Covenant of Am. 


Bull, Ella J. 

Clark, Rev. Allison F. 

Clyde, Harriet C. 
Cochran, Mrs. Hawley 
Cuneen, John F. 

Damon, Mrs. Anna 
Damon, Col. Alexander 
Dewey, Mrs. Wm. S. 
Earlandron, O. F. 
Ebersole, J. S. 

Ebersole, Mrs. J. S. 

Ewing, B. W. 

Feucht, Mrs. J. G. 
Feucht, Rev. J. G. 
Freeman, Rev. M. S. 
Freeman, Mrs. M. S. 
Gardner, Mrs. Alfred R 
Getz, Walter, 

Getz, Mrs. Walter 


Asso. of Catholics favm 
ing Prohibition. 


602 Woodlawn Ave., 

Rockford 

5339 Carpenter St., Methodist 

Downer’s Grove Episcopal Church 

839 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 
405 S. Market St., Marion 
1942 Roby St. 

Chicago 
719 N. State St., Chicago 
M.719 N. State St., Chicago 
Elm St., Cairo. 

8753 S. Ada St., Chicago 
404 W. Main St., 

Carbondale. 

404 W. Main St., 

Carbondale 

2016 Leland Ave., Chicago A. S. L. of Illinois 
Oswego 

P. O. Box “B”, Oswego Evangelical Church 
Marengo Methodist Church 

Marengo Methodist Church 

. 1625 Sunnyside, Chicago 
Chadwick 
Chadwick 


463 


Name 


Address 


Representing 


Gordon, Anna A. 

Greene, Mrs. M. E. 

Hamill, Alma 
Hinshaw, G. J. 

Molwipl, Mrs. F. M. 
Hulburd, Anna K. 

Johnson, Mrs. Jas. 
Kemper, Anna J. 

Kemper, J. H. 

Lindeblad, Miss Alma 
McCoy, Mrs. E. T. 

McCoy, Margaret 

Mathes, Mrs. G. M. 

Munns, Miss Margaret C. 

Newton, Dr. H. C. 

Newton, Mrs. H. C. 

Parish, C. Marie 
Paterson, Mrs. Mary 
Perry, Mr. D. J. 

Peters, W. C. 

Peterson, Axel A. 
Peterson, Charles E. 

Potter, Miss Mary Ross 

Powers, P. Raymond 
Revennaugh, Mrs. Tilla 
Roach, John 

Rompel, H. E. 

Rompel, Mrs. H. E. 
Rompel, Nobel 
Rood, Rev. Herbert H. 


Evanston 

10502 Longwood Drive 
Chicago 
West Union 
El Paso 
Evanston 

Ravinia Christian Citizenship 

League, Chicago, 111 


2607 Elm St., Cairo 

524 N. Central Ave., 

Chicago 

524 N. Central Ave., 

Chicago 

LaGrange 

1450 Woodlawn Ave., 

Chicago 

1450 Woodlawn Ave., 

Chicago 

5830 Harper Ave., Christian Citizenship 

Chicago Council 

1730 Chicago Ave,. 

Evanston W. C. T. U. 

25 E. Washington St., Bd. of Directors Illinois 
Chicago League. M. E. Church 

(Trinity) of Chicago 


9958 So. Winchester, 

Chicago 

Momee W. C. T. U. 

Baldwin 

1920 W. Adams St. 

Chicago 

106 W. Main St., President 

Mt. Morris Mt. Morris College 

10828 Hale Ave., tChicago 
510 N. Dearborn St., A. S. L. of Illinois 
Chicago 

Northwestern University Northwestern Uni- 
Evanston versity. 

4949 Indiana Ave., Chicago 
6632 University, Chicago 
7959 St. Lawrence Ave., 

Chicago 

517 Wauponsee St., Morris 
517 Wauponsee St., Morris 
517 Wauponsee St., Morris 
205 Main St., 

Downers Grove 


464 


Address 


Name 

Saft'ord, Rev. Geo. B. 
Safford, Mrs. Geo. B. 
Sargent, Isira A. 

Scoville, Dr. Chas. R. 

Shafer, Mrs. A. L. 
Shafer, Rev. A. L. 
Shinshaw, Laura Carroll 
Shirey, W. E. 

Shirey, Mrs. W. ;C. 

Shulls, Rev. E. A. 
Shulls, Mrs. E. A. 

Shulls. Wells 

Smiley, Mrs. W. B. 

Taft, Geo. W. 

Ward, Eva M. 

Weber, Mrs. Herman 
Wilson, Mrs. Alex 
Wright, Louella 
Yates, Richard 


Adamson, Mrs. G. D. 
Albertson, Mrs. E. F. 
Asher, Wm. 

Austin, David 

Austin, Mrs. Dora 

Austin, D. A. 

Austin, Mrs. Elsie E. 

Austin, Mrs. Florence, 

Austin, Mrs. Florence B. 
Babbett, Mrs. J. J. 


510 N. Dearborn, Chicago 
510 N. Dearborn, Chicago 
602 Woodlawn Ave., 
Rockford, 

219 Golf Terrace, 
Wilmette 

-109 Dee Street, Lebanon 
408 E. Dee St., Lebanon. 
El Paso 

303 King St., South 
Robinson 

303 King St., South 
Robinson 

3846 Adams St., Chicago 
3846 W. Adams St. 
Chicago. 

3846 W. Adams St. 

Chicago 
320 N. 12th St. 

Quincy 

3040 Washington Blvd., 
Chicago 

200 S. Lincoln St. 
Chicago 

604-28th St., Cairo 
429-28th St., Cairo 
4810 Lake Park, Chicago 
206 House Office Bldg, 
Washington, D. C. 

Indiana 

Bicknell 
Winona Lake 
Ludlow Av., Winona I. 
749 N. Diamond St. 

South Bend 
749 N. Diamond St., 
South Bend 
749 N. Diamond St., 
South Bend 
815 E. Third St 
Mishawaka 
114 N. Victoria St. 
Mishawaka 
Mishawaka 
418 E. Main St., 
Plainfield 

465 


Representing 

Illinois A. S. L. 


Pres. Interdenomina¬ 
tional Evangelistic A 


Pres. Quincy Unit 
of W. C. T. U. 


Member of Congress 


\Y. C. T. U. 
W. C. T. U. 
W. C. T. U. 
W. C. T. U. 

W. C. T. U. 


Name 
Baker, May C. 


Address 


Representing 


Balbridge, H. W. 

Baldridge, Robert 

Bales, Esther 

Bales, Mrs. John H. 

Barker, Rev. W. T. 
Barnard, Airs. J. E. 

Barney, Mr. C. F. 
Barney, Esther 
Basse, Clara E. 

Bause, Mr. Robert 
Bean, Rev. B. F. 

Bebb, Miss Louise 
Bebb, Airs. Morris 
Bechtol, Mrs. Lulu 
Bechtol, Lydia 
Beeler, Carrie 

Beisiegel, Miss Anna 
Belle, Harry 
Berkheiser, Herschel 
Bonebrake, Ida M. 

Brallier, Mrs. Charlotte 
Brallier, Ruth 
Breckenridge, J. C. 
Bremmer, Mrs. Anna 

Bremmer, Lillian 

Brenneman, Mrs. Jas. A. 
Brenneman, Rev. Jas. A. 
Brittain, Mary W. 

Brock, Mrs. Edith 
Brock, John 
Brodbeck, Marian 
Brubaker, Mrs. R. E. 
Brumlev, Mrs. Frank 
Burkhalter, M. 

Burnett, Mrs. J. A. 


3830 Carrollton Ave. 

Indianapolis 
1127 Parker St., 
Indianapolis 
1127 Parker St., 

I ndianapolis 
Winona Lake 

2001 S. Washington 
Marion 
Palmora 
728 E. 3rd St., 
Bloomington 
423 W. 6th St., Marion 
423 W. 6th St., Marion 
811 E. 11th St. 

Indianapolis 
Cromwell 
Bourbon 
Winona Lake 
Winona Lake 
Lagro 
Lagro 

140 N. Alabama, 
Indianapo is 
W 7 inona Lake 
Rt. 2, Helmer 
R. F. D. 2, Rochester 
534 White Lock 
Huntington 
Warsaw 
Winona Lake 
Winona Lake 
310 Lafayette St. 

V alparaiso 
310 Lafayette St. 

Valparaiso 

Aluncie. 

Muncie 

504 Perry St., Vincennes 

Greenville 

Greenville 

Decatur 

Leesburg 

Alain St., Jonesboro 
Benmo 


Anti-Saloon League 


Young Peoples Soc 
of Winona 
W. C. T. U. 


W. C. T. U. 
W.C. T. U. 


W. C. T. U. 

W. C T. U. 

Lagro W. C. T. U. 


W. C. T. U. 
Newcomb Div. 


W. C. T. U. 
W. C. T. U. 
W. C. T. U. 


W. C. T. U. 


112 Union St.. Alishawaka 
466 


Acme 

Bush, Mrs. Irving F. 
Byror, Mrs. Z. T. 
Carey, Vivian E. 
Carroll, Chas. D. 
Carroll, Ella V. 

Claypool, Mrs. E. V. 
Cole, Rev. W. Dana 
Collins, Mrs. C. L. 
Collins, Mary E. 

Collisson, Mrs. W. H. 
Colvert, Minnie C. 

Compton, Miss Anna 

Compton, Mrs. C. S. 
Compton, Emily J. 
Comstock, Mrs. James. 
Cooper, Miss Elfrida 

Cooper, Gladys 
Copp, Mrs. Fannie B. 

Cox, James O. 

Cox, Mrs. Medillia W. 
Craig, Mr. Calvert 

Crawford, Mrs. C. O. 
Culp, Kenneth 
Culp, Mary 
Cunningham, George 

Daugherty, Charles 
Day, Miss Matie M. 

Day, Mrs. W. H. 
Dickinson, J. W. 

Dickinson, Mrs. J. W. 
Diehl, Mr. Frank 
Diehl, Mrs. Frank 
Dilley, Capitola 
Doup, Scott 
Dunder, Mrs. G. L. 


W. C. T. U. 


Address 

625 Conn St., Gary. 

Leesburg 

1217 W. 2nd St., Marion 
TiTwood 
1822 Main St. 

Elwood 
Mulberry 
Darlington 
Leesburg 

723 Cottage Grove 
South Bend 
Winona Lake 
421 S. Jefferson St. 

Huntington 
518 Wheatland Ave. 

Logansport, 

821 Franklin St. Columbus 
1511 Grove St. Lafayette W. C. T. U. 
688 Pike St., Wabash W. C. T. U. 
314 W. Marion St. 

Elkhart 

323 So. Walnut, Plymouth 
728 California Ave., 

South Bend 
302 Madison St., 

Valparaiso 
Valparaiso 

3830 Carrollton Ave., 

Indianapolis 

617 W. Garro, Plymouth. 

R.F.D.3, Wakarusa 
R.F.D.3. Wakarusa 
105 Lincoln Way west, 

Ligonier 
Winona Lake 
1315 Guilford St. 

Huntington 
Bluffton 

656 E. South St. 

Frankfort 
Winona Lake 
26 W. Maple St., Wabash 
26 W. Maple St., Wabash 
Hebron 

R.F.D.2, Columbus 


lie presenting 


State Trustee, W.C.T.IJ. 

Madison Co. 

W. C T. U. President 


Pres. Valp. W.C.T.IJ. 


Pres. Huntington 
Union W. C. 'I'. U. * 


3029 Webster St. 
Ft. Wayne 
467 


Allen Co. 

W. C. T. U. 


Xante 


Address 


Representing 


Dunkin, Daniel G. 
Dunkin, Mrs. Daniel G. 
Dye, Mrs. Win 
Dyer, Mrs. W. H. 

Ebersole, Anna 
Ebersole, Mrs. Ervin E. 

Ebersole, F. S. 

Ebersole, Mary 
Ecker, Ethel 

Eddington, Mrs. F. C. 
Edgar, Mrs. E. A. 
Edingfield, Mrs. Etha 

Enley, Mrs. A. C. 

Eppley, Mrs. W. R. 

Eppley, Ruth Josephine 

Eppley, Vivian 

Everhard, Miss E. 

Feasey, John N. 

Finnell, Mildred R. 
Finnell, Virgil C 

Fisher, E. S. 

Floyd, Mrs. Mary M. 
Foote, Mrs. Earl 
Freehaver, Mrs. 

Funderburg, Mrs. 

Altia M. 

Gard, Mrs. Ella 

Gard, H. M. 

Gardner, Mrs. W. J. 

Garnett, Mrs. Ida L. 
Garnett, Dr. J. H. 


W. Lafayette 
W. Lafayette 
Route 6, Warsaw 
1448 Upper 2nd St., 
Evansville 

1140 S. 8th St., Goshen 
1119 E. Tifton St. 
Huntington 

1140 So. 8th St., Goshen 
1140 So. 8th St., Goshen 
221 N. Center St., 
Plymouth 
Winona Lake 
Winona Lake 
Roanoke 

205 E. Tipton St. 

Huntington 
452 N. Main St. 

J Napanee 
452 N. Main St. 

Napanee 
452 N. Main St. 

Napanee 

521 E. Center St., 
Warsaw 
2240 W r . Penn., 
Indianapolis 
North Manchester 
1200 N. Sycamore, 
North Manchester 
Winona Lake 
Bristol 

816 1st St., Huntington 
424 E. Franklin St. 

Huntington 
Route 5, Box 5, 
Huntington 
3820 S. Harmon St., 
Marion 
Knighstown 

2130 Kentucky St. 

Fort Wayne 
215 W. 23d Ave., Gary 
Erie 


Central W.C.T.U. 
Evansville 

Christian Endeavor 


Christian Endeavor 


State Director, 

Ind. W. C. T U. 
Emley New 
W. C. T. U. 

W. C. T. U. 


No Tobacco League 
of America 


W.C.T.U. of Huntington 
W. C. T. U. 


Grant Co. Pres. 

W. C. T. U. 
No-Tobacco 

League of America 
W. C. T. U. 

Pres. So. Side W.C.T.U. 


468 



Name 

George, J. G. 

Givens, O. P. 

Goetz, J. C. 

Golf, Emma E. 

Good, Mrs. E. D. 
Goodman, Mrs. J. F. 
Goodwin, Mrs. T. A. 
Gordon, Mrs. J. E. 
Gordon, Gifford 

Gordon, James A. 
Gordon, Mrs. James A. 
Gottschall, Blanche 

Grennawalt, H. L. 
Grindle, Mrs. I. A. 
Groff, Mrs. J. E. 

Groves, G. W. 

Guard, Mrs. John W. 

Guilder, Bess 

Hagler, Mrs. Flora J. 
Hahn, Princess 
Hamilton, Edith 
Hamilton, Amanda* 
Hammond, E. A. 
Hamsher, Wilma G. 

Hargrove, Mrs. Ida 
Harlan, James 
Harlan, John 
Harlan, Mr. Wm. 

Hash, L. S. 

Haupt, Mrs. Karl 
Hawk, Emma 
Hawkins, B. I. 

Hawkins, Mary B. 

Hayward, Ruby 
Heaston, Mrs. I. B. 
Heckaman, Mrs. Adam 
Heaston, Mrs. C. M. 


Address Representing 

3939 Ruckle St., 

Indianapolis. 

Ludlow Avenue, 

Winona Lake 
Rt. 4, Edinburg 
Winona Lake 
Leesburg 
Warsaw 


303 N. Buffalo, Warsaw 
Huntington 

Indianapolis Temp. Board of the Dis¬ 

ciples of Christ 

Winona Lake Pastor Presby. Church 

Winona Lake 
408 E. 7th St. 

No. Manchester 
Uniondale 

Whiting W. C Y. IJ. 

828 W. Mishawaka Ave., 

Mishawaka 

Rt. 1, Box 28, Warsaw 
my 2 Fourth St., 


Logansport 

114 So. Washington St., 
Marion 
Lagro 

Route 5, Bremen 

Greensburg 

Greensburg 

South Bend 

316 W. Ft. Wayne St. 

Warsaw 

Hazelton 

Cromwell 

Cromwell 

Cromwell 

316 S. 8th St., Goshen 
Wabash 
Huntington 
404 E. Indiana, 

South Bend 
404 E. Indiana 
South Bend 

1048 S. 2d St., Evansville 
48 Henry St., Huntington 
Bourbon 
Winona Lake 


W. C. T. U. 


W. C. T. U. 

W. C. T. U. 
Honorary Menil 


W. C. 1. U. 


U’f 


469 


Name 

Herring, Mrs. J. E. 

Heshelman, Flossie I. 

Hess, Elizabeth 
Hess, Miss Retta 
Higbee, Mr. Chas. E. 
Higbee, Mrs. Chas. E. 
Hill, Mrs. S. A. 
Himmell, Ruth, 

Hollis, Nellie W. 
Holmes, Mrs. May 
Hoover, Mrs. Ellen 
Huddleston, LeRoy 

Huddleston, Mrs. Nellie 

Hunter, Miss May L. * 
Hunter, Mrs. Robert 
Hurd, Alice Eileen 

Jackson, Miss Minnie 
Jackson, Mrs. Emma 
Jackson, Mr. H. O. 
Jameson, Mr. H. L. 

Jameson, Mrs. H. L. 

Jennings, Miss Georgia 

Jennings, Miss Sadie 

Jessup, J. N. 

Jessup, Mrs. J. N. 
Jessup, Mildred 
Jones, Mrs. Mae 

Jones, Mrs. Martha 
Jones, Ray B. 

Kannard, Mrs. J. H. 
Keeran, Laura 

Kehr, Amanda 
Keith, Mrs. A. H. 
Kellogg, Mrs. W. M. 

Kensinger, Mrs. D. J. 


Address Representing 

2611 S. Harrison , 

Ft. Wayne 
4041 Bowman Ave., 

Indianapolis 
314 Main St., Warsaw 
314 Main St., Warsaw 
308 E. South, Lebanon. 

308 E. South, Lebanon 

Waterloo 

Urbana 

739 Ogan Av., Huntington 
Peru 

201 Garfield Av., Elkhart 
1806 Ingram St. Anti-Saloon League 

Indianapolis Field Sec. 

1806 Ingram St., Anti-Saloon League 

Indianapolis 
Gary 

Winona Lake 

505 Lincoln Ave. Loyal Temperance 

Huntington Legion 

113 W 1st St., Auburn 
814 S. 11th St., Goshen W. C. T. U. 

814 S. 11th St., Goshen 
1509 Crescent Ave., 

Ft. Wayne 
1509 Crescent Ave., 

Ft. Wayne 

3721 N. Illinois St. W. C. T. U. 
Indianapolis 

3721 N. Illinois St., W. C T. U. 

Indianapolis 

Lafayette 

Lafayette 

Lafayette 

810 W. Wayne Blvd. 

Ft. Wayne 
Bourbon 
Cromwell 
Winona Lake 
404 S. Van Buren St. 

Auburn 

Elkhart 

609- 119th St., Whiting 

2901 Holton Ave., W. C. T. L). Pres. 

Ft. Wayne So. Wayne 

Leesburg 


470 



Name 

Kessinger, D. B. 
Kessinger, Minnie C. 
King, J. W. 

King, Xantha 
Kitzmiller, Mrs. M. J. 
Kleineinst, Mrs. L. 
Knight, J. W. 

Knight, Mrs. O. A. 

Knause, Mrs. Clara A. 

Kraning, Mr. C. F. 

Ladd, Mrs. 

Lamb, Emma 
Lamb, Jeanette 
Lampkin, Grace E. 
Langston, A. B. 
Langston, Mrs. Lottie A. 
Lapp, Lois 

Larimore, Mr. Albert 
Larimore, Mrs. Albert 
Lawrence, Mrs. H. L. 
Lazure, Mrs. A. R. 
Lazure, Margrie 
Lenox, C. M. 

Lenox, Mrs. C. M. 
Leonard, Mrs. O. R. 
Lickert, Mr. John H. 
Liddle, Mrs. H. L. 

Liddle, Rev. H. L. 
Lohmeyer, Lillian 
Lohr, John S. 

Long, Mrs. Gertrude S. 

Loucks, Mary 
McAdams, Jennie 

McCague, Mrs. A. C. 
McCarty, Emily 
McConnell, Mrs. Walter 

McFarland, V. C. 

McGuffey, Mrs. R. C. 
McKnight, Rev. J. F. 
McNau^ht, Theodore, 
Mabie, Emma 


Address 


Representing 


Winona Lake 
Winona Lake 
Huntington 
Huntington 

Flora. W.C.T.U. of Carroll Co. 

Winona Lake 

Michigan Town Pastor Method. Church 

1018 Kinsmore Ave. 

Ft. Wayne 
117 S. Washington, 

Warsaw 

North Manchester 

Summit St. Winona Lake W. C. T. U. 

414 So. Jefferson, Muncie 
414 So. Jefferson, Muncie 
544 E. Main St., Warsaw W. C. T. U. 

Andrews 

Lagro W. C. T. U. 

Goshen College, Goshen 
R. F. D. 1. Areola 
R. F. D. 1, Areola 
Winona Lake • 

Jonesboro W. C. T. U. 

Jonesboro 

405 N. Meridian, Lebanon 

Lebanon 

Macy 

New Haven 


Mentons 
Men tons 
Evansville 
Cromwell 

2111 S. Jefferson St. 
Muncie 

R. R. 3., Wakarusa 
Stockton House, 
Lafayette 
Ossian 
Muncie 

South Whitley 

.428 St Joe Blvd. 

Ft. Wayne 
Markle 
St. Joe 
Fremont 
Syracuse 


W. C. T. U. Co. 

Rec. Secretary 
Francis Willard 
W. C. T. U. 

Co. Tres. W.C.T.TJ. 


471 


Name 

MacDonald, Abbie H. 

Marcedes, Frances 

Martin, J. E. 

Martin, Lloyd J. 
Martin, Mrs. Susie B. 
Marvin, Mildred M. 


Mason, Mrs. Lela 
Mellenhour, C. E. 
Middleton, Mary E. 

Miles, E. A. 

Miller, D. J. 

Miller, Emma 

Miller, Rev. F. F. 
Miller, Matilda 

Mills, Mrs. M. C. 

Mitchell, Margaret 
Moats, William 
Moats, Mrs. William 
Mollenhous, Mrs. 

Mabel E. 

Moore, Edgar 
Moore, Miss Ethel 
Morris, Mr. Sherman 
Morris, Mrs. Sherman,. 
Morse, Susan 
Muffett. H. G. 

Muffett, Mrs. H. G. 
Nabb, Miss Mary E. 
Nafzisrer. Joe 
Nebbergall, J. Z. 
Nelson, L. 

Newcomb, Susie C. 

Newlin, Rev. O. A. 


Niblick, John 


. Address 

116 S. Audubon Road 
Indianapolis 
40-1- E. lnd.ana, 

South Bend 
] ndianapolis 
Goshen 

618 Maple Rd., Elkhart 
437 E. Washington 
Huntington 

Motor Route, Ft. Wayne 
Bourbon 

612 E. Ft. Wayne St. 
Warsaw 

2626 Manker Ave., 

I ndianapolis 

209 Cottage Ave., Goshen 
701 E. Morris St., 

I ndianapolis 

2234 E. Center, Warsaw 
701 E. Norris St. 

Indianapolis 
164 N. Washington, 
Spencer. 

Lagro 

Syracuse 

Syracuse 

Bourbon 

Uniondale 
Rt. 1, Ligonier 
R. R. M, Lafayette 
R. R. M., Lafayette 
R. F. D. 2, Vincennes 
339 Oliver St., Whiting 
339 Oliver St., Whiting 
422 N. 7th Ave. Vincennes 
Goodland 
South Bend 
Hobart 

829 Seminary Ave., 
Vincennes 
Winona Lake 

222 Jefferson St. 

Decatur 


Representing 

W. C. T. U. 

Indiana A. S. L. 

Elizabeth Stanley Y. I*. 
B. St. Rec. Secretaty 
Indiana Y. P. B. 

W. C. T. U. 

Atty. I nd.Anti- 
Saloon League. 


W. C. T. U. 


W. C. T. IJ. 


W. C. T. U. 

Pres. Interdenomina¬ 
tional Asso. of 
Evangelists 


472 


Name 

Niblick, Mrs. John 
Nichols, Mrs. J. J. 

Nicoli, Airs. Lew 

Nussbaum, Air. Wilburn 
Nussbaum, Airs. Wilburn 
Oborn, J. W. 

Oildfather, Mrs. Anna 

Olds, Air. W. J. 

Olds, Airs. W. J. 
Outland, Lida 
Outland, O. W. 

Overman, Mrs. Julia 
Owen, Mrs. Samantha 
Palmer, Mrs. F. N. 
Palmer, Frank N. 

Palmer, O. H. 

Parker, Dorice 
Parker, Mrs. Gretchen 
Parkhill, Rev. Jas. W. 
Parkhill, Mrs. J. W. 
Parvin, Mrs. A. S. 

Patterson, Mrs. Annie 

Patterson, Delilah 
Patton, Addie 
Patton, Mertie 
Patton, Edith 
Paxsom, Airs. John C. 
Payne, Airs. Noah, 
Pegden, Miss Ruth 

Pens, Alice 

Pens, Mary Ellen 

Perry, Mrs. Anna 

Psugh, Mrs. T. 

Pickering, Mr. A. J. 
Pickering, Mrs. A. J. 
Pinney, Josephine 
Pockmire, Mrs. W. D. 


Address Represen tiny 

Decatur 

Route 1, Ligonier 
3538 Washington Blvd. 

Indianapolis 
312 Center St., Berne 
312 Center St., Berne 
Warsaw 

Central & Detroit Sts., 

Warsaw 
LaGrange 
LaGrange 
Upland 
Upland 

1802 S. Banson, Marion 
Moorsville 
Winona Lake 
Winona Lake 
1653 Broadway 
Indianapolis 
1016 S. Boots, Alarion 
1016 S. Boots, Marion 
Pierceton 
Pierceton 

437 E. Washington, 

Huntington 
2423 S. Garrison St., 

Ft. Wayne 
Waterloo 

317 N. Union St., Warsaw 
Greensburg 
Greensburg 
R. R. 5, South Bend 
314 E. Alain St., Warsaw 
2001 S. Washington, W. C. T. U. 
Alarion 

3729 So. Clifton St., 

Ft. Wayne 
3729 So Clinton St. 

Ft. Wayne 

308 S. Washington St. 

Alarion 
111 Elm St., 

North Manchester 
702 S. Main St., Goshen 
702 S. Main St.. Goshen W. C. T. IT. 
Wanatah W. C. T. U. 

Winona Lake 

473 


W. C. T. U. 

W. C. T. U. 
W. C. T. U. 


Treasurer of A. S. L 
of Indiana 


County Y. P. B. 
Secy. 

W. C. T. U. ' 


Name 


Address 


Representing 


Porter, Mrs. J. Lee 

201 S. 4th St., Evansville 


Price, Mrs. Nida 

1316 Union St., Ft. Wayne 

Printy, Mrs. Everett 

Lagro 

W. C. T. U. 

Props, Mrs. Nora 

Lagro 

W. C. T. U. 

Pruden, Sanora B. 

1833 Noland Ave., 

W. C. T. U. 


Indianapolis 


Ramsey, W. D. 

720 W. North St., Muncie 

Ramsey. Mrs. W. D. 

720 W. North St., Muncie 

Raschkin, Mrs. Wm. 

Hobart 

W. C. T. U. 

Reber, Anna 

1216 E. Center St., 

W. C. T. U. 


Warsaw 


Rector, Rev. O. V. 

902 S. Main St., Goshen 


Redpath, Mrs. A. 

3515 Ramsey Ave., 



Ft. Wayne. 


Reeke, Mrs. J. C. 

Alexandria. 


Reese, Mrs. Anna Belle 

Winona Lake 


Renfro, Harriett 

R. 6, Madison 


Rentfrow, Mrs. 

2308 DeCamp, Elkhart 


Reveal, Virginia 

510 Evans Ave., 



Evansville 


Rhinehart, Mrs. J. C. 

218 W. Taylor St. 

W. C. T. U. 


Huntington 


Riddle, Mr. John T. 

Syracuse 


Riddle, Mrs. John T. 

Syracuse 


Rigsblee, Clara F. 

Fairmont 


Ring, Mrs. J. M. 

914 Puttman St., 



Ft. Wayne 


Risley, F. A. 

135 N. Cavin St., Ligonier 

Roberts, Ruth 

Warren 


Robinson, Mrs. Allie 

313 W. Market St. 

Pres, of Wells 


Bluffton 

County 

Rogers, C. F. 

40 N. Bolton Ave. 

Anti-Saloon 1. 


Indianapolis 


Rogers, Mrs. W. E. 

Huntington 


Roper, Helen 

Winona Lake 


Rose, Mrs. Hazel 

Lagro 

W. C. T. U. , 

Rose, Mr. Richard 

Lagro 

W. C. T. U. 

Ross, J. Ray 

Hope 


Rouch, A. B. 

R. R., Rochester 


Rouch, Mrs. A. B. 

R. R. 6, Rochester 

W. C. T. U. 

Ruhl, Mrs. John 

451 N. Elm St., Napanee 

W. C. T. U. 

Rupert, D. R. 

310 E. Park Drive. 



Huntington 


Rupert, Mrs. D. R. 

310 E. Park Drive 



Huntington 


Russell, Mrs. Effie M. 

Winona Lake 


Sanger, Mrs. E. R. 

Winona Lake 



474 



■cagm* 


Name 

Savage, Mrs. Leone M. 
Schmatzreed, Mrs. Millie 
Scott, Grace Leigh 
Scott, Mrs. J. A. 

Scott, Miss Ruth 
Senger, Ruby 
Sharp, Mrs. Harry W. 

Sharpe, Harry W. 

Shaver, L. 

Shortmeier, Anna 

Shortmeier, Mrs. Sopha 

Shumaker, Albert 

Shumaker, Arthur 

Shumaker, Mrs. Eldon 

Shumaker, E. S. 

Shumaker, Mrs. E. S. 

Shumaker, Wayne 

Simpson, W. R. 

Sites, Miss Katherine 
Smith, Mrs. Cora 
Smith, Mr. Calvin E. 
Smith, Mrs. C. W. 

Smith, Mrs. Frank L. 
Smith, H. E. 

Smith, Mrs. Jennie 
Smith, Miss Lillie 
Smith, Mrs. May 
Smith, Mrs. R. P. 

Smoke, Claudine 

Snoke, H. A. 

Snoke, Mrs. H. A. 

Snoke, Harry A. 

Snyder. Minnie M. 


Address 

Macy 

Lagro 

Greenville 

Greenville 

Wabash 

1143 S. 8th St., Goshen 
609 W. Cherry St., 

Bluff ton 

609 W. Cherry St., 
Bluffton 

1209 Pleasant St. 

Indianapolis 
616 So. New Jersey St 
Indianapolis 
616 So. New Jersey St. 

Indianapolis 
2232 Broadway, 
Indianapolis 
2232 Broadway 
Indianapolis 
5222 Lamire St. 

Huntington 
1201 Roosevelt Bldg., 
Indianapolis 
1201 Roosevelt Bldg. 

Indianapolis 
2232 Broadway, 
Indianapolis 
2001 Home Ave., 
Columbus 
Roanoke 
Lagro 

R. 2., Andrews 

Warsaw 

Jonesboro 

Roanoke 

Andrews 

R. 2., Andrews 

Roanoke , 

Route 5, Warsaw 
1119 N. Blaine St. 

South Bend 
South Bend 

1119 Blaine St., So. Bend 
1119 Blaine St.. So. Bend 
716 N. Wayne St. 

North Manchester 

475 


Representing 


President Bluffton 
W. C. T. U. 


Supt. A. S. L. 


W. C. T. U. 


Pres. W. C. T. U. 


Pleasant View W.C.T.U. 
W. C. T. U. 

No. Manchester 
W. C. T. U. 


Name 


Address 


Representing 


Speicher, Catharine 
Speicher, Esther 
Speither, Martha 
Spitler, Mrs. Carrie 
Stanley, Elizabeth T. 
Starr, Mrs. C. A. 
Stevens, Mrs. Kate 
Stimson, Mrs. S. Cary 

Stimson, Mr. Samuel C. 
Stirman, Mrs. Laura G. 

Strouse, Elizabeth 
Sutton, Mrs. R. M. 

Swisher, Mrs. Chas. 
Tannehill, Mrs. C. M. 

Taylor, Chas. B. 

Taylor, Mrs. Jennie 
Sturgeon 

Thomas, Mrs. Eva 
Thomas, O. M. 
Thompson, Mrs. Ella. 
Tilman, Beulah 

Tilman, Mrs. J. E. 

Trushour, Mrs. Flora 
Ulrich, Mrs. Milton 

Vancurren, Arthur 
Vancurren, Mrs. Arthur 
VanDyke, Mrs. G. H. 
Verieman, Mary E 

Warriner, W. B. 

Weisell, Mary 
Whitmer, Devere 

Whitmer, Genevive 

Wiles, Richard L. 

Williams, Mrs. D. V. 
Williams, Miss Jane P. 


Urbana 

Urbana 

Urbana 

Kentland 

R. 7., Liberty 

Winona Lake 

Sweeter 

721 Maple Ave. 

Terre Haute 
Terre Haute 
1417 Portage Ave. 

South Bend 

231 Cora St., Huntington 
515 E, Ft. Wayne, 
Warsaw 

637 Jefferson St., Gary 
1701 Bayer Ave., 

Ft. Wayne 
Waveland 
612 E. So. St. 

South Bend 

1016 S. Boots St., Marion 
1016 So. Boots St., Marion 
Buffalo St., Warsaw. 

357 E. Walnut St., 
Napanee 

357 E. Walnut St. 

Napanee 
Winona Lake 
1148 Salimonie Ave. 

Huntington 
Rt. 1, Warsaw 
Rt. 1, Warsaw 
Winona Lake 
905 N. Jefferson St. 
Muncie 

3505 Grand Blvd., 

East Chicago. 

.->03 W. Wabash, Bluffton 
1013 E. Victoria St., 

South Bend 
1013 E. Victoria St. 

South Bend. 

Russiaville 

Leesburg 

Howe 


W. C. I’. U. 

W.C.T.U. of Newton Co. 
St. Pres-W.C.T.U. . 


Natl. W.C.T.U. Director 
of Christian Citizenship 


Emily Newcomb 
W. C. T. U. 


W. C. T. U. 

Western Yearly Meet¬ 
ing Friends 

W. C. T. U. 


476 


Name 


Address 


Representing 


Wilson, Mary Erma 
Wineke, Mrs. Wm. 

Winn, Clyde 
Woodhams, Miss 
Katherine 
Wylie, Rae 
Yeager, Clara 
York, L. E. 

Young, Rev. J. Frank 

Young, Nora B. 
Young, Mr. U. R. 

Young, Mrs. U. R. 


Bontrager, Mrs. A. A. 

Cary, Miss Ellen 
Emerson 

Cary, Mrs. Walter 

Hammond, John P. 

Heller, Mary Frances 
Lattner, S. B. 

Lattner, Mrs. S. P. 

McNaught, Mr. S. P. 

Pittmeier, Louis 

Reed, C. Dana 

Wise Smith, Mrs. Ida B. 

Studebaker, Rev. Claude 

Bergin, Dr. Alfred 
Brooks, Cecil I. 

Eglin, N. P. 

Frank, A. J. 


Rt. 2, Helmer 
1331 Superior St. 
Huntington 

1802 No. C St., Elwood 
214 E. 6th St. 

Michigan City 
Winona Lake 
South Whitley 
2446 N. Alabama St. 

Indianapolis 
815 N. College Ave. 
Bloomington 

131 E. South St., Lebanon 
611 College Ave., 

North Manchester 
611 College Ave., 

North Manchester 
Iowa 

829 W. Ford St, 
Waterloo 

1240 Alta Vista St., 
Dubuque 

1240 Alta Vista St. 
Dubuque 

301 Insurance Exchange 
Bldg., Des Moines 
430 Bradley St., Dubuque 
1180 Alta Vista St., 
Dubuque 

1180 Alta Vista St., 
Dubuque 

731 Exchange Bldg., 

Des Moines 
222 N. McLean St. 
Ottumwa 

1522-23d St, Des Moine 
Des Moines 
2416 Kingman Blvd.. 

300 School St., Leon 

Kansas 

Topeka 
Kingman 
Hamlin 

1145 Winfield Ave., 

Topeka 


A. S. L. 


Vice-Pres. W.C.T.l', 


National Civil League 


Appointed by Governor 


Iowa A.. S. L. 


Iowa A. S. L. 
W. C. T. U. 


A. S. L. of Kansas 


Pastor Oakland 
Pres. Church 


477 


A i am c 


Address 


Representing 


Frank, Paul. 

Prank, Robert 

Pry, Rev. W. L. 

Fry, Mrs. W. L. 

Fry, Miss. 

Hopkins, Judge Richard 

J. 

Liljedahl, Rev. J. E. 

B.D. 

McClellan, Rev. J. A. 
Mitchner, Mrs. Lillian 
Smith, Julius 

Callahan, P. H. 

Davis, T. M. 

Duff, Mrs. S. E. 

Fcton, Miss Ruth 

Ecton, Dr. T. C. 

Ecton, Mrs. T. C. 

•c 

Fort, John Lowe 
Geiger, Miss Julia 
Geiger, Mrs. Jennie Pace 
Godbey, Mrs. Coleeta A. 

Graham, Rev. A. C. 

H afford, Lida 
Hall, W. P. 

Hall, Mrs. W. P. 

Henry Ruby A. 

Kellogg, Mrs. J. C. 

Larrabee, F. H. 


1145 Winfield Ave., 
Topeka 

1145 \v infield Ave., 
Topeka 

110 E. Republic, Salina 

110 E. Republic, Salina 
110 E. Republic, Salina 
Topeka 

249 So. 7th St., Salina 


209 Columbian Bldg., 
Topeka 

109 W. 10th St. 

Hutchinson 

Baldwin 

Kentucky 
1400 Maple St. 

Louisville 

2708 4th Ave., Louisville 
High St., Hazard 
132 E. High St., 
Lexington 
132 E. Hight St., 
Lexington 
132 E. High St., 
Lexington 

537 S. 3d St., Louisville 
1010 S. 3d St., Louisville 
1010 S. 3d St., Louisville 
722 W. Maxwell, 
Lexington 
505 Republic Bldg., 
Louisville 
Carrolltown 

1039 Cherry Key Road 
Louisville 

1039 Cherry Key Road 
Louisville 

1128 S. 1st St., Louisville 
25 W. Southgate, 

Ft. Thomas 
206 E. Morrison St. 
Wilmore 


Field Sec. A. S. L. 
of Kansas 

National Executive 
Committee 

V. Pr. Kan. Conference 
Evan. Luth. Augus- 
tana Synod 

Kansas A. S. L. 

Kansas W. C. T. U. 
President 

Nat. Director A. S. L. 

Assn. Catholics 

Favoring Prohibition 

Anti-Saloon League 


Trinity M. E. 
Appointed by Governor 
Appointed by Governor 
Local Union 
W. C. T. U. 

A. S. L. 

St. of Kentucky 
W. C. T. U. 

W. C. T. U. 


Kentucky A.S.L. 


478 


Name 


Representing 


Address 


Levy, Miss Margaret 

Hopkinsville 


Losinger, W. J. 

504 Republic Bldg., 
Louisville 


Luten, Virginia 

124 E. Oak St., Louisville 


McGregor, Cora B. 

363 Lexington Ave. 
Lexington 

W. C. T. U. 

Minary, E. J. 

966-2nd St., Louisville 


Minary, Mrs. E. J. 

966-2nd St., Louisville 


Minary, Miss Mary 

966-2nd St., Louisville 


Nordeman, Lois, 

1318 Bardstown, Louisville 


O’Dell, Dorothy 

504 Republic Bldg., 
Louisville 


Pickett, Mrs. Ludie D. 

Wilmore 

State Pres. W.C.T.U. 

Penkker, Mrs. Jane 

34 Haggard St., 

Winchester 


Richards, Mrs. Alice 

330-6th Ave., Dayton 

Pres. Dayton Union 

Swinford, Ronald 

Disputanta 

W. L. A, A. 

Taylor, Mrs. Norah B. 

1135 Richmond Rd., 
Lexington 

St. Treas. W.C.T.U. 

Warren, Mrs. Emma 

1869 Alfrisco PI. 

Louisville 

Lcu'siana 


Boyd, A. Preston 

Chaplin U. S. Marine 

U. S. Marine Hospital 


Hospital, Carville 

Corps 

Dupres, Miss Estis 

433 5th Ave. 

Baton Rouge 

Appointed by Govenuu 

Hart, W. O. 

134 Carondelet St., 

A. S. L., also 


New Orleans 

State of Louisiana 

Hastings, Brownlow 

1410 S. Grand, Monroe 


Hastings, Mrs. L. T. 

1410 S. Grand, Monroe 


Hastings, Rev. Luther T. 

1410 S. Grand, Monore 

Appointed by Governoi 

Keeling, David 

813-8th St., Alexandria 


Keeling, Eva 

813-8th St., Alexandria 


Keeling, Mrs. J. R. 

813-8th St., Alexandria 


Keeling, Rev. J. R. 

813-8th St., Alexandria 


Reynolds, Mrs. Lessie 

1456 Camp St., 

New Orleans 

Maine 


Brewster, Gov. Ralph O. 

Augusta 


Dow, Fred N., Col. 

714 Congress St., Portland 


Emery, Edward B. 

Sanford 

Maryland 

Appointed by Governor 

Dunford, Edward B. 

206 Washington Ave., 
Riverdale 

479 



Name 


A ddress 


Representing 


Briggs, G. Loring 
Cleland, Mr. Gail 
Cleland, Mrs. Gail 
Forgrave, Mr. Wm, M. 

Mac Master, Gordon C. 

Mann, Mrs. Jeanette H. 

Stoddard, Miss Cora F. 

Bates, Mrs. Ella 
Bishop, Rev. Sarah 
Brown, Rev. Robert 

Bullock, H. Sidney 

Bullock, Mrs. H. Sidney 

Burchfield, C. S. 
Burchfield, Mrs. C. S. 
Clack, D. G. 

Claflin, Rev. A. H. 

Conklin, Mrs. A. M. 
Conklin, Rev. A. M. 

Cowgill, Mrs. John 

Crick, Rev. W. S. 
Curtiss, Mary H. 
Davenport, Clarissa 
Davison, Mrs. O. F. 
Douglas, D. O. 

Douglas, Geo. A. 

Eastman, Mr. C. A. 

Eastman, Mrs. C. A. 

Emerick, Rev. G. A. 
Evans, Elizabeth Rubv 


Massachuestts 


94 Walnut Ph, Boston A. S. L. 

Concord 

Concord 

345 Tremont Bldg., A. S. L. 

Boston 

345 Tremont Bldg., A. S. L. 

Boston 

1082 Commonwealth Av. W. C. T. U. 

Boston 

400 Boylston St., Boston Scientific Temp. Fed. 
Michigan 


240 W. St. N., Hillsdale 

Cassopolis 

703 Church St., 

Ann Arbor 
814 Hawley St. 

Kalamazoo 
814 Hawley St. 

Kalamazoo 

Litchfield 

Litchfield 

Moline 

Olivet 


W. C. T. U. 

Appointed by Holsaple 

State of Michigan 

State of Michigan 

Appointed by Governor 
and A. S. L. 


447-5th St., Grand Rapids 

447-5th St. N.W., Appointed by Governor 

Grand Rapids 
701 Portage Ave., 

Three Rivers 

New r Enterprise Brethren Church 

215 Rich St., Ionia 

Saranac 

344 W. St. N., Hillsdale 
1320 W. Huron St. 

Ann Arbor 

1320 W. Huron St., I. P. A. 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 

220 N. Washington 
Constantine 
220 N. Washington 
Constantine 

Bronson Appointed by Holsaple 

288 West St., Hillsdale Pastor 1st Baptist Ch. 

and member W.C.T.l f. 


480 


A ame 
Evans, John S. 

Evans, Robt. G. 
Goodrich, Mrs. Loella 
Grover, Ethelyn 
Holsaple, Rev. R. N. 

Johnson, Walter 

LaBarre, Rev. Margaret 
M. 


Address Representing 

22 W. Pearl St., ♦ 

Coldwater 
Holland 
Colon 

288 W. St. N., Hillsdale 

524 McKerchey Bldg. A. S. L. 

Detroit 

315 E. Vine St.' 

Kalamazoo 

Ravenna State of Michigan 


Lathrop, J. R. T. 

Lohnes, Rev. C. A. 
Marsh, Mrs. P. A. 
Morrow, Dr. Geo. W. 

Mumford, Rev, Arthur 

W. 

Nichols, M. A. 

Nicholson, Bishop Thos. 

OBrien, Mr. Fred U. 
OBrien, Mrs. Fred 
Perkins, Mrs. Elizabeth 

A. 


922 Lane Blvd., 
Kalamazoo 
Box 62, Wayland 
12283 Myers Rd., Detroit 
635 Atkinson Ave., 
Detroit 

449 Beach St., 

Dearborn 
Rt. 3, Watervliet 
34 E. Elizabeth St., 
Detroit 
Coral 
Coral 

Ann Arbor 


Anti-Saloon League 

M. E. Church 

State of Michigan 

A. S. L., Appointed by 
Governor 

Evangelical Church 
A. S. L. 

Appointed by Governor 

State of Michigan and 
W. C. T. U. 


Potter, Rev. E. T. 
Redman, Tenna 

Reed, Eugene, 

Reed, Howard Russell 
Reed, Julia R. 

Rice, Walter A. 

Shaw, Mrs. Etta Sadler 

Slunt, James 
Smith, E. A. 
Starkweather, Thomas L. 

Stubbs, Rev. D. C. 

Tripp, G. F. 

Tripp, Mrs. G. F. 
Wiggins, H. B. 

Wilkins, Charles C. 


Hadley 

168 N. Manning St. 

Hillsdale 
Ann Arbor 
Ann Arbor 
Ann Arbor 
4224 Richton Ave., 

Detroit 

527 Prospect Ave., S.E. 

Grand Rapids 
Hurley Hospital, Flint 
Wayland 

416 So. Washington, 

Mt. Pleasant 
Mayville 
2009-23d St., Pt. Huron 
2009-23d St., Pt. Huron 
Caledonia 

Willard Hotel, Detroit. of-A. S. L. of Michigan 
fice 524 McKerchey Big. 


Atty, for Mich. A.S.L. 

Natl. Evangelist of 
W. C. T U. 


Mt. Pleasant Meth¬ 
odist Church 
Appointed by Governor 


481 


Name 

♦ 

Wilson, Cora 
Wooten, Rev. J. R. 

Calderwood, W. G. 

Farrar, Agnes C. 
Geyman, A. 

Burger, Mrs. Nell G. 

Eagger, Geo. E. 

Eagger, Mrs. Geo. E. 

Foulon, Mrs. Eliza¬ 
beth M. 

Fuhr, Lillian 

Green, A. H. 

Green, Alice L. 
Homeier, Margaret 

Jarrett, Miss Mary C. 

Kerns, Mrs. Julia 

Mullett, Mrs. R. R. 

Robb, Miss Fannie D. 
Roberts, Minnie J. 

Shankland, Mrs. J. W. 

Shields, Parker 

Taylor, Mrs. Fannie L. 

Van Antwerp, Harriett 

Winslow, Anna E. 

Dawson, C. N. 

Foster, C. N. 


Address 

385 Canairia St. 

Constantine 
212 W. Cass St. 

Greenville 

Minnesota 
986-15 Av. S.E., 
Minneapolis 
White Bear Lake 
Atlantic 4560 
Minneapolis 

Missouri 

310 McDaniel Bldg. 
Springfield 

506 Olive St., St. Louis 
1205 Blackston St. 

St. Louis 

2152A Harris Ave. 

St. Louis 
3011 Garfield St., 

Kansas City 

6201 Julian Ave., St. Louis 
6201 Julian Av., St. Louis 
4128 Cleveland Ave., 

St. Louis 

1308 Temple Place, 

St. Louis 
5230 Wabada St., 

St. Louis 
7540 Main St., 

Kansas City 

709 Limit Ave., St. Louis 
1396 Granville Place 
St. Louis 

5802 Waterman Ave., 

St. Louis 

701 Victoria Bldg., 

St. Louis 
3349 Flora Ave., 

Kan-.as City 
4101 Wash. Blvd. 

St. Louis 
3212 Charlotte, 

Kansas City 

Nebraska 

4037 Charles St., Omaha 
345-9th St., Hebron 
482 


Representing 

Appointed by Governor 

Pro. Fact, Service 
I. O. G. T. 

W. C. T. U. 

O’Fallon Park Union 
The Newton Y. 1*. 1». 


A. S. L. Supt. 
W. C. T. U. 


Appointed by Governor 



Name 


Address 


Foster, Mrs. C. N. 
Johnson, C. E. 

Owen, Delcie 
Owen, R. E. 

Owen, Mrs. R. E. 

Owen, Velma 

Shick, John Grant, D.D. 


Jones, Mrs. Belle M. 
Jones, Rev. E. F. 

Gause, Noah C. 

Munroe, G. Rowland 
Poulson, M. S. 

Smith, Frederick W. 

Farley, Rev. R. E. 


Boole, Mrs. Ella A. 

Chader, Rev. C. A. 
Colvin, D. Leigh 

Colvin, Mrs. D. Leigh 

Corradini, Everette 
Wesley 

Corradini, Robert E. 

Davis, Arthur J. 
Deater, C. B. 

Green, Miss Ida A. 

Hallagan, Elizabeth C. 

Hallagan, Simeon E. 

Humiston, Mary 
Lane, E. B. 


345-9th St., Hebron. 

3014 Franklin St., Omaha 
368 L St., College View 
301 Brownell Bldg., 
Lincoln 

368 L St., College View 
368 L St., College View 
301-302 Brownell Bldg. 
Lincoln 

Nevada 

133 W. 2d. St., Reno 
133 W. 2d. St., Reno 

New Hampshire 

834-6 Industrial Bldg., 
Newark 

1060 Broad St., Newark 
1060 Broad St., Newark 
1060 Broad St., Newark 

New Mexico 

313W. Central St. 
Albuquerque 

New York 

337 Parkside Ave. 
Brooklyn 

6753 4th Av., Brooklyn 
661 W. 179th St.. 

. New York City 
661 W. 179th St. 

New York City 
842 Mott Avenue 
New York City 
150 Fifth Ave., 

New York City 
370-7th Ave., N. Y. City 
362 Bird Ave., Buffalo 
West Groten Parsonage 
Groton 

308 W. Maple Ave., 
Newark, N. Y. 

308 W. Maple Ave., 
Newark, N. Y. 

Newark Valley 
509 Genessee Bldg., 
Buffalo 


Represent in ;/ 

W. C. T. U. 

State of Nebraska 

A. S. L. and State 


A. S. L. 


W. C. T. U. 

A. S. L. 

A. S. L. 

State attorney 
State Supt. A. S. 1 


New Mexico and Ari 
zona Governor 

W. C. T. U. 


World League Re¬ 
search Dept. 
World League Re¬ 
search Dept. 

New York A. S. L. 


Buffalo Council of 
Churches 


483 



Name 

McElwain, Mrs. Hazel L. 

McElwain, Jay 

Nicholson, S. E. 

Nilson, Miss G. E. 

Nilson, Thekla Wilma 

Rolofson, R. H. 

Jones, Harriett Beecher 
Lindsay, Mrs. W. B. 
Elliott, Harriett 
Nicholson, Mrs. W. L. 
Upchurch, C. A. 

Gales, Mrs. Thos. 

Gales, Rev. Thos. W. 
Pollock, Charles A. 


Allen, Mrs. Alice 

Allen, Anna J. 

Arthur, Fay 
Bailey, Ruth 

Baker. Mrs. P. A. 

Barclay, Mrs. B. B. 
Baringer, Mrs. John 
Barnett, Ethel, 

Bath, Mrs. Lizzie K. 
Beard, Dr. L. A. 
Beard, Mrs. L. A. 

Bell, C. W. 

Benneum, Mr. W. G. 
Benneum, Mrs. W. G. 
Bookwalter, Mr. L. A. 
Borton, Mrs. Rella 
Boyd, Frank 
Bradley, Miss Alice 


Address 


Representing 


150-5th Ave., N. Y. City. 

163 Kipp Ave., Has- 
brouch Hts., N. Jersey 
370-7th Ave, N. Y. City. 
2032 Madison Ave, 

New York City 
2032 Madison Ave, 

New York . City 
210 Crosby Bldg, Buffalo 
North Carolina 


World League Re¬ 
search Dept. 
World League Re¬ 
search Dept. 

A. S. L. 


A. S. L. 


Scotia College, Concord 
211 E. Blvd, Charlotte W. C. T. U. 
Scotia Seminary, Concord 
2308 E. 7th St, Charlotte 
Recorder Bldg., Raleigh A. S. L. 
North Dakota 


Fargo 

Box 1053, Fargo 
Fargo 


Ohio 


A. S. L. 

A. S. L. 

State of N. D, V. Pres. 
A. S. L. of America 


Amer. Issue Pub. Co. 


World League 


1724 Catalta Drive The Central W.C.T.U. 

Dayton 

1807 Catalta Drive 
Dayton 
Massillon 
68 S. Grove St, 

Westerville 
67 S. Grove St, 

Westerville 

Piedmont, Harrison Co. W. C. T. U. 

505 S. Park Av, Fremont 
Vine & Lincoln Sts, A. I. P. Co. 

Westerville 
White Cottage 
Pioneer 
Pioneer 

Columbus A. S. L. 

204 E. 1st St, Urichsville 
204 E, 1st St, Urichsville W. C. T. U. 

Trotwood Ch. of the Brethren 

303 Clinton St, Wauseon W. C. T. U. 

College Corner 
St. James Ave. 

Cincinnati 


484 


Name 

Brown, Miss Rose 

Bryan, P. H. 

Bryan, Mrs. P. H. 
Bucher, Dr. A. J. 


Camp, Mrs. Jean Turner 

Campbell, Mrs. W. S. 

Cannan, E. J. 

Caris, J. C. 

Caris, Mrs. J. C. 

Carpenter, Mrs. Bertha 
Carr, Grace, 

Caufman, Grace 
Cherrington, Dr. Ernest 

H. 

Christgau, O. G. 
Christgau, Mrs. O. G. 

Christian, Henry J. 
Christian, Mrs. Henry J. 
Cooley, Mrs. Iva M., 
Curtis, Mrs. Gertrude 
Davis, Mrs. Anna K. 

Dew, Miss Anna 

Dickman, Mrs. Nellie 

Dimke, Theo. Emanuel 

Dodds, Mr. Clarence 

Doty, Boyd P. 
Drummond, Mrs. Fannie 

Earhart, Charles R. 

Ellington, Christabel 


Address 
45 W. Walnut St. 
Westerville 

Franklin Av., Swanton 
Franklin Av., Swanton 
420 Plum St., Cincinnati 


8. E. Home St. 
Westerville 

437 Steubenville Ave., 
Cambridge 
2520 Parkwood Av. 
Toledo 

87 University St., 
Westerville 
87 University St. 

Westerville 
Shoop Ave., Wauseon 
Wooster 
Gallipolis 
Delaware 


Representing 
World League 

Editor Christian Apol 
gete, Official Meth. 
Adv. in German Lan 
guage (M. E. Ch.) 

A. I. P. Co. 

W. C. T. U. 

The World League 
The World League 
W. C. T. U. 

World League A. A. 


Westerville 
75 University Place 
W esterville 

15 Seminary Ave., Dayton 
15 Seminary Av., Dayton 
Box 141, Westerville 
212 S. Main St., Swanton 
4627 Glenshade, 

Cincinnati 
255 N. Grove St., 
Westerville 

313 E. University Ave., 
Cincinnati 
124 W. Home St., 
Westerville 
721 Yankie Road 
Middletown 
Westerville 

11 S. Cedar Av., Oberlin 


710 Kimball Place 
Columbus 

1463 Manchester Ave., 
Columbus 
485 


A. S. L. of America 
A. S. L. of America 


World League 
W. C. T U. 


World League A.A. 


American Issue 


Gen. Counsel W.L.A.A 
W. C. T. U. and 
Nat’l. Lecturer 
Atty. A. S. L. 

World League 


A ante 

Address 

Representing 

Ensley, J. C. 

365 Forest Ave., Dayton 


Fauber, D. A. 

Shoop Av., Wauseon 


Ferguson, Mrs. Bertha A. 

126 Prospect Ave., 

Muskingum Co. 


Zanesville 

W. C. T. U. 

Ferguson, R. C. 

330 N. 8th St., Cambridge 

Fickel, S. J. 

Westerville 

Anti-Saloon League 

Fifkin, Mrs. W. H. 

2310 Tremainsvilie, 
Toledo 


Flatter, C. L. 

Xenia 

W. C T. U. 

Ford Mrs. F. M. 

204 E. Ave., Montpelier 


Fuhr, J. C. 

Williamsburg 

Presbyterian Church 

Fuller, Mrs. Frances E. 

Madison 

W. C. T. U. 

Furbay, R. K 

424 Walnut St., 

Urichsville 


Garwood, Frances J. 

447 Nebraska Av., Toledo 

W. C. T. U. 

Garwood, G. E. 

447 Nebraska Av. Toledo 


Geeslin, Irene 

4211-28th St., Oakley, 
Cincinnati 


Geeslin, Joseph 

4211-28th St., Oakley 
Cincinnati 


German, Arthur Herbert 

E. College Ave., 
Westerville 

W. L. A. A. 

German, Mrs>. Virginia 

E. College Ave., 

W. L. A. A. 


Westerville 


Graybill, Ada 

36 Forest Av., Dayton 


Graybill, Mrs. Mary T. 

636 Forest Av., Dayton 


Gregg, Mrs. C. A. 

114 E. 8th St., Cambridge 

W. C. T. U. 

Griffith, Mrs. A. A. 

175 N. Vine St., 
Westerville 

A. I. P. Co. 

Griffith, Afton Albert 

175 N. Vine St., 
Westerville 

A. 1. P. Co. 

Griffith, W. H. 

200 E. Main St., Troy 


Grindell, Ila 

Westerville 

World League 

Guinther, Mr. I. C. 

323 Harding Way, West 
Galion 

W. C. T. U. 

Guinther, Mrs. I. C. 

323 Harding Way West 
Galion 

W. C. T. U. 

Harpster, Mrs. Emma 

Perrysburg 


Harpster, Rev. W. S. 

Perrysburg 

Grace Evangelical Ch. 

Hartzell, Mrs. Geo. W. 

815 Harmon Ave., Dayton 

Hawk, Mr. Chas. 

411 N. Gilbert, Ada. 


Hawk, Mrs. Chas. 

411 N. Gilbert, Ada. 


Hawk, Jonathan B. 

420 Plum St., Cincinnati 

Meth. Book Concern 

Hawk, Mrs. Mary E. 

291 Southern Ave., 
Cincinnati 


Hines, Mrs. J. A. 

412 E. Main St., Van Wert 

: Central W. C. T. U. 

Hodson, Ada D. 

Pioneer 



486 



Xa me 
Hodson, M. T. 

Hofer, Katherine 
Hudson, J. G. 

Huffman, Agnes 

lllingsworth, Rev. R. W. 
Irwin, Miss Carrie 

Kleene, Mrs. Anna 

Kuntz, Mrs. Bess S. 
Laizure, Mr. W. V. 
Laizure, Mrs. W. V. 
Lapp, Cora 
Larimore, Mrs. J. H. 
Larimore, Joseph Herbert 

Loe, H. P. 

Loe, Mrs. H. P. 

Long, L. G. 

Longstreth, Mr. R. B. 
Longstreth, Mrs. R. B. 
McBride, F. Scott 
McKinney, Airs. Berta 
McKinney, Rev. W. T. 
Alartin, Caroline D. 

Martin, Mrs. W. S. 
Martin, Rev. W. S. 
Aletcalf. Irving W. 


W. C. T. U. 


Presbyterian Church 


W. C. T. U. 


Address Representing 

Pioneer 

633 Holgate, Defiance 
5335 Tompkins Ave., 

Cincinnati 

322 Highland Ave., 

Dayton 
Johnstown, 

322 E. Broad St., 

Columbus 
313 E. University, 

Cincinnati 
Leipsic 
Urichsville 
Urichsville 
Bluffton 

N. State St, Westerville W. C. T. U. 

N. State St., Westerville Presbyterian Church of 

Westerville 

Bethesda M. E. Church 

Bethesda Al. E. Church 

912 Harvard Blvd., Dayton 
Union Furnace 
Union Furnace 

Westerville Anti-Saloon League 

16 W. 9th St., Cincinnati 
West Chester 
3430 Mooney Av., Hyde 
Park, Cincinnati 
Salineville 
Salinevllle 

16 7 N. Professor St. 

Oberlin 


Presbyterian Minister 


W. C. T. U. 

W. C. T U. 

Trustee of Ohio League 
and United Church of 
Oberlin 


Miller, Airs. J. A. 

Ashland 


Alontgomery, J. Knox 

Aluskingum College, 

New Concord 

President 

Montgomery, Airs. J. K. 

Aluskingum College, 

New Concord 


Morgan, Rev. B. A. 

St. Paris 


Paulus, Clara 

Paulding 


Plessinger, Airs. H. C. 

114 S. Florence St., 
Dayton 

W..C. T. 

Porter, Dr. Albert 

Westerville 

A. S. L 

Porter, Mrs. Albert 

Westerville 

A. S. L. 

Pugh, Alice 

Rt. 1, Bowling Green 


Query, Hildegarde 

165 Mound St., Bluffton 

487 



Name 


address 


Re presenting 


Reep, Rev. Geo. D. 

Reep, Mrs. Geo. D. 
Richard, Mrs. Florence D. 

Richard, Wm. P. 
Richardson, Mrs. 

Richmond, Grace D. 

Robb, Anna 
Robb, Mabel 
Roberts, Mrs. Elma B. 
Roberts, Dr. T. B. 

Romans, Mrs. Viola D. 


Russell, Dr. H. H. 
Russell, Mrs. H. H. 
Rutherford, Rev. W. F. 

Sammet, Mrs. Ella M. 
Sammet, H. M. 

Schory, Mrs. Minnie B. 

Schreiber, V. A. 

Sherwood, Miss Eva L. 
Shumard, Sara E. 

Slaughter, Mrs. R. L. 

Smith, Mrs. A. H. 

Smith, Mr. A. H. 

Smith, Mrs. Florida 
Snyder, Thelma 
Southwell, George C. 

Sowers, Mrs. C. H. 
Sowers, Rev. C. H. 
Sowers, H. B. 

Sowers, Mrs. H. B. 
Spitzer, Mrs. Cora E. 

Steimer, C. P. 

Stewart, Albert 
Stewart, Rev. Clarence 


Green Springs 
Green Springs 
1811 Monroe St., 

Toledo 

West St., Bethel 
53 Glenwood Drive 
Westerville 
4728 Mathis St., 
Cincinnati 
Xenia 
Xenia 

328 N. High, Lancaster 
328 N. High, Lancaster 
1832 Summit St., 
Columbus 

Westerville 

Westerville 

240 S. New York- St. 
Wells ton 

3412 Harvey, Cincinnati 
3412 Harvey, Cincinnati 
School for the Blind, 
Columbus 

515 Daily News Bldg., 
Canton 
Westerville 

623 Worthington Ave., 
Lockland, Cincinnati 
28 W. Madison, 
Springfield 
S wanton 
Swan ton 
Ashland 

N. State St., Westerville 
990 Arcade. Bldg., 
Cleveland 

126 Plum St., Westerville 
126 Plum St., Westerville 
Westerville 
Westerville 
1772 Summit St., 
Columbus 

Y.M.C.A., Cleveland 
Columbus Grove 
Columbus Grove 

488 


Ohio W. C. T. U. 

A. S. L. of Ohio 
World League 

A. S. L. Cincinnati Dist. 


First Methodist Church 
First Methodist Church 
Vice Pr. Ohio W.C.T.U. 
and member of House 
of Representatives 
A. S. L. of America 
A. S. L. of America 
Dry Federation 10th 
Dist. U. B. Church 


Dist. Supt. of A.S.L. 

A.S.L. of America 
W. C. T. U. 


Legal Dept. W.L.A.A. 
A. S. L. 


A. I. Pub. Co. 


W. C. T. U. 


Same 


Representing 


Stewart, Mary 
Stewart, Mildred 
Stewart, Mrs. W. 
Stewart, Wilbur 
Thiele, C. L. 

Tippy, Dortha 
Turpeau, Rev. DeWitt 

Ulery, Joseph 
Ulom, Tom Pen 
Vordenberg, Mrs. Amelia 

Wilkinson, F. W. 

Winters, Evelyn 
Yantis. Mrs. Mabel 

Yoder. Harvey O. 


Zuck, Rev. W. J. 

Zuck, Mrs. W. J. 

Campbell, Mrs. J. A. 
David, Alice M. 

Laughbaum, Hon. H. T. 

Laughbaum, Mrs. H. T. 

Laughbaum, Nancy 

Kyld, Mrs. Arthur 
Mitchell, Rev. 

Mitchell. Mrs. 

Owen, Robert L. 

Porter, Rev. M. 

Tracy, Mrs. John 
Tracy, John A. 

Weith, C. C. 

Wheeler, W. C. 

Wheeler, Mrs. W. C. 


Address 
Columbus Grove 
Columbus Grove 
Columbus Grove 
Columbus Grove 
27 McReynolds, Dayton 
S. Vine St., Westerville 
Calvary M. E., 

Cincinnati 
Rt. 2, New Carlisle 
Gen. Del., Worthington 
6104 Madison Rd., 
Madisonville 
19918 Detroit Road, 
Rocky River 
Fremont 

21 Glen wood Dr. 

Westerville 
IS 100 Lake Drive 
Lakewood 

1448 Neil Av., Columbus 
1448 Neil Av., Columbus 

Oklahoma 

1309 S. Boulder, Tulsa 
1530 W. 24th St., 
Oklahoma City 
Box 654, Oklahoma City- 

212, E. 15th St. 

Oklahoma City 
212 E. 15th St, 

Oklahoma City 

115 F. St, S.W., Ardmore 

Sapulpa 

Sapulpa 

Washington, D. C. 

Box 591, Ponca City 
W. 2d St, Oklahoma City 
412 W. 2nd St., Elk City 
221 W B’dway., Ardmore 
1400 W. 16th St. . 

Oklahoma City 
1400 W. 16th St. 
Oklahoma City 


World League 
The American Negro 


W. C. T. U. 

Asst. Secy. A. S. L. 
Cleveland District 

World League 

A.S.L. Cleveland Dist. 
Dry Maintenance 
League of Cleveland 


W. C. T. U. 

A. S. L. Appointed 
by Governor 


Appointed by Governor 


489 


Name 

Ljolancler, Rev. Gideon 
Aldrich, Maude 


Bassett, Rev. Minnie 
Bell, Bishop W. M. 

Brackin, J. C. 

Brackin, Mrs. J. C. 

Brown, A. Robert 
Brown, S. R. 

Brown, Mrs. S. R. 

Brown, Theodore 
Carnine, Miss Helen 
Carter, Arabella 

Castner, L. M. 

Castner, Mrs. L. M. 

Curran, Rev. J. J. 

Durbin, Arthur J. 

Durbin, Mrs. Arthur J. 
Ellsworth, Mr. W. E. . 

Ellsworth, Mrs. W. E. 

Gibson, Mrs. Elizabeth J. 

Graham, Louis E. 

Mitchell, Mrs. Flora J. 
Mohn, Margaret M. 

Ober, Kathryn IS. 

Payne, Miss Z. H, 
Pinkerton, Helen 
Pinkerton, J. C., 

Pinkerton, Mrs. J. C. 
Pinkerton, Mabel 


Address 

Oregon 

63 W. Winchell St., 
Portland 
Gresham 

Pennsylvania 

Fishertown 
1509 State St., 
Harrisburg 
12 Franklin Av., ' 
Greenville 

12 Franklin Ave. 
Greenville 

E. Main St., Washington 
W ashing ton 
Washington 
Washington 
203-3rd St.. Irwin 
140 N. 15th St., 
Philadelphia 
1448 W. Fourth St. 

Wil liamsport 
1448 W. Fourth St. 

Williamsport 
134 S. Washington St. 

Wilkes-Barre 

Erie 

208 W. 21st St., Erie 
219 Grant Av., Bellvue 
Pittsburgh 

219 Grant Ave., Bellvue 
Pittsburgh 

7723 Edgerton Ave., 
Pittsburgh 
328 E. End Ave. 
Pittsburgh 

127 N. 6th St., Indiana 

13 N. Church St., 

Mohn ton 

333 Main St., Latrobe 

403-5th St. N., Wilson. 
Indiana 

645 School St., Indiana 

Indiana 

Indiana 

490 


Representing 

Swedish Baptist Church 

Pres. Board of Chris¬ 
tian Education 

U. B. Church 


Appointed by Governor, 
Also Soc. of Friends 
Hon. Mem. W.C.T.U. 

W. C. T. U. 

State of Pennsylvania 

Y. M. C. A. 

W. C. T. U. 

W.C.T.U. Allegheny Co 

Appointed by Governor 

W. C. T. U. 

W. C. T. U. 

Penna State Sabbath 
School Association 
Allegheny Co., S. S. Asn. 

Appointed by Governor 
of Pennsylvania 


Name 

Address 

Representing 

Rhoads, Mrs, C. E. 

1551 3rd Ave., Freedom 

Pres. Freedom W.C.T.U. 

Rhoads, Esther 

1551-3d Ave., Freedom 

Rhoads, Miss Rebecca 

The Chastleton, 

Nat’l W.C.T.U. Nat’l Di¬ 


Washington, D. C. 

rector Sold, and Sail. 


* 

Department 

Stadden, Jennie 

313 Glen wood Ave. 
Williamsport 


St. Clair, Miss Agnes M. 

849 Water St., Indiana 

W. C. T. U. 

Stewart, Mrs. S. R. B., 

613 Hampton Ave., 
Wilkinsburg 

W. C, T. U. 

Thomas, Nellie M, 

Fishertown 


Tope, Dr. Homer W. 

722 Witherspoon Bldg. 
Philadelphia 

A. S. L. 

Ward, Mrs. W. J. 

602 Mellen, Pittsburgh 

Oakland Branch, 

Pitts. W. C. T. U. 

Yeiser, M. S. 

R. F. D., Glenshaw 

A. S. L. 

Yeiser, Rev. Noah E., 

1-2 Erie Trust Bldg. 

A. S. L. 

D.D. 

Erie 

South Dakota 


Dawes, Mr. H. E. 

402 Western Nat’l Bank 

A. S. L. 


Bldg., Mitchell 

- 

Dawes, Mrs. .H. E. 

Hayler Apts., Mitchell 

Tennessee 

A. S. L. 

Boynton, Mrs. Elizabeth 

Chattanooge 

W. C. T. U. 

Carre, Prof. H. B. 

A^anderbilt Uni., 

Nashville 

A. S. L. 

Cox, Rev. Ben 

Memphis 

Central Baptist Church 

Lyle, W. A. 

Dandridge 


Vanderslive, Mrs. Nona 

Alaryville 

W. C. T. U. 

Welbon, Alary E. 

Alaryville College, 
Maryville 

Korean Country 

Welch, Mrs. Minnie A. 

Sparta 

Texas 

Pres. W. C. T. U. 

AdxKinney, Mrs. Emma 

2508 Olive St., 

Texarkana 

Pres. W. C. T. U. 

Alaness, Rev. E. A. 

Lufkin 

A. S. L. 

Webb, Mrs. Atticus 

311 Slaughter Bldg., 

A. S. L. 


Dallas 


Webb, Rev. Atticus 

311 Slaughter Bldg. 
Dallas 

Utah 

Supt. A. S. L. 

Pearson, Rev. John 

38 J St., Salt Lake City 

Virginia 

Bapt. Ch. of Rio Grand* 


Bailey, C. H. 41 S. Cameron, Winchester 

491 


Address 


lie presenting 


N ante 

Chrismord, J. J. 
Hepburn, Rev. David 

Hogue, Mrs. Sara H. 
Payne, H. G. 
Rosenberger, John H. 
Rosenberger, John W. 
Staley, Rev. W. W. 


Barnes, Mrs. J. Walter 

Clayton, Mrs. E. C. 
Hogg, Miss Lillie 
Howard, C. D. 

Howard, Mrs. C. D. 
Mohler, Mrs. V. E. 
Pullen, Rev. O. M. 

Seder, Rev. Jas. I. 
Simmons, R. W. 
Thomas, A. S. 

Tucker, Mrs. Clara H. 
Yost, Mrs. Lenna Lowe 


Carter, Mrs. G. R. 
Carter, George W. 
Carver, Rev. Geo. R. 
Collins, Mrs. J. V. 
Hartman, J. F. 

Hartman, Mrs. J. P. 
Hopkins, Mrs. F. C. 

Nevins, Mina L. 
Porter, Dr. C. F. 


Dumm, Airs. W. T. 
Dumm, Rev. W. T. 


212 W. Cameron St., Winchester 
712 St. Planters Bldg., A. S. L. 
Richmond 

Lincoln W. C. T. U. 

117 Hawk Av., ’Norfolk 

124 W. Boscawen St., Winchester 

503 S. Washington St., Winchester 

Suffolk State of Virginia 

West Virginia 


219 Morris St., W. C. T. U. Pres 

Charleston 
St. Albans 

1314-lOth Av., Huntington 


Cowen 

Cowen 

320 B. St., St. Albans 
208 Davidson Bldg., 
Charleston 

Gen. Del., Charleston 
Ravenswood 

c/o Thomas, Field & Co. 

Charleston 
Box 724, St. Albans 
Box 1239, Huntington 

Wisconsin 


W.C.T.U., Aptd. by Gov 
A. S. L. 

Anti-Saloon League 
I. P. A. 

Nat’l. Ex. . Committee 

W. C. T. U. 

Nat. W.C.T.U. and 
State of W. Va. 


Dodgeville W. C. T. U. 

Dodgeville 

M. E. Church Dodgeville, 

217 Division St., Stevens Point 
4185 Plankinton Bldg. A. S. L. 

Milwaukee 

4185 Plankinton Bldg., Alilwaukee 
1707 Summit Ave., Co. Pres. W. C. T. U. 

Madison 

654 W. Main., Madison 
249 W. Maple St., Viroqua 


Wyoming 

1318 E. 19th St. 

Cheyenne 

1318 E. 19th St., Appointed by Governor 

Cheyenne 


492 


INDEX 

A 

Abstinence Work Among the Young People of the Baltic States— 

Prof. Villem Emits.. 

Abyssinia—registered delegates . 

Addresses . 

Africa—See Gold Coast; Belgian Congo; Portuguese East Africa; Rhodesia; 
Sierra Leone; South Africa. 

Alabama—Registered delegates, 460; State Report. 

Albania—Registered Delegates... 

Alberta Prohibition Association, Report . .. 

Alcohol, A Discredited Drug—Dr. John H. Kellogg... 

America, the Laboratory of Prohibition—Mrs. Nelle G. Burger. 

America’s Message to Australia—Graccio L. Houlder . 

America’s New Day—Mrs. Mary Harris Armor . 

Amritsar Temperance Society—Report . 

Anglo-Indian Temperance Assn.—Report. 

A 1928 Forecast—Hon. S. E. Nicholson. 

Anti-Alcohol Fight in Latvia—John E. Davis. 

Anti-Alcohol Movement in Roumania—Lt. Colonel Ghinea. 

Anti-Saloon League and the World Liquor Problem, The— 

Rev. Francis Scott McBride, D.D. 

Anti-Saloon League of America—Reports from State Superintendents. 

Appeal to Youth, The—Rev. Henry Carter. 

Argentina—greetings from . 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 

Registered Delegates . 

Response to Addresses Of Welcome—Rev. Paul Penzotti. 

Arizona—Registered Delegates . 

Arkansas—Registered Delegates, 460; State Report . 

Armenia—Registered Delegates .. 

Armor, Mrs. Mary Harris—America’s New Day. 

Assam—Registered Delegates ..’. 

As the Battle Goes in Denmark—Lars Larsen-Ledet. 

Aufwarts—Report on Czechoslovakia. 

Australia—Greetings ... 33, 

Registered Delegates .. 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 

America’s Message to Australia—Miss Graccio L. Houlder. 

Specialized Service for God—Miss Graccio L. Houlder. 

R. T. Chenoweth—Response to Address of Welcome.... 

R. T. Chenoweth—Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 

Australian Band of Hope—greetings.. 

George Shearar—Greetings...... 

George Shearar—Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 

Australian Band of Hope and Young People’s Temperance Union—greetings 

Austria—Registered Delegates ... 

Report of Austrian Catholic League of the Cross . 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations • • • •_. 

Austrian Catholic League of the Cross—Report . 

493 


73 

453 

39 

354 

453 

413 

285 

275 

149 

299 

439 

438 

130 

176 

307 

209 

354 

179 

33 

4-7 

453 

87 

460 

355 

453 

299 

453 

153 

425 

320 

453 

4-7 

149 

223 

90 

345 

33 

320 

351 

33 

453 

407 

346 

407 













































A Voice from Cuba—Rev. Sylvester Jones. 206 

Awoki Mutual Foundation—Greetings. 33 

B 

Bailey, Rev. T. J., D.D.—Report. 379 

Baltic States—Registered delegates (see Esthonia, Latvia, Lithuania); Rep¬ 
resentation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Greetings—Rev. Geo. A. Simons . 35 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Prof Villem Emits. 349 

Abstinence Work Among Young People—Prof. Villem Emits. 73 

The World League Work in the Baltic States—Prof. Villem Emits.. .. 256 
Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland Temperance Committee—report 427 

Bardal, A. S.—Prohibition Self-Determination for All Countries. 116 

Battlefront in Sweden—Senator Alexis Bjorkman. 144 

Beecher, Lyman—Memorial Service—Rev. E. V. Claypool, Ph.D. 328 

Belgian Congo—Registered Delegates ... 453 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Rev. J. M. Springer. 346 

Belgium—Report of Sobrietas, 407; Report of Le Bien Etre Social. 409 

Bennett, Andrew, J.P.—Report for Scotland. 431 

Bermuda, W. C. T. U.—Report. 411 

Bien Etre Social, Le—Report—Belgium . 409 

Bjorkman, Senator Alexis—The Battle Front in Sweden. 144 

Bolivia—Registered Delegates. 453; Response to Final Roll Call of Nations 347 

Boole, Mrs. Ella A.—Deborah in the Battle. 20a 

Borgstrom, Sigfrid—Address.. 69 

Bose, Rai Bahadur Chuni Lai—Greetings . 34 

Bradac, Josef—Report on Czechoslovakia . 423 

Brazil—Greetings from . 33 

Registered Delegates . 454 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4—7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations .!. 347 

Report of Uniao Brasileira pro Temperancia. 411 

Briggs, Rev. A. H., D.D.—Report for California. 356 

British West Indies—Registered Delegates. 460 

British Women Play Their Part—Miss Monica Whately. 173 

Bryan, Charles W.—Greetings ...' . 36 

Bulgaria—Greetings . 33 

Report of Rev. M. N. Popoflf. 413 

Registered Delegates . 454 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Burger, Mrs. Nellie G.—America, The Laboratory of Prohibition . 275 

C 

Calcutta Temperance Union, North—Greetings. 33 

California—Report, 356; Registered Delegates. 460 

Callahan, Col. P. H.—Prohibition as a Promoter of Prosperity. 135 

Canada—Greetings from Alberta Prohibition Association . 35 

Greetings from Father L. Minehan . 36 

Report—Alberta Prohibition Assn. 413 

Report—Manitoba Prohibition Alliance. 415 

Report—Social Service Council of Nova Scotia. 419 

Report—Temperance Alliance of Prince Edward Island . 421 

Report—W. C. T. U. of Newfoundland. 422 

494 














































Cana da —C o n tin u ed 

Registered Delegates . 454 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Response to Addresses of Welcome—Mrs. Sara R. Wright. 88 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Ben H. Spence. 347 

Prohibition Problem in Canada—Rev. Ben H. Spence. 292 

Policy and Program of the United Temperance Organizations of Canada 

—Rev. W. W. Peck .. 137 

Quebec Liquor System—Rev. E. I. Hart, D.D. 215 

Uncontrollable Government Control—Mrs. Sara R. Wright. 262 

United Church of Canada Regarding Prohibition— 

Rev. D. N. McLachlan D.D. 151 

Cannon, Bishop James, Jr.—Report as Chairman of Executive Commitee 

of World League Against Alcoholism. 107 

Capper—Senator Arthur—Greetings . 35 

Carter, Rev. Henry—The Appeal to Youth . 179 

Response to Addresses of Welcome. 86 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 349 

Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America—Greetings. 34 

Chalfant, Rev. H. M., D.D.—Benjamin Rush, An Appreciation. 326 

Challenge of the World Alcohol Problem to University Men—Mark R. Shaw 43 

Chalmers, Peter—Address . 248 

Chambers, H. C.—Greetings ... 35 

Chenoweth, R. T.—Response to Addresses of Welcome. 90 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations.. 345 

Cherrington, Ernest H.— 

The Spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism. 91 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 353 

Chile—Registered Delegates . 454 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 348 

China—Registered Delegates . 454 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations.. 348 

Claypool. Rev. E. V., Ph.D.—Lyman Beecher. 328 

Colorado—Registered Delegates, 461; Report . 357 

Conferences, Group Discussion. 26 

Congo. Belgian—Registered Delegates. 453 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Rev. J. M. Springer. 346 

Connecticut—Registered Delegates . 461 

State Report ... 359 

Constitution, World League Against Alcoholism. 8 

Convention Story. 10 

Converse, Ernest L.—Report for New Hampshire . 382 

Crabbe, George W.—Report for Maryland . 376 

Crooke, Rev. C. W.—Report for Florida.. 362 

Cuba—A Voice from Cuba—Rev. Sylvester Jones .. 206 

Registered Delegates . 455 

Czechoslovakia—Registered Delegates . 455 

Report of Aufwarts . 425 

Report of Josef Bradac . 423 

Report of Deutscher Guttemplargemeinschaft. 425 

Report of Csl. Abstinentny Svaz. 426 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 348 

495 
















































Czechoslovensky Abstinentny Svaz. 426 

D 

Dailey, Rev. E. H.—Young People’s Organizations and Sobriety. 59 

Daniels, Hon. Josephus—Greetings. 35 

Darlington, Bishop James H.—Greetings. 36 

Davis, Arthur J.—Report for New York . 385 

Davis, John E.—The Anti-Alcohol Fight in Latvia. 176 

Dawes, H. E.—Report for South Dakota. 391 

Deborah in the Battle—Mrs. Ella A. Boole .. 205 

Declamation Contest, Diamond Medal—Prize Winners . 16 

DeKay, Rev. George H.—A Message from the Isles of Sunshine .. 274 

Report for Hawaii. 366 

' Delegates, Registered. 453 

Denmark—Address—Adolph Hansen. 309 

As the Battle Goes in Denmark—Lars Larsen-Ledet. 153 

Registered Delegates . 455 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism.. 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Adolph Hansen. 349 

Deutscher Alkoholgegnerbund, Report. 436 

Dcutscher Guttemplargemeinschaft, Czechoslovakia—Report. 426 

Dinwiddie, Rev. Edwin C., D.D.— 

Prohibition America’s Message to the World. 277 

District of Columbia—Registered Delegates, 462; Report. 359 

Donath, Dr. Julius—Report. 437 

Douglas, George A.—The Obligation of the Student to Know. 50 

Dow, Neal—Mrs. Frances E. Fuller . 330 

Dow, Col. Fred N.—Response to Memorial Address . 338 

DuBose, Bishop Horace M.—Greetings . 34 

Dunford, Edward B.—The Supreme Court and the Eighteenth Amendment 154 

E 

Educational Temperance Work in Sweden—Dr. Jalmar Furuskog. 283 

Efficiency of Young People in Conduct of Affairs—J. W. Hopkins. 60 

Egypt—Greetings . 33 

Registered Delegates . 455 

Report on Temperance . 427 

Egyptian Temperance Assn.—Greetings . 33 

Emery, Edward H.—Report on Maine. 375 

England—Address—Edward Oliver, G.C.T. . 134 

Appeal to Youth, The—Rev. Henry Carter. 179 

British Women Play Their Part—Miss Monica Whately. 173 

Carter, Rev. Henry—Appeal to Youth, The, 179; Response to Address 

of Welcome, 86; Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 349 

Efficiency of Young People in Conduct of Affairs—J. W. Hopkins. 60 

Registered Delegates . .. 455 

Report— 

Baptist Union of Gt. Britain and Ireland Temperance Committee.. 427 

Report—Temperance Collegiate Assn. 428 

Report—Royal Naval Temperance Society . 428 

Report and Greetings—Miss Agnes E. Slack, World’s W. C. T. U. .... 427 

Response to Address of Welcome—Rev. Henry Carter. 86 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Rev. Henr}'- Carter. 349 

496 













































England— Continued 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Emits, Prof. Yillem— 

Abstinence Work Among the Young People of the Baltic States . 73 

World League Work in the Baltic States. 256 

Response for Esthonia. 349 

Response for Lithuania. 351 

Essay Contest, International—Prize Winners. 17 

Esthonia—Greetings from Dr. O. Kallas. 33 

Registered Delegates . 455 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 349 

Representation on World League. 4-7 

Europe, The Movement Against Alcoholism in—Dr. Robert Hercod. 98 

Executive Committee, World League Against Alcoholism . 5 

Exhibits of Literature and Periodicals . 19 


F 

Fiji—Report Fiji League Against Alcoholism . 432 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Fiji League Against Alcoholism—Report . 432 

Finch, Rev. A. J.—Address, 201; Report for Colorado. 357 

Finland—Address, The Prohibition Situation in Finland—Vihtori Karpio.. 250 

Registered Delegates . 455 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Vihtori Karpio. 349 

Florida—Registered Delegates . 462 

State Report. 362 

Formosa—Registered Delegates . 455 

France—Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Report—Ruban Blanc Francais. 433 

Report—Union des Francaises contre l’Alcool.435 

Fuller. Mrs. Frances E.—Neal Dow . 330 

Furuskog, Dr. Jalmar—Educational Temperance Work in Sweden. 283 

G 

Gammon. Rev. Robert W., D.D.— 

Interdenominational Education Against Alcoholism. 194 

Georgia—Registered Delegates. 462 

State Report . 364 

Germany—Address 

Germany’s Fight for Local Option-—Dr. F. H. Otto Melle. 124 

Address—The Youth Movement in Germany—Dr. F. H. Otto Melle.... 56 

Report—Gerhard Huffman. 435 

Report—Deutscher Alkoholgegnerbund . 436 

Registered Delegates . 455 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Dr. Otto Melle. 350 

Germany’s Fight for Local Option—Dr. F. H. Otto Melle. 124 

Ghinea, Lt. Colonel—The Anti-Alcohol Movement in Roumania . 307 

Gold Coast (Africa)—Report I. O. G. T. 406 

Good Templars are Good Soldiers—Lars O. Jensen. 224 

Gordon, Miss Anna A.—Message to Congress. 32 

Gordon, Gifford—Prohibition Making Good . 340 

497 














































Graham, A. C.—Report for Kentucky. 373 

Grant, Rev. H. R.—Report for Nova Scotia. 419 

Green Crescent—Report for Turkey . 450 

Greenman, Rev. A. W.—Report for Peru. 441 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 351 

Greetings and Messages to the Congress. 32 

Guy, Rev. J. W.—Report for South Carolina. 388 

H 

Haffke, Charles—Report for Idaho . 367 

Hammond, Rev. R. B. S.—Greetings. 33 

Hansen, Adolph—Address . 309 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 349 

Hart, Rev. E. I., D.D.—The Quebec Liquor System. 215 

Hartman, Rev. F. J., D.D.—Report for Wisconsin. 399 

Hawaii—Address, A Message from the Isles of Sunshine— 

Rev. George H. DeKay... 274 

Registered Delegates . 456 

Report . 366 

Hawk, Rev. Jonathan B., D.D.— 

The Ratio of Responsibility to Opportunity . 191 

Hepburn, Rev. David—Report for Virginia. 395 

Hercod, Doctor Robert— 

Address—The Movement Against Alcoholism in Europe. 98 

Response to Addresses of Welcome. 84 

Hewitt, Miss Elizabeth—Report for Uruguay . 451 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 352 

Hicks, B. N.—Report for Washington . 398 

High, Rev. F. A.—Report for Nebraska. 381 

Hindustan—Registered Delegates . 456 

Report Hindustan Assn, of America. 437 

Hindustan Association of America—Report . 437 

Holsaple, R. N.—Report for Michigan . 377 

Hopkins, J. W.—Efficiencj 1 - of Young People in Conduct of Affairs. 60 

Hopkins, Judge Richard J.—The Man of the Hour. 270 

Hospital and Prohibition, The—Dr. Nedjib Moustafa. 315 

Houlder, Miss Graccio L.—America’s Message to Australia. 149 

Specialized Service for God . 223 

How to Enforce National Prohibition—Hon. Wayne B. Wheeler. 229 

Huffman, Gerhard—Report . 435 

Hungary—Report of Dr. Julius Donath. 437 

Registered Delegates . 456 

Hussein Bey, Mme. Sofie—Greetings . 317 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 352 

Hutton, R. P.—Report for Rhode Island. 389 

Hvidsten, Johan—Address, Norway’s Struggle. 317 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 351 

I 

Iceland—Address, Prohibition Self-Determination for All Countries— 

A. S. Bardal. 116 

Registered Delegates . 456 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Idaho—Report . 367 


498 
















































Illinois—Registered Delegates. 463 

State Report . 369 

India—Greetings.33. 34 

Registered Delegates . 456 

Report, Anglo-Indian Temperance Association . 438 

Report—Amritsar Temperance Society . .. 439 

Report—Hindustan Assn, of America. 437 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations... 350 

Indian Social Reformer—Greetings. 34 

Indiana—Registered Delegates . 465 

Interdenominational Education Against Alcoholism— 

Rev. Robert W. Gammon, D.D. 194 

International Essay Contest—Prize Winners. 17 

Internationalism of the Student Mind—Harry S. Warner. 64 

International Order of Good Templars (Gold Coast)—Report. 406 

International Order of Good Templars, Neutral, Bulgarian Grand Lodge— 

Greetings . 33 

Iowa—Registered Delegates. 477 

State Report . 371 

Ireland—Report, General Assembly’s Committee on Temperance, Presby¬ 
terian Church in Ireland . 429 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Italy—Greetings—Mme. Riccardo Santi. 282 

Registered Delegates . 456 


J 


Jamaica—Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 

Japan—Address, Japanese Student Movement—Mark R. Shaw . 

Address—Temperance Progress in Japan—Mark R. Shaw . 

Greetings from W. C. T. U. of Japan. 

Registered Delegates . 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Mark R. Shaw. 

Japanese Student Movement, The—Mark R. Shaw. 

Java—Registered Delegates . 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 

Jensen, Lars O., Int. Chief Templar—Good Templars are Good Soldiers ... 

Johnson, Prof. Lewis Jerome—Greetings... 

Johnson William E.—Address. 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations, for Turkey. 

Jones, Rev. Chas. O., D.D.—Report for Georgia. 

Jones—Rev. O. L., D.D.—Report for Louisiana. 

Jones, Rev. Sylvester—A Voice from Cuba. 

Jugoslavia—Registered Delegates. 


4-7 

43 

310 

33 

456 
4-7 
346 

43 

457 
350 
224 

37 

343 

352 

364 

374 

206 

457 


Kallas, Doctor Oscar—Greetings . ^3 

Kameroon—Registered Delegates.. 460 

Kansas— Address, The Man of the Hour—Judge Richard J. Hopkins. 270 

Registered Delegates . •••• . 477 

Karpio, Vihtori—Address, The Prohibition Situation in Finland . 25U 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 349 

Kellogg, Doctor John Harvey—Alcohol, a Discredited Drug. 285 

Kemper, Rev. Paul E.—Report for Arkansas. 355 

499 















































Kentucky—Registered Delegates . 478 

State Report . 373 

Kobe, Willi, Pastor—Report for Switzerland . 445 

Korea—Registered Delegates . 457 

L 

Laing, Albert E.—Report for Vermont.. 395 

Landrith, Rev. Ira L., D.D.—Address . 39 

Lapp, Doctor John A.—There Are No Substitutes for Prohibition. 302 

Larsen-Ledet, Lars—As the Battle Goes in Denmark. 153 

Latvia—Address, The Anti-Alcohol Fight in Latvia—John E. Davis. 176 

Registered Delegates . 457 

Representation on World League.4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 350 

Letters, Telegrams and Messages of Greeting to the Congress. 32 

Limbdi, H. H. The Thakore Saheb—Greetings . 34 

Linnert, Hans—Report for Poland. 443 

Lithuania—Registered Delegates . 457 

Report—Father P. P. Saurusaitis. 439 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 351 

Lohr, Ross—Response to Addresses of Welcome. 85 

Louisiana—Registered Delegates . 479 

State Report . 374 

M 

Maine—Registered Delegates. 479 

State Report . 375 

Man of the Hour, The—Judge Richard J. Hopkins . 270 

Manitoba Prohibition Alliance—Report.*. 415 

Maryland—Registered Delegates . 479 

State Report . 376 

Massachusetts—Registered Delegates. 480 

McBride, Rev. Francis Scott, D.D.— 

The Anti-Saloon League and the World Liquor Problem .. .. 209 

McLachlan, Rev. D. N., D.D.— 

The United Church of Canada Regarding Prohibition. 151 

MacLennan, Duncan—Progress in Scotland. 146 

MacLennan, Mrs. Duncan—Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 352 

McNaught, S. P.—Report for Iowa. 371 

Melle, Doctor F. H. Otto—Address, Germany’s Fight for Local Option. . . 124 

Address—The Youth Movement in Germany. 56 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 350 

Memorial Service. 326 

Message from the Isles of Sunshine, A—Rev. George H. DeKay. 274 

Messages of Greeting to the Congress. 32 

Mexico—Registered Delegates . 457 

Representation on World League. 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 351 

Michigan—Registered Delegates. 480 

State Report . 377 

Mills, J. Bibb—Report for Alabama. 354 

Minehan, Father L.—Greetings. 36 

Minnesota—Registered Delegates. 482 


500 

















































Missions and Alcoholism, Conference .. 

Mississippi—State Report.. 

Alissouri—Registered Delegates . 

Montana—State Report . 

Moore, Rev. E. J., Ph.D.—Report for Ohio..*. 

Moustafa, Dr. Nedjib—The Hospital and Prohibition . 

Movement Against Alcoholism in Europe, The—Dr. Robert Hercod 
Moving Pictures . 18, 

N 

Nebraska—Registered Delegates . 

State Report . 

Netherlands—Registered Delegates . 

Report N. C. A. 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 

Nevada—Registered Delegates . 

New Hampshire—Registered Delegates.!. 

State Report . 

New Jersey—State Report . 

New Mexico—Registered Delegates . 

New York—Registered Delegates .. 

State Report ... 

Newfoundland, Report of W. C. T. U. 

New Zealand—Geetings—George Shearar. 

Registered Delegates—See Australia. 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—George Shearar. 

Nicholson, Hon. S. E.—A 1928 Forecast . 

Nicholson, Bishop Thomas—The Solidarity of Human Influence. 

Noordewier, Helen L.—Report for Egypt. 

North Carolina—Registered Delegates . 

North Dakota—Registered Delegates . 

Norville, Miss Hardynia K.—Greetings . 

Norway—Address, Good Templars are Good Soldiers— 

Lars O. Jensen, Int. Chief Templar. 

Address—Norway’s Struggle—Johan Hvidsten.. 

Address—The Scandinavian Outlook—Rev. David Ostlund. 

Registered Delegates . 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 

Norway’s Struggle—Johan Hvidsten. 

Nova Scotia—Report of Social Service Council. 

O 

Obligation of the Student to Know, The—George A. Douglas. 

O’Callaghan, Rev. Peter J.—Greetings . 

Officers and Committees, World League Against Alcoholism. 

Ohio—Registered Delegates. 

State Report . 

Ohio Annual Conference Methodist Protestant Church—Greetings. 

Oklahoma—Registered Delegates. 

Oliver, Edward, J.P.—Address. 

Olpinski, Tadeus—Report for Poland. 

Oregon—Registered Delegates . 


27 

379 

482 

380 

387 

315 

98 

285 

482 

381 

457 

441 

4-7 

483 

483 

382 

383 

483 

483 

385 

422 

320 

4-7 

351 

130 

195 

427 

484 

484 

33 

224 

317 

266 

458 

4-7 

351 

317 

419 

50 

34 

4-7 

484 

387 

33 

489 

134 

443 

490 


501 


















































Ostlund—Rev. David—Address, The Scandinavian Outlook. 266 

Owen, Robert L., U. S. Senator—Prohibition of Beverage Alcohol, as Ex¬ 
pressed by the Eighteenth Amendment, the Volstead Act and the Su¬ 
preme Court of the United States. 222 

P 

Panama—Registered Delegates. 458 

Part of Young Women in Promoting Prohibition, The— 

Mrs. Margaret Shutz . 54 

Peck. Rev. W. W.—The Policy and the Program of the United Temperance 

Organizations of Canada. 137 

Pennsylvania—Registered Delegates. 490 

State Report . 387 

Penzotti, Rev. Paul—Response to Addresses of Welcome. 87 

Perkins, Mrs. Elizabeth A.—Address . 303 

Persia—Registered Delegates. 458 

Peru—Registered Delegates .. 458 

Report—Rev. A. W. Greenman... . 441 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. .Rev. A. W. Greenman. 351 

Philippine Islands—Registered Delegates . 458 

Pictures, Moving. 18; 285 

“Alcohol and the Human Body”—Dr. Kellogg . 285 

Pinchot, Hon. Gifford—Address. 240 

Poland—Report—Hans Linnert . 443 

Report—Tadeus Olpinski . 443 

Policy and Program of the United Temperance Organizations of Canada, 

The—Rev. W. W. Peck. 137 

Popoff, Rev. M. N.—Report for Bulgaria. 413 

1 ortugal—Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Portuguese East Africa—Registered Delegates . 458 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 351 

Potter, Mary Ross—Address of Welcome. 63 

Poulson, Rev. M. S.—Report for New Jersey. 383 

Prince Edward Island Temperance Federation—Report. 421 

Presbyterian Church, General Assembly’s Temperance Committee, Ireland 

—Report . 429 

Progress in Scotland—A Message and An Appeal—Duncan MacLennan... 146 
Prohibition America’s Message to the World— 

Rev. Edwin C. Dinwiddie, D.D. 277 

Prohibition as a Promoter of Prosperity from a Manufacturer’s Point of 

View—Col. P. H. Callahan. 135 

Prohibition and the Community—Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost. 141 

Prohibition of Beverage Alcohol as Expressed by the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment, the Volstead Act and the Supreme Court of the United States— 

Senator Robert L. Owen. 222 

Prohibition Making Good—Gifford Gordon . 340 

Prohibition Problem in Canada—Rev. Ben H. Spence. 292 

Prohibition Self-Determination for All Countries—A. S. Bardal. 116 

Prohibition Situation in Finland—Vihtori Karpio . 250 

Prohibition, Why, How, Whither—Col. Raymond Robins. 182 

Q 

Quebec Liquor System—Rev. E. I. Hart, D.D. 215 

502 









































R 

Radosawbjevitch, Lasar—Report for Serb-Croat-Slovene State. 443 

Ratio of Responsibility to Opportunity—Rev. Jonathan B. Hawk, D.D. ... 191 

Reports of National Temperance Bodies . 406 

Reports of State Anti-Saloon Leagues . 354 

Resolutions Adopted by the Congress. 22 

Rhode Island—Report . 389 

Rhodesia—Registered Delegates . 458 

Robins, Colonel Raymond—Prohibition, Why, How, Whither? . 182 

Roll Call of Nations and Responses. 345 

Roumania—The Anti-Alcohol Movement in Roumania—Lt. Colonel Ghinea 307 

Registered Delegates . 458 

Royal Naval Temperance Society Report for 1927 . 428 

Ruban Blanc Francais—Report. 433 

Rush, Benjamin—An Appreciation—Rev. H. M. Chalfant, D.D. 326 

Russell, Rev. Howard H.—Frances E. Willard, Memorial Service. 333 


S 


Safford, Rev. George B., D.D.—Report for Illinois . 

Santi, Mme. Riccardo—Address . 

Saurusaitis, Father P. P.—Report for Lithuania . 

Scientific Temperance Instruction Conference . 

Scandinavian Outlook, The—Rev. David Ostlund. 

Scottish Christian Union—Report .. 

Scotland—Address—Mr. Peter Chalmers. 

Address—Progress in Scotland—Mr. Duncan MacLennan. 

Registered Delegates .. 

Report—Andrew Bennett, J.P. 

Report—Scottish Christian Union . 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Mrs. Duncan MacLennan- 

Seder, Rev. J. I., D.D.—Report for West Virginia. 

Serb-Croat-Slovene State—Report . 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 

Shaw, Mark R.— 

The Challenge of the World Alcohol Problem to University Men. 

Temperance Progress in Japan. 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations.. 

Shearar, George—Greetings.•_. 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations . 

Shoemaker, Albert E—Report for District of Columbia. 

Shumaker, Rev. E. S., D.D.—Address of Welcome. 

Shutz, Mrs. Margaret— 

The Part of Young Women in Promoting Prohibition . 

Siam—Registered Delegates. 

Sierre Leone—Address by Ross Lohr. 

Registered Delegates . 

Slack, Miss Agnes E—Greetings and Message. 

Sober Officials the First Great Step Towards Victory—Hon. W. D. Upshaw 

Sobrietas—Report for Belgium. 

Society of Abstaining Railway Workers—Report for Sweden. 

Solidarity of Human Influence, The—Bishop Thomas Nicholson. 

South Africa—Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 

South Carolina—Report. 


369 

282 

439 

26 

266 

430 
248 
146 
459 

431 
430 
4-7 
352 
401 
443 
4-7 


43 

310 

346 

320 

351 

359 

80 

54 

459 

85 

459 

427 

101 

407 

444 

195 

4-7 

388 


503 















































South Dakota—Report. 391 

Registered Delegates . 491 

Specialized Service for God—Miss Graccio L. Houlder. 223 

Spence, Rev. Ben H.—The Prohibition Problem in Canada. 292 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 347 

Spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism, The— 

Ernest H. Cherrington. 91 

Springer, Rev. J. M.—Conference on Missions and Alcoholism . .. 27 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 346 

Stanley, Mrs. Elizabeth T.—Address of Welcome. 81 

State Reports of Anti-Saloon Leagues . 354 

Stoddard, Miss Cora Frances— 

The Teacher’s Place in the Anti-Alcohol Movement. 118 

Story of the Convention . 10 

Students, College, and the Liquor Problem—Conference. 30 

Sunday, Rev. William A. (“Billy”)—Address. 321 

Supreme Court and the Eighteenth Amendment, The—Edward B. Dunford 154 

Sweden—Address—Sigfrid Borgstrom . 69 

Address—The Battle Front in Sweden—Senator Alexis Bjorkman. 144 

Address—Educational Temperance Work in Sweden— 

Doctor Jalmar Furuskog. 283 

Address—The Scandinavian Outlook—Rev. David Ostlund. 266 

Registered Delegates . 459 

Report—Society of Abstaining Railway Workers. 444 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 352 

Switzerland—Address, The Movement Against Alcoholism in Europe— 

Dr. Robert Hercod. 98 

Registered Delegates . 459 

Report—Crux . 444 

Report—Pastor Willi Kobe . 445 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

T 

Teacher’s Place in the Anti-Alcohol Movement, The— 

Miss Cora Frances Stoddard . 118 

Telegrams and Messages to the Congress. 32 

Temperance Collegiate Association—Report. 428 

Temperance Progress in Japan—Mark R. Shaw. 310 

Tennessee—Registered Delegates. 491 

State Report . 392 

Texas—Registered Delegates. 491 

State Report . 393 

There Are No Substitutes for Prohibition—Dr. John A. Lapp. 302 

Tope, Rev. Homer W., D.D.—Report for Pennsylvania. 387 

Turkey—Address, The Hospital and Prohibition—Doctor Nedjib Moustafa 315 


Registered Delegates . 450 

Report of Green Crescent.. 450 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism . 4_7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 353 

504 












































u 

Uncontrollable Government Control—Mrs. Sara R. Wright . 262 

Uniao Brasileira Pro Temperancia—Greetings. 33 

Report . 41 ] 

Union des Francaises contre l’Alcool—Report. 435 

United Church of Canada Regarding Prohibition— 

Rev. D. N. McLachlan, D.D. 151 

United States of America— 

Address—Mrs. Mary Harris Armor—America’s New Day. 299 

Address—Mrs. Ella A. Boole—Deborah in the Battle . 205 

Address—Mrs. Nellie G. Burger— 

America the Laboratory of Prohibition . 275 

Address—Colonel P. H. Callahan— 

Prohibition as a Promoter of Prosperity. 135 

Address—Rev. H. M. Chalfant, D.D. — 

Benjamin Rush: An Appreciation. 326 

Address—Ernest H. Cherrington— 

The Spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism . 91 

Address—Rev. E. V. Claypool, Ph.D.—Lyman Beecher . 328 

Address—Rev. E. H. Dailey— 

Young People’s Organizations and Sobriety. 59 

Address—Rev. E. C. Dinwiddie, D.D.— 

Prohibition America’s Message to the World . 277 

Address—George A. Douglas—The Obligation of the Student to Know 50 

Address—Col. Fred N. Dow. 338 

Address—Edward B. Dunford— 

The Supreme Court and the Eighteenth Amendment. 154 

Address—Rev. A. J. Finch. 201 

Address—Mrs. Frances E. Fuller—Neal Dow. 330 

Address—Rev. Robert W. Gammon, D.D.— 

Interdenominational Education Against Alcoholism. 194 

Address—Gifford Gordon—Prohibition Making Good. 340 

Address—Rev. Jonathan B. Hawk, D.D.— 

The Ratio of Responsibility to Opportunity . 191 

Address—Judge Richard J. Hopkins—The Man of the Hour. 270 

Address—William E. Johnson. 343 

Address—Dr. John Harvey Kellogg—Alcohol, A Discredited Drug.... 285 

Address—Rev. Ira Landrith, D.D. 39 

Address—Doctor John A. Lapp— 

There Are No Substitutes for Prohibition. 302 

Address—Rev. Francis Scott McBride, D.D.— 

The Anti-Saloon League and the World Liquor Problem. 209 

Address—Hon. S. E. Nicholson—A 1928 Forecast . 130 

Address—Bishop Thomas Nicholson, D.D. — 

The Solidarity of Human Influence.. 195 

Address—Senator Robert L. Owen—Prohibition of Beverage Alcohol. 222 

Address—Mrs. Elizabeth A. Perkins. 303 

Address—Hon. Gifford Pinchot. 240 

Address—Mary Ross Potter. 63 

Address—Col. Raymond Robins—Prohibition, Why, How, Whither?. . 182 
Address—Rev. Howard H. Russell, D.D.— 

Frances E. Willard, Memorial Service . 333 

Address—Rev. E. S. Shumaker, D.D. 80 

505 



































United States —Continued 

Address—Mrs. Margaret Shutz— 

The Part of Young Women in Promoting Prohibition. 54 

Address—Mrs. Elizabeth T. Stanley. 81 

Address—Miss Cora Frances Stoddard— 

The Teacher’s Place in the Anti-Alcohol Movement. 118 

Address—Rev. William A. (“Billy”) Sunday. 321 

Address—Hon. W. D. Upshaw— 

Sober Officials the First Great Step Towards Victory. 101 

Address—Harry S. Warner—Internationalism of the Student Mind.... 64 

Address—Lofton S. Wesley—The Vision of Youth. 324 

Youth and Truth. 49 

Address—Hon. Wayne B. Wheeler, LL.D.— 

How to Enforce National Prohibition. 329 

Address—Hon. Richard L. Yates. 245 

Address—Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost—Prohibition and the Community . .. 141 

Registered Delegates . 460 

Reports of State Anti-Saloon Leagues . 354 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations. 353 

Upshaw, Hon. W. D.—Sober Officials the First Great Step Towards Victory 101 

Uruguay—Greetings . 33 

Registered Delegates . 453 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Report. 451 

Response to Final Roll Call of Nations—Miss Elizabeth Hewitt. 352 

Uruguay League Against Alcoholism—Greetings . 33 

Utah—Registered Delegates. 491 

V 

Van Winkel, Mina C., Pres. International Assn, of Police Women— 

Greetings . 34 

Vermont—Report . 395 

Vining, Roscoe W.—Report for Connecticut . 359 

Virginia—Registered Delegates. 491 

State Report . 395 

Vision of Youth, The—Lofton S. Wesley. 324 

W 

Wade, Rev. W. L.—Report for Montana. 380 

Wales—Greetings . 34 

Report North Wales W. C. T. U. 432 

Representation on World League Against Alcoholism. 4-7 

Wales W. C. T. U., North—Report. 432 

Warner, Harry S.—Internationalism of the Student Mind.. 64 

Washington—Report . 398 

Webb, Rev. Atticus—Report for Texas... 393 

Wesley, Lofton S.—The Vision of Youth . 324 

Youth and Truth. 49 

West Africa—Registered Delegates. 460 

West Virginia—Registered Delegates .. 492 

State Report . 401 

Whately, Miss Monica—British Women Play Their Part. 173 

Wheeler, Hon. Wayne B., LL.D.—How to Enforce National Prohibition.. 229 

Wiley, Doctor Harvey W.—Greetings. 34 

506 











































Willard, Frances E. Memorial Service—Doctor Howard H. Russell. 333 

Wisconsin—Registered Delegates. 492 

State Report . 399 

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, World’s—Miss Anna A. Gordon.. . 32 

—Miss Agnes E. Slack. 427 

Australia—Greetings . 33 

Bermudas—Report . 4 H 

Japan—Greetings . 33 

Newfoundland—Report . 422 

North Wales—Report . 432 

United States—Soldiers and Sailors Dept. 34 

Wood, Rev. Andrew B.—Report for Tennessee. 392 

World League Against Alcoholism, Constitution. 8 

Officers and Committees .... . 4_7 

Resolutions Adopted. 22 

World League Work in the Baltic States—Prof. Villem Emits. 256 

Wright, Mrs. Sara R.—Uncontrollable Government Control. 262 

Response to Addresses of Welcome. 88 

Wyoming—Registered Delegates . 493 

Y 

Yates, Hon. Richard L.—Address. 245 

Yost, Mrs. Lenna Lowe—Prohibition and the Community. 141 

Young People’s Organizations and Sobriety—Rev. E. H. Dailey. 59 

Youth and Truth—Lofton S. Wesley. 49 

Youth Movement-in Germany, The—Dr. F. H. Otto Melle. 56 

Youth and the Liquor Problem, Conference.. 30 


LIST OF ADDRESSES, BY SUBJECTS 

A 

Abstinence Work Among the Young People of the Baltic States— 

Prof Villem Emits . 73 

Alcohol, A Discredited Drug—Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. 285 

America the Laboratory of Prohibition—Mrs. Nelle G. Burger . 275 

America’s Message to Australia—Miss Graccio L. Houlder. 149 

America’s New Day—Mrs. Mary Harris Armor. 299 

A Message from the Isles of Sunshine—Rev. Geo. H. DeKay . 274 

A 1928 Forecast—S. E. Nicholson... 130 

Anti-Alcohol Fight in Latvia—John E. Davis. 176 

Anti-Alcohol Movement in Roumania—Lt. Col. Ghinea. 307 

Anti-Saloon League and the World Liquor Problem—Rev. F. Scott McBride 209 

Appeal to Youth, The—Rev. Henry Carter... 179 

As the Battle Goes in Denmark—Lars Larsen-Ledet. 153 

A Voice from Cuba—Rev. Sylvester Jones. 206 

B 

Battlefront in Sweden, The—Senator Alexis Bjorkman. 144 

Beecher, Lyman—Rev. E. V. Claypool, Ph.D. 328 

British Women Play Their Part—Miss Monica Whately. 173 

C 

Challenge of the World Adcchol Problem to University Men—Mark R. Shaw 43 

507 










































D 

Deborah in the Battle—Mrs. Ella A. Boole . 205 

Dow, Neal—Mrs. Frances E. Fuller... 330 

E 

Educational Temperance Work in Sweden—Dr. Jalmar Furuskog. 283 

Efficiency of Young People in Conduct of Affairs—J. W. Hopkins. 60 

G 

Germany’s Fight for Local Option—Dr. F. H. Otto Melle. 124 

Good Templars Are Good Soldiers—Lars O. Jensen, Int. Chief Templar. . . 224 

H 

Hospital and Prohibition, The—Dr. Moustafa Nedjib . 315 

How to Enforce National Prohibition—Wayne B. Wheeler. 229 

I 

Interdenominational Education Against Alcoholism— 

Rev. Robert W. Gammon, D.D. 194 

Internationalism of the Student Mind—Harry S. Warner. 64 

M 

Man of the Hour, The—Judge Richard J. Hopkins. 270 

Movement Against Alcoholism in Europe—Dr. Robert Hercod. 98 

N 

Norway’s Struggle—Johan Hvidsten. 317 

O 

Obligation of the Student to Know, The—George A. Douglas. 50 

P 

Part of Young Women in Promoting Prohibition, The— 

Mrs. Margaret Snutz. 54 

Policy and Program of the United Temperance Organizations of Canada— 

Rev. W. W. Peck. 137 

Progress in Scotland—Duncan MacLennan. 146 

Prohibition as a Promoter of Prosperity—Col. P. H. Callahan. 135 

Prohibition and the Community—Mrs. Lenna Lowe Yost. 141 

Prohibition of Beverage Alcohol as Expressed by the Eighteenth Amend¬ 
ment, the Volstead Act and the Supreme Court of the United States— 

Senator Robert L. Owen . 222 

Prohibition America’s Message to the World— 

Rev. Edwin C. Dinwiddie, D.D. 277 

Prohibition Problem in Canada—Rev. Ben H. Spence. 292 

Prohibition Making Good—Gifford Gordon . 340 

Prohibition Self-Determination for All Countries—A. S. Bardal . 116 

Prohibition Situation in Finland, The—Vihtori Karpio. 250 

Prohibition, Why, How, Whither?—Raymond Robbins . 182 

Q 

Quebec Liquor System—Rev. E. I. Hart, D.D. 215 

R 

Ratio of Responsibility to Opportunity—Rev. J. B. Hawk, D.D. 191 

Report of Chairman of Executive Committee—Bishop James Cannon, Jr... 107 

Rush, Benjamin—An Appreciation—Rev. H. M. Chalfant, D.D. 326 

508 




























s 

Scandinavian Outlook, The—Rev. David Ostlund. 266 

Sober Officials the First Great Step Toward Victory. 101 

Solidarity of Human Influence, The—Bishop Thomas Nicholson. 195 

Specialized Service for God—Graccio L. Houlder. 223 

Spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism, The— 

Ernest H. Cherrington. 91 


Supreme Court and the Eighteenth Amendment, The—Edward B. Dunford 154 

T 

Temperance Progress in Japan—Mark R. Shaw. 

Teacher’s Place in the Anti-Alcohol Movement, The. 

There Are No Substitutes for Prohibition—Dr. John A. Lai 

U 

Uncontrollable Government Control—Mrs. Sara R. Wright 
United Church of Canada Regarding Prohibition, The— 

Rev. D. N. McLachlan, D.D. 

V 


Vision of Youth, The—Lofton S. Wesley... 324 

W 

Willard, Frances—Memorial Service—Rev. Howard H. Russell, D.D.333 

World,League Work m the Baltic States—Prof Villem Emits. 256 

Y 

Young People’s Organizations and Sobriety—Rev. E. H. Dailey. 59 

Youth Movement in Germany—Dr. F. H. Otto Melle. 56 


310 

118 

302 


262 

151 


LIST OF ADDRESSES, BY SPEAKERS 

A 

Armor, Mrs. Mary Harris—America’s New Day . 


299 


B 

Bardal, A. S.—Prohibition Self-Determination for All Countries 

Bjorkman, Senator Alexis—The Battlefront in Sweden. 

Boole, Mrs. Ella A.—Deborah in the Battle. 

Borgstrom, Sigfrid—Address.• • • • • • 

Burger, Mrs. Nellie G.—America the Laboratory of Prohibition 


116 

144 

205 

69 

275 


Callahan—P. H.—Prohibition as a Promoter of Prosperity, from a Manu¬ 
facturer’s Point of View .. ^ 

Cannon, Bishop James Jr., D.D.— 

Report of Chairman of Executive Committee... 107 

Carter, Rev. Henry—The Appeal to Youth. 179 

Response from Great Britain. 8(5 

?4Q 

Response. 

Chalfant, Rev. H. M., D. D.—Benjamin Rush: An Appreciation. 326 

Chalmers, Peter—Address.• • ■■ ^48 

Chenoweth, R. T.—Response from Australasia.90; 345 

Cherrington, Ernest H.— 

The Spirit of the World League Against Alcoholism. Vi 

509 
































Response . 353 

Claypool, Rev. E. V., Ph.D.—Lyman Beecher. 328 

Cox, Rev.—Response from Mexico. 351 

D 

Dailey, Rev. E. H.—Young People’s Organizations and Sobriety. 59 

Davis, John E.—The Anti-Alcohol Fight in Latvia. 176 

DeKay, Rev. Geo. H.—A Message from the Isles of Sunshine. 274 

Dinwiddie, Rev. Edwin C., D.D.— 

Prohibition America’s Message to the World. 277 

Douglas, George A.—The Obligation of the Student to Know. 50 

Dow, Col. Fred N.—Response (Memorial Service) . 338 

Dunford, Edward B.—The Supreme Court and the Eighteenth Amendment 154 

E 

Emits, Prof. Villem— 

Abstinence Work Among the Young People of the Baltic States. 73 

The World League Work in the Baltic States . 256 

Response for Esthonia, Lithuania .. 349, 351 

F 

Finch, Rev. A. J.—Address . 201 

Fuller, Mrs. Frances E.—Neal Dow . 330 

Furuskog, Dr. Jalmar—Educational Temperance Work in Sweden. 283 

G 

Gammon, Rev. Robert W., D.D.— 

Interdenominational Education Against Alcoholism... 194 

Ghinea, Lt. Colonel—The Anti-Alcohol Movement in Roumania. 307 

Gordon, Gifford—Prohibition Making Good . 340 

Greenman, Rev. A. W.—Response from Peru. 351 

H 

Hansen, Adolph—Address, 309; Response. 349 

Hart, Rev. E. I., D.D.—The Quebec Liquor System. 215 

Hawk, Rev. Jonathan B., D.D.— 

The Ratio of Responsibility to Opportunity . 191 

Hercod, Doctor Robert—The Movement Against Alcoholism in Europe... 98 

Response for Europe.. 84 

Hewitt, Miss Elizabeth—Response for Uruguay. 352 

Hopkins, J. W.—Efficiency of Young People in Conduct of Affairs. 60 

Hopkins, Judge Richard J.—The Man of the Hour. 270 

Houlder, Miss Graccio L.—America’s Message to Australia .. 149 

Specialized Service for God. 223 

Hussein Bey, Madame Sofie—Greetings from Turkey. 317 

Response. 352 

Hvidsten, Johan—Norway’s Struggle . 317 

Response. 351 

J 

Jauregui, Julius—Response. 347 

Jensen, Lars O.—Good Templars Are Good Soldiers. 224 

Jones, Rev. Sylvester—A Voice from Cuba. 206 

Johnson, William E.—Address . 343 

Response . 352 


510 







































K 

Karpio, Vihtori—The Prohibition Situation in Finland . 250 

Response . 349 

Kellogg, Doctor John H.—Alcohol, A Discredited Drug. 285 

L 

Landrith, Rev. Ira L., D..D.—Address. 39 

Lapp, Doctor John A.—There Are No Substitutes for. Prohibition. 302 

Larsen-Ledet, Lars—As the Battle Goes in Denmark. 153 

Lohr, Ross—Response from Africa .. 85 

M 

Melle, Dr. F. H. Otto—Germany’s Fight for Local Option. 124 

The Youth Movement in Germany . 56 

Response . 350 

McBride, Rev. Francis Scott, D.D.— 

The Anti-Saloon League and the World Liquor Problem. 209 

McLachlan, Rev. D. N., D.D.— 

The United Church of Canada Regarding Prohibition. 151 

MacLennan, Duncan—Progress in Scotland. . 146 

MacLennan, Mrs. Duncan—Response. 352 

Moustafa, Dr. Nedjib—The Hospital and Prohibition. 315 

N 

Nicholson, S. E.—A 1928 Forecast. 130 

Nicholson, Bishop Thomas, D.D.—The Solidarity of Human Influence .... 195 

s O 

Oliver, Edward, J.P., G. C.T.—Address . 134 

Ostlund, Rev. David—The Scandinavian Outlook. 266 

Owen, Senator Robert L.—Prohibition of Beverage Alcohol as Expressed 
by the Eighteenth Amendment, the Volstead Act and the Supreme 
Court of the United States. 222 

P 

Peck, Rev. W. W.— 

Policy and Program of the United Temperance Organizations of Canada 137 

Penzotti, Rev. Paul—Response from South America. 87 

Perkins, Mrs. Elizabeth A.—Address. 303 

Pinchot, Governor Gifford—Address. 240 

Potter, Mary Ross—Address of Welcome . 63 

R 

Robins, Col. Raymond—Prohibition, Why, How, Whither? . 182 

Russell, Rev. Howard H., D.D.—Frances E. Willard—Memorial Service.. 333 

S 

Santi, Mme. Riccardo—Greetings... 282 

Shaw, Mark R.— 

The Challenge of the World Alcohol Problem to University Men. 43 

Temperance Progress in Japan . 310 

Response for Japan. 346 

Shearar, George—Greetings from Australia, 320; Response. 351 

Shumaker, Rev. E. S., D.D.—Address of Welcome. 80 

Shutz, Mrs. Margaret— 

The Part of Young Women in Promoting Prohibition 

511 


54 
































Spence, Rev. Ben H.—-The Prohibition Problem in Canada. 292 

Response . 247 

Springer, Rev. J. M.—Response. . 346 

Conference on Missions and Alcoholism . 27 

Stanley, Mrs. Elizabeth T.—Address of Welcome. 81 

Stoddard, Miss Cora Frances— 

The Teacher’s Place in the Anti-Alcohol Movement. 118 

Conference on Scientific Temperance Instruction. 26 

Sunday, Rev. William A. (“Billy” Sunday)—Address. 321 

U > 

Upshaw, W. D.—Sober Officials the First Great Step Towards Victory . . . 101 

W 

Warner, Harry S.—Internationalism of the Student Mind. 64 

Wesley, Lofton S.—The Vision of Youth, 324; Youth and Truth. 49 

Whately, Miss Monica—British Women Play Their Part. 173 

Wheeler, Hon. Wayne B., LL.D.—How to Enforce National Prohibition. . 229 

Wright, Mrs. Sara R.—Uncontrollable Government Control. 262 

Response from North America . 88 

Y 

Yates, Hon. Richard L.—Address. 245 

Yost, Mrs. Lenna Lowe—Prohibition and the Community. 141 


REPORTS OF ANTI-SALOON LEAGUES, BY STATES 


Alabama . 354 

Arkansas . 355 

California . 356 

Colorado . 357 

Connecticut . 359 

District of Columbia. 359 

Florida . 362 

Georgia . 364 

Hawaii . 366 

Idaho . 367 

Illinois . 369 

Iowa. 371 

Kentucky . 373 

Louisiana . 374 

Maine . .. 375 

Maryland . 376 

Michigan . 377 


Mississippi . 379 

Montana . 380 

Nebraska . 381 

New Hampshire . 382 

New Jersey . 383 

New York . 385 

Ohio . 387 

Pennsylvania . 387 

Rhode Island. 389 

South Carolina . 388 

South Dakota . 391 

Tennessee . 392 

Texas. 393 

Vermont . 395 

Virginia . 395 

Washington . 398 

West Virginia . 401 


399 


Wisconsin 

































































